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Land use change and environmental sustainability Samuel Dekolo
This document examines land use and land cover changes in the Lagos Metropolitan region of Nigeria between 1990 and 2006 using satellite imagery. It finds that major urban areas increased by 15.95% while forested areas decreased by 18.44%, resulting in over a 20% loss of forest resources. Cultivated farmland increased by 5.43% despite an overall 30% loss of agricultural land. The rapid urban expansion has environmental sustainability implications and there is a need for improved land management and adoption of spatial technologies.
Land use planning: Panacea a Sustainable Lagos MegacitySamuel Dekolo
There is a trajectory between land use planning and sustainable development. Both concepts tend to deliberately use available societal resources in a rational way in order to meet future desired needs and aspirations. However, the lack of land use planning of megacities in developing countries has brought about various environmental and economic consequences which cannot be overlooked. The sprawling nature of the Lagos megacity is very alarming and to achieve sustainability, there is need to strike a balance between the spatial needs for human activities and available land through sustainable land use planning which is constant. This paper examines the theoretical underpinnings of land use planning, which seems to be dislocated from existing planning practice and emphasize the need for a holistic approach which transcends the traditional land use planning in order to achieve sustainable development.
Risk Management in the Iullemeden Aquifer System - Abdel Kader Dodo - Iulleme...Iwl Pcu
This document discusses a project to establish cooperative management of the shared Iullemeden Aquifer System between Mali, Niger, and Nigeria. It identifies key risks like increasing water demand, climate change, and lack of information sharing between countries. The project aims to create joint mechanisms and strategies to identify and address transboundary risks through activities like building a shared understanding of the aquifer system, strengthening consultation processes, and improving awareness and capacity building. Progress so far includes national reports on the aquifer and work to develop common data and maps, with remaining challenges around filling information gaps and establishing an effective cooperative management framework.
This document discusses a study that used GIS and remote sensing technologies to identify suitable landfill sites in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Multiple criteria were considered, including geology, groundwater levels, proximity to infrastructure, slope, and land use/land cover. Data layers for each criterion were generated and reclassified. Analytical hierarchy process was used to assign weights to each criterion and class. The weighted criteria were combined in GIS to produce a landfill suitability map. Based on the analysis, 40.5 km2 was found highly suitable, 68.7 km2 moderately suitable, and 417.8 km2 unsuitable for landfill development. Twelve candidate sites in highly suitable areas were further evaluated based on size and
The document summarizes Mark Svoboda's presentation on building resilient agricultural systems through drought risk management and early warning systems. The National Drought Mitigation Center's objectives are to improve drought monitoring, planning and mitigation; build awareness of drought impacts; and focus policymakers on drought policy. The NDMC develops tools for research, applications, outreach and operations. It also collaborates internationally on integrated drought management and runs workshops to increase drought planning and risk management for producers. The US Drought Monitor is a joint effort to assess drought in the US. The NDMC develops satellite-based drought indicators and works to develop usable drought information and services.
Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosy...Iwl Pcu
Kevern Cochrane and Warwick Sauer
Presentation at the 2nd Targeted Workshop for GEF IW Projects in Africa on Economic Valuation in November 2012 in Addis Ababa.
The Role of Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Management of Land Degradation...rsmahabir
Abstract
Land degradation involves a wide array of natural and human induced factors affecting the productivity of land. These factors can exist in various non unique and complex combinations of different environmental settings, making detection and monitoring of land degradation an often difficult undertaking. As a result, no universal solution exists to eliminate the problem of land degradation altogether. In order to reduce its rate of encroachment, this phenomenon should be assessed and quantified in order to identify the causes, processes and factors leading to land degradation.
In small tropical and Caribbean islands, there exists a severe shortage of good, reliable and up- to-date information bases for the contributing factors of land degradation. In addition to the limited knowledge about what spatial datasets already exist, there is also no agreed minimum level of quality for datasets and metadata documentation standards. As a result, datasets produced to help in understanding and treating land degradation problems may have unknown or unacceptable levels of uncertainty. This may require re-development of already existing datasets, hence consuming further efforts, financial resources, and time. In critical circumstances where land degradation posses severe threat to the environment and therefore indirectly to humans, the incurred price of a slow or ill informed decision may eventually render the state of land unrecoverable.
It is postulated that Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) would present the opportunity for much more strategic and cooperative management of land degradation datasets in Small Tropical Caribbean Islands. It is therefore expected to be a vital tool in the treatment of land degradation, and also to assist in creating a network of critical resources to drive further research in the area. This paper reviews the challenges faced by Small Tropical Caribbean Islands when managing land degradation, with special emphasis on Trinidad, and discusses how SDI can be used to better facilitate land degradation management in these areas.
Application of GIS and MODFLOW to Ground Water Hydrology- A ReviewIJERA Editor
This document provides a review of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the MODFLOW groundwater modeling package together for groundwater management and modeling applications. It discusses two main areas of application: (1) GIS-based subsurface flow and pollution modeling, including several case studies that developed groundwater models using GIS for input data management and output visualization; and (2) using GIS techniques to select sites for artificial groundwater recharge. The document concludes that integrating GIS with MODFLOW has great potential to improve groundwater monitoring and management in the future.
Land use change and environmental sustainability Samuel Dekolo
This document examines land use and land cover changes in the Lagos Metropolitan region of Nigeria between 1990 and 2006 using satellite imagery. It finds that major urban areas increased by 15.95% while forested areas decreased by 18.44%, resulting in over a 20% loss of forest resources. Cultivated farmland increased by 5.43% despite an overall 30% loss of agricultural land. The rapid urban expansion has environmental sustainability implications and there is a need for improved land management and adoption of spatial technologies.
Land use planning: Panacea a Sustainable Lagos MegacitySamuel Dekolo
There is a trajectory between land use planning and sustainable development. Both concepts tend to deliberately use available societal resources in a rational way in order to meet future desired needs and aspirations. However, the lack of land use planning of megacities in developing countries has brought about various environmental and economic consequences which cannot be overlooked. The sprawling nature of the Lagos megacity is very alarming and to achieve sustainability, there is need to strike a balance between the spatial needs for human activities and available land through sustainable land use planning which is constant. This paper examines the theoretical underpinnings of land use planning, which seems to be dislocated from existing planning practice and emphasize the need for a holistic approach which transcends the traditional land use planning in order to achieve sustainable development.
Risk Management in the Iullemeden Aquifer System - Abdel Kader Dodo - Iulleme...Iwl Pcu
This document discusses a project to establish cooperative management of the shared Iullemeden Aquifer System between Mali, Niger, and Nigeria. It identifies key risks like increasing water demand, climate change, and lack of information sharing between countries. The project aims to create joint mechanisms and strategies to identify and address transboundary risks through activities like building a shared understanding of the aquifer system, strengthening consultation processes, and improving awareness and capacity building. Progress so far includes national reports on the aquifer and work to develop common data and maps, with remaining challenges around filling information gaps and establishing an effective cooperative management framework.
This document discusses a study that used GIS and remote sensing technologies to identify suitable landfill sites in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Multiple criteria were considered, including geology, groundwater levels, proximity to infrastructure, slope, and land use/land cover. Data layers for each criterion were generated and reclassified. Analytical hierarchy process was used to assign weights to each criterion and class. The weighted criteria were combined in GIS to produce a landfill suitability map. Based on the analysis, 40.5 km2 was found highly suitable, 68.7 km2 moderately suitable, and 417.8 km2 unsuitable for landfill development. Twelve candidate sites in highly suitable areas were further evaluated based on size and
The document summarizes Mark Svoboda's presentation on building resilient agricultural systems through drought risk management and early warning systems. The National Drought Mitigation Center's objectives are to improve drought monitoring, planning and mitigation; build awareness of drought impacts; and focus policymakers on drought policy. The NDMC develops tools for research, applications, outreach and operations. It also collaborates internationally on integrated drought management and runs workshops to increase drought planning and risk management for producers. The US Drought Monitor is a joint effort to assess drought in the US. The NDMC develops satellite-based drought indicators and works to develop usable drought information and services.
Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosy...Iwl Pcu
Kevern Cochrane and Warwick Sauer
Presentation at the 2nd Targeted Workshop for GEF IW Projects in Africa on Economic Valuation in November 2012 in Addis Ababa.
The Role of Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Management of Land Degradation...rsmahabir
Abstract
Land degradation involves a wide array of natural and human induced factors affecting the productivity of land. These factors can exist in various non unique and complex combinations of different environmental settings, making detection and monitoring of land degradation an often difficult undertaking. As a result, no universal solution exists to eliminate the problem of land degradation altogether. In order to reduce its rate of encroachment, this phenomenon should be assessed and quantified in order to identify the causes, processes and factors leading to land degradation.
In small tropical and Caribbean islands, there exists a severe shortage of good, reliable and up- to-date information bases for the contributing factors of land degradation. In addition to the limited knowledge about what spatial datasets already exist, there is also no agreed minimum level of quality for datasets and metadata documentation standards. As a result, datasets produced to help in understanding and treating land degradation problems may have unknown or unacceptable levels of uncertainty. This may require re-development of already existing datasets, hence consuming further efforts, financial resources, and time. In critical circumstances where land degradation posses severe threat to the environment and therefore indirectly to humans, the incurred price of a slow or ill informed decision may eventually render the state of land unrecoverable.
It is postulated that Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) would present the opportunity for much more strategic and cooperative management of land degradation datasets in Small Tropical Caribbean Islands. It is therefore expected to be a vital tool in the treatment of land degradation, and also to assist in creating a network of critical resources to drive further research in the area. This paper reviews the challenges faced by Small Tropical Caribbean Islands when managing land degradation, with special emphasis on Trinidad, and discusses how SDI can be used to better facilitate land degradation management in these areas.
Application of GIS and MODFLOW to Ground Water Hydrology- A ReviewIJERA Editor
This document provides a review of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the MODFLOW groundwater modeling package together for groundwater management and modeling applications. It discusses two main areas of application: (1) GIS-based subsurface flow and pollution modeling, including several case studies that developed groundwater models using GIS for input data management and output visualization; and (2) using GIS techniques to select sites for artificial groundwater recharge. The document concludes that integrating GIS with MODFLOW has great potential to improve groundwater monitoring and management in the future.
Tre’ Cates - Tools Available that Can Measure Our ImprovementsJohn Blue
Tools Available that Can Measure Our Improvements - Tre’ Cates, Chief Operating Officer/CFO, Savory Institute, from the 2014 Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef (GRSB), November 2 -5, 2014, São Paulo, Brazil.
More presentations at http://trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014-global-roundtable-sustainable-beef
The Environmental Protection in South-American Integration ProcessIsabela Espíndola
The present article analyze how the environment is treated in
UNASUR, one of the latest regional integration projects in South America, which currently presents itself as an important space for the resolution of regional conflicts and establishment as a supranational institution to integrate the countries of the region. For the theoretical development of this research, a
bibliography review process was made, acquiring the bibliographical references and applicable legislations to the subject to compare the similarities and differences between the member countries of UNASUR. The analysis begins with the Constitutive Treaty of UNASUR, the principal legal system within the Union, to see how the environment is considered in this regional integration process. Then, it is studied the environmental legislation of each country that are part of UNASUR. It is concluded that the Union recognizes that preservation of the environment as fundamental for the very maintenance of life and to achieve the development of its member states, highlighting the environmental debate as
a premise for the South American policies processes of the Union itself.
AFRICA Atlas of Our Changing EnvironmentAndy Dabydeen
The document discusses the United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) efforts to raise awareness about environmental issues through effective communication. UNEP aims to get its message across through compelling visual presentations that tell stories of environmental changes over time using satellite imagery, photos, and narratives. The document provides details on UNEP's Atlas projects in Africa which compile environmental data, images, and facts about each country to track issues like deforestation, population growth, and progress on sustainability goals. The goal is to make policymakers and the public aware of important environmental challenges and opportunities through engaging visual content.
Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosy...Iwl Pcu
This document provides an overview of an introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosystem use. It begins with defining key terms like ecosystem approach according to the CBD and FAO. It then discusses moving from sectoral to integrated multi-sectoral management approaches. It also introduces ecosystem services and discusses management challenges at different scales. Finally, it provides the Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems Project as a case study example, discussing understanding benefits and objectives, valuation of resources, and requirements for adaptive management.
Benjamin Warr Thalwil Presentation 2004Benjamin Warr
This document discusses land use impacts and dependence on soil functions. It notes that over 600 million hectares of land have been degraded through deforestation, overgrazing, mismanagement, fuelwood collection, and urbanization. Going forward, population growth and climate change are expected to put additional pressure on land through the extension of agriculture to marginal areas and changes to agro-ecological zones. The document frames soil as a unique factor of production that provides ecosystem services and argues for its stronger consideration in economic theory and decision making given its multifunctional role and non-substitutability. It explores concepts like soil resilience and the use of energy concepts to understand soil health.
This document summarizes key points from the fifth Global Environment Outlook report (GEO-5). It finds that while the world is rich in local environmental policies and initiatives, global environmental trends continue in an unsustainable direction if not addressed. Local governments already experience many environmental strains and are beacons of hope, with some initiatives decades old. The report highlights examples of local authority projects and partnerships in cities and towns that offer pathways to tackle challenges and reach international targets. These local actions represent accomplishments that can guide sustainable development, and signpost goals for after 2015.
The document provides information about the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). Some key points:
- IRD is a French public scientific institute with 65 research units jointly operated with other institutions and over 2,250 agents.
- IRD researchers are posted in 38 countries, with 33 research units operating in Asia.
- IRD supports cooperative work with partners through various competitive funding programs.
- In Vietnam specifically, IRD has 18 staff posted and works with over 32 local researchers across 11 joint international laboratories. These laboratories contribute to topics like sustainable development, infectious diseases, agriculture, and more.
Unlocking the potential of SOC for climate action, food security and sustaina...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 3, Working group, Conclusion and Closure of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Pete Smith from FAO, in FAO Hq, Rome
This document discusses the issues surrounding jobs, competitiveness, and environmental regulation in the United States. It is argued that stringent environmental regulations impose high costs on U.S. industries, putting them at a competitive disadvantage internationally and causing firms to move investments and jobs overseas or lose market share to other countries with less regulation. However, the document notes that some economists have found little evidence that environmental protection costs have actually affected U.S. competitiveness or profitability.
The document summarizes climate change adaptation strategies that were drafted and implemented in municipalities in Nicaragua with support from Partners for Resilience. Key points:
1) Climate change adaptation strategies were developed for 5 municipalities and the Autonomous Region of the Northern Caribbean Coast through participatory processes involving communities, governments, and organizations.
2) The strategies prioritized measures to increase resilience in vulnerable sectors like water resources, agriculture, and forests that have been negatively impacted by climate variability and change.
3) The strategies have been adopted by state institutions and guide investment in community projects, like ecotourism and water access, to build resilience according to local needs.
The document discusses the objectives and activities of the Task Force on Land and Soil. It aims to analyze the current scientific communities dealing with land and soil issues and clarify the debate around the type of platform or partnership needed. The Task Force has conducted analyses of key actors and publications related to land and soil degradation research to understand current approaches. Preliminary findings show a need to strengthen links between soil-focused basic research and land-focused applied research addressing socioeconomic issues.
The document discusses the role of the National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS) in water resource management and governance in Lebanon. It outlines CNRS's use of remote sensing, GIS, and field data to monitor water resources and climate trends. CNRS has conducted many projects on topics like groundwater assessment, snow cover dynamics, and river discharge. CNRS collaborates with various government agencies, NGOs, universities, and international organizations on projects and policy. Its research provides essential data and analysis to inform Lebanon's water policies, strategies, and governance.
The document discusses the economics of land degradation and improvement. It defines key terms like land, soil, ecosystem services, land degradation, and sustainable land management. Around 25-30% of global land area is estimated to be degraded, affecting the livelihoods of many poor populations. Land degradation leads to significant economic costs and impacts food security. Addressing land degradation through sustainable land management practices can help mitigate these costs, though upfront investments are required. Economics of Land Degradation research aims to quantify these costs and benefits to inform better land use policies.
Bridging Aichi Targets 5, 11 and 15 with the Digital Observatory for Protecte...Gregoire Dubois
The Digital Observatory for Protected Areas (DOPA) has been developed over the last years by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission in collaboration with the UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and BirdLife International to mainly support the work of the CBD Secretariat and the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020.
By providing a broad range of globally consistent and comparable indicators, based on global reference data sets, on protected area coverage, connectivity, species, ecosystems and pressures at country, ecoregion and protected area scale, the DOPA is the most advanced information system on protected areas and a reference information system that is particularly relevant for the UN Sustainable Development Goals 14 (Life below Water) and 15 (Life on Land).
These slides are presenting DOPA Explorer 3.0, a recently released (Nov. 2018) web-based application offering an unprecedented level of information on terrestrial, coastal and marine protected areas globally. DOPA Explorer 3.0 uses, among other indicators and data sources, new information on land degradation derived from JRC's latest World Atlas of Desertification (WAD) and earth observations data derived from Copernicus, the European Union's Earth Observation Programme. By doing so, this new version of DOPA Explorer provides unique information bridging the gap between Aichi Targets 5 on the loss of natural habitats, Target 11 on protected areas and Target 15 on the restoration of ecosystems.
- Land degradation is a serious problem across Eastern Africa, with over 20% of land degraded in Kenya and Ethiopia, over 40% in Malawi, and over 50% in Tanzania according to NDVI decline measures. Major drivers of degradation include expansion of cropland and unsustainable agricultural practices.
- Adoption of sustainable land management practices is low, ranging from 68% of plots in Malawi to 85% in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Use of multiple practices is also limited.
- Logit, multivariate probit, and Poisson regression models find that factors like temperature, rainfall, elevation, soil type, household demographics, education, land tenure, extension access, and credit access influence adoption and intensity
Reyes, J.A.; Gómez-Barrón, J.P.; Muis, R.O.; Zavala, R., 2012b, “Potential of Environmental Services in the Social Property of Mexico”. (English summary). National Agrarian Registry (RAN) & Inter-American Institute of Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) Project. Mexico, D.F. 72 pp.
This document presents the findings in the first stage of the Strategy for Environmental Services and Common Property, which analyzes the relative importance of the environmental services in the agrarian nucleuses, such as: forest carbon, biodiversity and hydrological cycles. An important conclusion of this analysis is that none of the three themes can be efficiently developed without the integration of the common property.
As part of the findings, 115 ejidos and communities were identified with the highest potential to contribute in the provision of the three environmental services: carbon storage and capture, biodiversity conservation and maintenance of the hydrological cycle. In the next stage, these agrarian nucleuses will be analyzed for its feasibility in order to be included in payment for environmental services schemes.
This document provides justification and background information for the Himalayan Climate Change Adaptation Programme (HICAP). It summarizes that HICAP is a 5-year, $12 million project funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and managed through partnerships between the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), CICERO, and UNEP/GRID-Arendal. The project aims to assess vulnerability and adaptive capacity across the Himalayan region through questionnaires administered to over 7,900 households in target areas spanning the Upper Indus, Eastern Brahmaputra, Koshi Sub-basin, and Upper Brahmaputra river basins.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN LA PLATA BASIN STATES - NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR WATER GO...Isabela Espíndola
Prepared for delivery at the 2019 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Boston, USA, May 24 - May 27, 2019
The La Plata Basin stands out in South America for its natural resources, territorial extension, water volume and economic representativeness for the population of the five countries that share it. However, despite the existence of a transboundary agreement and international models for shared water management, this international basin faces challenges in its management. In this way, the present work performs a comparative analysis of the national legislations of each of the five countries, verifying their similarities in terms of water governance. The analyzes are made based on consultations and comparisons in the constitutions and water policies of each country, whether for surface water, groundwater or even treatment and water quality. Going through questions of geography, geopolitics, environment, law and international relations, it is believed that the similarity between such national frameworks facilitates the management of this natural resource shared by the States. However, it has been found that the legislation of the La Plata Basin states is asymmetric, from the recognition of water as a fundamental human right to the treatment that groundwater receives in each territory. It is concluded that this aspect impacts on water governance, hindering the relationship between countries for the harmonization of water policies.
A MODEL OF (P-GIS) FOR HYDRAULIC PROTECTION DAMS IN NORTHERN MOROCCOijait
To strengthen the quality of information, inclusion and implementation of continuous link between different categories of actors by mobilizing P-GIS as tools for participation and methodological aid to decision-making, and help to better understanding of environmental issues and challenges related
to climate change, allowing regional authorities to better analyze and process. So what we've seen, that the conventional GIS does not include certain information such as social exclusion, displacement, narrative conflicts of use of land and water, cultural stories, local politics. Hence the need to find an effective method to circumvent these problems.
So this study is based on a software solution that is supported on the geographic information system (GIS) coupled with the participatory model to give the (P-GIS). By manipulating various GIS software el descriptive data collected directly from the study area of the dam Ibn Battouta. A Data Type Model was generated to model the flow of data and related information. The delineation of protection zones will then contribute to the superposition, by adding each of the identified factors. The result of this study has created a multi-source spatial data management. This produces what is appalled the demonstration model GIS-remote sensing.'' It is based on certain factors that use parameters observed in the field and the information collected from censuses.
UNESCO’ multidisciplinary approach to develop adaptation strategiesInfoAndina CONDESAN
UNESCO takes a multidisciplinary approach to developing adaptation strategies for glacier retreat in the Andes mountains. This includes assessing climate impacts, vulnerability, and policies. The program aims to understand changes to water resources and their effects, enhance resilience, and support mountain communities through research, training, awareness, and recommendations. Regional workshops bring together experts from fields like glaciology to analyze conditions and develop best practices for mountain regions facing climate change.
Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
Tre’ Cates - Tools Available that Can Measure Our ImprovementsJohn Blue
Tools Available that Can Measure Our Improvements - Tre’ Cates, Chief Operating Officer/CFO, Savory Institute, from the 2014 Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef (GRSB), November 2 -5, 2014, São Paulo, Brazil.
More presentations at http://trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014-global-roundtable-sustainable-beef
The Environmental Protection in South-American Integration ProcessIsabela Espíndola
The present article analyze how the environment is treated in
UNASUR, one of the latest regional integration projects in South America, which currently presents itself as an important space for the resolution of regional conflicts and establishment as a supranational institution to integrate the countries of the region. For the theoretical development of this research, a
bibliography review process was made, acquiring the bibliographical references and applicable legislations to the subject to compare the similarities and differences between the member countries of UNASUR. The analysis begins with the Constitutive Treaty of UNASUR, the principal legal system within the Union, to see how the environment is considered in this regional integration process. Then, it is studied the environmental legislation of each country that are part of UNASUR. It is concluded that the Union recognizes that preservation of the environment as fundamental for the very maintenance of life and to achieve the development of its member states, highlighting the environmental debate as
a premise for the South American policies processes of the Union itself.
AFRICA Atlas of Our Changing EnvironmentAndy Dabydeen
The document discusses the United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) efforts to raise awareness about environmental issues through effective communication. UNEP aims to get its message across through compelling visual presentations that tell stories of environmental changes over time using satellite imagery, photos, and narratives. The document provides details on UNEP's Atlas projects in Africa which compile environmental data, images, and facts about each country to track issues like deforestation, population growth, and progress on sustainability goals. The goal is to make policymakers and the public aware of important environmental challenges and opportunities through engaging visual content.
Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosy...Iwl Pcu
This document provides an overview of an introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosystem use. It begins with defining key terms like ecosystem approach according to the CBD and FAO. It then discusses moving from sectoral to integrated multi-sectoral management approaches. It also introduces ecosystem services and discusses management challenges at different scales. Finally, it provides the Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems Project as a case study example, discussing understanding benefits and objectives, valuation of resources, and requirements for adaptive management.
Benjamin Warr Thalwil Presentation 2004Benjamin Warr
This document discusses land use impacts and dependence on soil functions. It notes that over 600 million hectares of land have been degraded through deforestation, overgrazing, mismanagement, fuelwood collection, and urbanization. Going forward, population growth and climate change are expected to put additional pressure on land through the extension of agriculture to marginal areas and changes to agro-ecological zones. The document frames soil as a unique factor of production that provides ecosystem services and argues for its stronger consideration in economic theory and decision making given its multifunctional role and non-substitutability. It explores concepts like soil resilience and the use of energy concepts to understand soil health.
This document summarizes key points from the fifth Global Environment Outlook report (GEO-5). It finds that while the world is rich in local environmental policies and initiatives, global environmental trends continue in an unsustainable direction if not addressed. Local governments already experience many environmental strains and are beacons of hope, with some initiatives decades old. The report highlights examples of local authority projects and partnerships in cities and towns that offer pathways to tackle challenges and reach international targets. These local actions represent accomplishments that can guide sustainable development, and signpost goals for after 2015.
The document provides information about the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). Some key points:
- IRD is a French public scientific institute with 65 research units jointly operated with other institutions and over 2,250 agents.
- IRD researchers are posted in 38 countries, with 33 research units operating in Asia.
- IRD supports cooperative work with partners through various competitive funding programs.
- In Vietnam specifically, IRD has 18 staff posted and works with over 32 local researchers across 11 joint international laboratories. These laboratories contribute to topics like sustainable development, infectious diseases, agriculture, and more.
Unlocking the potential of SOC for climate action, food security and sustaina...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 3, Working group, Conclusion and Closure of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Pete Smith from FAO, in FAO Hq, Rome
This document discusses the issues surrounding jobs, competitiveness, and environmental regulation in the United States. It is argued that stringent environmental regulations impose high costs on U.S. industries, putting them at a competitive disadvantage internationally and causing firms to move investments and jobs overseas or lose market share to other countries with less regulation. However, the document notes that some economists have found little evidence that environmental protection costs have actually affected U.S. competitiveness or profitability.
The document summarizes climate change adaptation strategies that were drafted and implemented in municipalities in Nicaragua with support from Partners for Resilience. Key points:
1) Climate change adaptation strategies were developed for 5 municipalities and the Autonomous Region of the Northern Caribbean Coast through participatory processes involving communities, governments, and organizations.
2) The strategies prioritized measures to increase resilience in vulnerable sectors like water resources, agriculture, and forests that have been negatively impacted by climate variability and change.
3) The strategies have been adopted by state institutions and guide investment in community projects, like ecotourism and water access, to build resilience according to local needs.
The document discusses the objectives and activities of the Task Force on Land and Soil. It aims to analyze the current scientific communities dealing with land and soil issues and clarify the debate around the type of platform or partnership needed. The Task Force has conducted analyses of key actors and publications related to land and soil degradation research to understand current approaches. Preliminary findings show a need to strengthen links between soil-focused basic research and land-focused applied research addressing socioeconomic issues.
The document discusses the role of the National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS) in water resource management and governance in Lebanon. It outlines CNRS's use of remote sensing, GIS, and field data to monitor water resources and climate trends. CNRS has conducted many projects on topics like groundwater assessment, snow cover dynamics, and river discharge. CNRS collaborates with various government agencies, NGOs, universities, and international organizations on projects and policy. Its research provides essential data and analysis to inform Lebanon's water policies, strategies, and governance.
The document discusses the economics of land degradation and improvement. It defines key terms like land, soil, ecosystem services, land degradation, and sustainable land management. Around 25-30% of global land area is estimated to be degraded, affecting the livelihoods of many poor populations. Land degradation leads to significant economic costs and impacts food security. Addressing land degradation through sustainable land management practices can help mitigate these costs, though upfront investments are required. Economics of Land Degradation research aims to quantify these costs and benefits to inform better land use policies.
Bridging Aichi Targets 5, 11 and 15 with the Digital Observatory for Protecte...Gregoire Dubois
The Digital Observatory for Protected Areas (DOPA) has been developed over the last years by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission in collaboration with the UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and BirdLife International to mainly support the work of the CBD Secretariat and the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020.
By providing a broad range of globally consistent and comparable indicators, based on global reference data sets, on protected area coverage, connectivity, species, ecosystems and pressures at country, ecoregion and protected area scale, the DOPA is the most advanced information system on protected areas and a reference information system that is particularly relevant for the UN Sustainable Development Goals 14 (Life below Water) and 15 (Life on Land).
These slides are presenting DOPA Explorer 3.0, a recently released (Nov. 2018) web-based application offering an unprecedented level of information on terrestrial, coastal and marine protected areas globally. DOPA Explorer 3.0 uses, among other indicators and data sources, new information on land degradation derived from JRC's latest World Atlas of Desertification (WAD) and earth observations data derived from Copernicus, the European Union's Earth Observation Programme. By doing so, this new version of DOPA Explorer provides unique information bridging the gap between Aichi Targets 5 on the loss of natural habitats, Target 11 on protected areas and Target 15 on the restoration of ecosystems.
- Land degradation is a serious problem across Eastern Africa, with over 20% of land degraded in Kenya and Ethiopia, over 40% in Malawi, and over 50% in Tanzania according to NDVI decline measures. Major drivers of degradation include expansion of cropland and unsustainable agricultural practices.
- Adoption of sustainable land management practices is low, ranging from 68% of plots in Malawi to 85% in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Use of multiple practices is also limited.
- Logit, multivariate probit, and Poisson regression models find that factors like temperature, rainfall, elevation, soil type, household demographics, education, land tenure, extension access, and credit access influence adoption and intensity
Reyes, J.A.; Gómez-Barrón, J.P.; Muis, R.O.; Zavala, R., 2012b, “Potential of Environmental Services in the Social Property of Mexico”. (English summary). National Agrarian Registry (RAN) & Inter-American Institute of Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) Project. Mexico, D.F. 72 pp.
This document presents the findings in the first stage of the Strategy for Environmental Services and Common Property, which analyzes the relative importance of the environmental services in the agrarian nucleuses, such as: forest carbon, biodiversity and hydrological cycles. An important conclusion of this analysis is that none of the three themes can be efficiently developed without the integration of the common property.
As part of the findings, 115 ejidos and communities were identified with the highest potential to contribute in the provision of the three environmental services: carbon storage and capture, biodiversity conservation and maintenance of the hydrological cycle. In the next stage, these agrarian nucleuses will be analyzed for its feasibility in order to be included in payment for environmental services schemes.
This document provides justification and background information for the Himalayan Climate Change Adaptation Programme (HICAP). It summarizes that HICAP is a 5-year, $12 million project funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and managed through partnerships between the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), CICERO, and UNEP/GRID-Arendal. The project aims to assess vulnerability and adaptive capacity across the Himalayan region through questionnaires administered to over 7,900 households in target areas spanning the Upper Indus, Eastern Brahmaputra, Koshi Sub-basin, and Upper Brahmaputra river basins.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN LA PLATA BASIN STATES - NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR WATER GO...Isabela Espíndola
Prepared for delivery at the 2019 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Boston, USA, May 24 - May 27, 2019
The La Plata Basin stands out in South America for its natural resources, territorial extension, water volume and economic representativeness for the population of the five countries that share it. However, despite the existence of a transboundary agreement and international models for shared water management, this international basin faces challenges in its management. In this way, the present work performs a comparative analysis of the national legislations of each of the five countries, verifying their similarities in terms of water governance. The analyzes are made based on consultations and comparisons in the constitutions and water policies of each country, whether for surface water, groundwater or even treatment and water quality. Going through questions of geography, geopolitics, environment, law and international relations, it is believed that the similarity between such national frameworks facilitates the management of this natural resource shared by the States. However, it has been found that the legislation of the La Plata Basin states is asymmetric, from the recognition of water as a fundamental human right to the treatment that groundwater receives in each territory. It is concluded that this aspect impacts on water governance, hindering the relationship between countries for the harmonization of water policies.
A MODEL OF (P-GIS) FOR HYDRAULIC PROTECTION DAMS IN NORTHERN MOROCCOijait
To strengthen the quality of information, inclusion and implementation of continuous link between different categories of actors by mobilizing P-GIS as tools for participation and methodological aid to decision-making, and help to better understanding of environmental issues and challenges related
to climate change, allowing regional authorities to better analyze and process. So what we've seen, that the conventional GIS does not include certain information such as social exclusion, displacement, narrative conflicts of use of land and water, cultural stories, local politics. Hence the need to find an effective method to circumvent these problems.
So this study is based on a software solution that is supported on the geographic information system (GIS) coupled with the participatory model to give the (P-GIS). By manipulating various GIS software el descriptive data collected directly from the study area of the dam Ibn Battouta. A Data Type Model was generated to model the flow of data and related information. The delineation of protection zones will then contribute to the superposition, by adding each of the identified factors. The result of this study has created a multi-source spatial data management. This produces what is appalled the demonstration model GIS-remote sensing.'' It is based on certain factors that use parameters observed in the field and the information collected from censuses.
UNESCO’ multidisciplinary approach to develop adaptation strategiesInfoAndina CONDESAN
UNESCO takes a multidisciplinary approach to developing adaptation strategies for glacier retreat in the Andes mountains. This includes assessing climate impacts, vulnerability, and policies. The program aims to understand changes to water resources and their effects, enhance resilience, and support mountain communities through research, training, awareness, and recommendations. Regional workshops bring together experts from fields like glaciology to analyze conditions and develop best practices for mountain regions facing climate change.
Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The document discusses the challenges of solid waste management in Monrovia, Liberia. It finds that the majority of solid waste generated is leftover food, plastic, and paper. On average, each person produces 0.3kg of waste daily. Nearly all respondents admit to never separating recyclables from other waste. Most waste collection is done informally by children. Most respondents also acknowledge disposing of waste through unsafe and illegal means like burning or dumping, with no formal waste management system. The study calls for the government to increase education on waste policies and introduce better management strategies.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Irregular urban development and municipal solid waste as determinants of floo...Saeed Ojolowo
This document outlines a study investigating the contributions of irregular urban development and municipal solid waste to flooding in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria. It begins with an introduction describing flood as both a natural and manmade phenomenon. It then presents the aim and objectives, hypotheses, study area, theoretical framework, literature review, methodology, findings, and recommendations. The methodology section describes using a cross-sectional research design with primary data collection through questionnaires, observation, and focus groups as well as secondary data. Analysis will utilize descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, remote sensing, GIS techniques, and maps. Preliminary findings suggest occupation of floodplains is related to socioeconomic factors and distance from canals/lagoons predicts flooding frequency. Waste
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HOUSEHOLDS: A case of Sekondi-Takoradi, GhanaPremier Publishers
Population and waste generation is increasing exponentially in the city of Sekondi-Takoradi. The city is growing at a rate of 3.2%. A recent oil industry, booming economic activities and rural-urban drift has increased demand for housing and waste infrastructure. The resulting waste from households outstrips waste bins and collection trucks. Wastes overflows at various collection points within the metropolis. The type of waste disposed indicates that residents now consuming various sorts of packaged food items compared to the previous habits of cooking raw vegetables. The complexity of waste is becoming difficult for the existing systems to accommodate. It is seen that households rely heavily on communal collection bins to dispose their waste. More than 36% of all collection is done with communal bins, which is less efficient compared to kerbside systems. The waste is usually abrasive, with a lot of sand, silt and gravel which wears sliding parts of compaction vehicles and machines. This discourages investors from deploying kerbside compaction trucks for waste collection. The results of this research highlights several instances of uncollected waste, overflowing of bins and unsightly conditions which are threats to public health of the people of the metropolis.
Urban solid waste management in ghana an assessment of zoomlion’s approach to...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed Zoomlion's approach to solid waste management in Wa Municipality, Ghana. The study used interviews and surveys to examine waste collection methods. It found that the majority of households (45%) and businesses (76.7%) used communal waste containers for collection. However, 32.2% of households also used improper methods like burning or dumping. The study recommended integrating composting of organic waste and moving toward a holistic waste management system.
This study analyzed the municipal solid waste management practices in the Mirpur area of Dhaka City, Bangladesh using GIS. It found that about 353.34 tons of solid waste is generated per day in the study area, with most waste coming from residential sources. Currently, 41 waste collection bins collect about 57.43% of the waste, with the rest illegally dumped. 15 illegal dumping sites were identified. The study used GIS to propose optimizing the number and locations of waste collection bins to improve waste collection efficiency to 93.68%. GIS was found to be an efficient tool for studying appropriate dumping site selection and routing to facilitate waste management decision making.
Using person product moment correlation to explore the relationship between d...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that explored the relationships between different categories of municipal solid waste in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The study found:
1) A positive correlation between food scrap, ash and vegetable waste, indicating these categories increase together.
2) A negative correlation between food scrap and materials like paper, cardboard, rubber, metals, plastics and glass, showing these categories decrease as food scrap increases.
3) The results suggest a waste management strategy for the area should focus on managing biodegradable organic waste, and the amounts of certain wastes generated per household can help predict total waste amounts.
Municipal solid waste landfill site selection in the Sekondi-Takoradi metropo...Premier Publishers
One of the threats to global environmental health is waste generation. Growth in population as well as rise in the quantity of municipal solid waste generated has made it difficult to locate appropriate site for waste disposal in most urban areas. Land filling is now accepted as the most widely used method for addressing this problem in all countries of the world. However, appropriate site selection for land filling is a problem in waste management and therefore needs to be addressed. This research sought to identify a suitable landfill site for waste disposal in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana. To achieve this, Geographical Information System (GIS), Fuzzy Logic and Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE) were applied in order to display and rank candidate sites. The analysis was limited to criteria that were selected and relevant to the area under investigation. The results obtained provide clear areas for landfill sites in the study area and finally arrives at suitable areas.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes health issues related to urban solid waste disposal in four areas of Sri Lanka: Colombo, Kandy, Kurunegala, and Badulla. The study identifies 23 similar diseases in the four areas but finds variation in disease prevalence based on geographical factors, population density, waste generation and collection practices, education levels, income, and public behavior. Colombo had the highest percentage of health issues at 45.6% while Kurunegala had the lowest at 15.4%. Women and children were also found to be more affected than men due to spending more time near dumpsites. The study recommends establishing a centralized waste management system to better control environmental activities and implement an
Material Recovery from Wastes: An Employment and Poverty Alleviation ToolAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document discusses material recovery from wastes in Maiduguri, Nigeria as a tool for employment and poverty alleviation. It examines three waste collection scenarios involving 5000 participants over 24 months. Key findings include:
- Annual estimates of material recovered include 16.8 tons of bottles/glasses, 158.4 tons of plastics/rubber, and 264 tons of metal.
- Considerable income was generated from sales of recovered materials, totaling over N2 million annually.
- Material recovery, reuse and recycling provided livelihoods and constituted human capacity development for many involved in the activity.
Application of Geospatial Technique in Selection of Suitable Solid Waste Dump...IJSRED
1) The study looked at using geospatial techniques to select suitable solid waste dumpsites in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria.
2) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) were used to integrate different spatial datasets like land use maps and evaluate them based on criteria to identify potential dumpsite locations.
3) The study found that 26 of the 27 existing dumpsites were improperly located and the only dumpsite was inadequate. It recommended establishing additional suitable dumpsites identified through the analysis and properly managing waste disposal.
INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: A FOCUS ON SOLID W...ijfls
Solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam City has been increasing due to rapid population growth and economic development. Using a population growth rate of 4.3% and a generation rate of 0.815kg/cap/day, it is estimated that Dar es Salaam could be generating over 12,000 tonnes of solid wastes per day by 2025. The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts including odour nuisance, litter problems, adverse visual impacts, and vermin and pests. A sound solid waste management is a result of the efficient and effective management of the supply chain of solid wastes which is composed of waste generation, storage, transportation and disposal. In this study, we apply Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) to assess the contribution of each element to the Solid Waste Supply Chain (SWSC). The data was collected from a random sample of ninety five (95) respondents consisting of practitioners, researchers and community members. The computational results reveal that, the contribution in descending order to the underperformance of SWSC in Dar es Salaam City are Storage of solid waste, Collection of solid waste, Disposal of solid waste and Transportation of solid waste. This study will be of great help to environmentalists, town planners, researchers and policy makers.
INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: A FOCUS ON SOLID W...ijfls
Solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam City has been increasing due to rapid population growth and economic development. Using a population growth rate of 4.3% and a generation rate of 0.815kg/cap/day, it is estimated that Dar es Salaam could be generating over 12,000 tonnes of solid wastes per day by 2025. The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts including odour nuisance,
litter problems, adverse visual impacts, and vermin and pests. A sound solid waste management is a result of the efficient and effective management of the supply chain of solid wastes which is composed of waste generation, storage, transportation and disposal. In this study, we apply Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) to
assess the contribution of each element to the Solid Waste Supply Chain (SWSC). The data was collected from a random sample of ninety five (95) respondents consisting of practitioners, researchers and community members. The computational results reveal that, the contribution in descending order to the underperformance of SWSC in Dar es Salaam City are Storage of solid waste, Collection of solid waste, Disposal of solid waste and Transportation of solid waste. This study will be of great help to environmentalists, town planners, researchers and policy makers.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
Solid Waste Management in Lebanon: Challenges and RecommendationsPremier Publishers
Successful waste management plans require accurate data about the nature and composition of waste. Despite the high content of organic (52%) and recyclable (37 %) materials in waste stream, only 8% and 15% of solid waste are recycled and composted respectively. Unfortunately, 48% of the waste are disposed in sanitary landfills. Dumping of waste and open burning is predominant outside Beirut and Mount Lebanon. Adequate treatment is unavailable for wastes produced by slaughterhouses, industrial premises and healthcare centers. Corruption, lack of human resources and suitable facilities and inadequate technical skills are responsible for inefficient municipal solid waste management. This paper aims at determining the current practices of municipalities in terms of segregation, collection, treatment and final disposal of solid waste. It also considers key policy challenges and recommendations for improving the municipal solid waste management system.
Modeling the environmental impacts of landlfiling and incineration waste mana...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that modeled the environmental impacts of landfilling and incineration waste management scenarios in Odo-Oba, Nigeria using GaBi6 software. Wastes were characterized and sorted, and gas emissions from open burning at a dumpsite were measured. Two scenarios were modeled in GaBi6: landfilling and incineration. The landfill model showed that paper contributed most to global warming and eutrophication potential, while biodegradables and plastics dominated acidification and ozone depletion potential, respectively. The incineration model found that plastics contributed most to acidification, global warming and eutrophication potential. The study concluded that the landfill scenario posed a lesser environmental threat
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NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
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Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
years in a row, the Labrador Retriever has dropped to second place
in the American Kennel Club's annual survey of the country's most
popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
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The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
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1. ISSN (e): 2250 – 3005 || Vol, 04 || Issue, 6 || June – 2014 ||
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 7
Suitability Analysis in Determining Optimal Landfill Location
Using Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), GIS & Remote Sensing
1
Olusina J. O. , 2
D. O. Shyllon
1
Department of Surveying & Geoinformatics, Faculty of Engineering University of Lagos, Nigeria
2
c/o Department of Surveying & Geoinformatics, Faculty of Engineering University of Lagos, Nigeria
I. INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria like other developing countries, proper solid waste management is one of the undaunted
monster that is confronting various municipal authorities as it has posed threats to lives and the environmental.
Indiscriminate disposal of effluent and toxic waste have endangered healthy living. Diseases transmission, fire
hazards, odour nuisance, atmospheric and water pollution, aesthetic nuisance and economic losses are some of
the problems associated with improper management of solid waste (Nwambuonwo and Mughele, 2012). Solid
waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant or air
pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous
material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations and from community
activities but does not include solid or dissolved materials in domestic sewage, solid or dissolved materials in
irrigation return flows or industrial discharges that are point sources. Some of these wastes can be recycled
while others are discarded and disposed of properly (New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation, 2010). A suitable disposal site must have environmental safety criteria and attributes that will
enable the wastes to be isolated so that there is no unacceptable risk to people or the environment. Criteria for
site selection include physical, socioeconomic, ecological and land-use factors. Different tools and techniques
are being developed for solid waste disposal site selection in developed countries. Out of these, landfilling is the
most common method used in many countries (Yesilnacar and Cetin 2005). In modern times, finding a site to
locate undesirable facilities is becoming a significant problem in the planning sector (Erkut and Moran, 1991).
In particular, the sitting of landfills is an issue due to prevalent ―not in my backyard (NIMBY)‖ and ―not in
anyone’s backyard (NIABY)‖ concerns from the public. Sitting of landfills is important because of the
imperative nature of landfills due to the expanding population and the corresponding volume of garbage (Kao
and Lin, 1996).Despite the existence of solid waste dumpsites, the problem of waste management has continued
ABSTRACT
Most of human activities often result in numerous wastes as their by-products. Rapid and
uncontrolled urban expansion, poor planning, lack of adequate financial support just to mention a
few often lead to poor management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in most cities, especially in
developing countries like Nigeria. Similarly, changes in consumption patterns worldwide have
resulted in a sporadic increase in commercial, industrial and household wastes thereby causing
serious environmental and health hazards. However, with various waste management techniques
in developed economy which is being adopted by developing nations, waste dump sites still
manifest physically in developing countries as the primary means of waste disposal. In Lagos
Metropolis, there are challenges in handling the various legal and illegal waste dump sites and in
adopting holistic approach to the management of wastes by the state agency in-charge of waste
disposal. This paper examines the locations of the existing dump sites, and adopts Geographic
Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing technology and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE)
technique to carry out suitability mapping of optimal locations for Landfills within Lagos
Metropolis. For the optimal site selection, fourteen different criteria were identified and each
criterion was weighted using MCE. Finally, based on transportation and minimum area criteria
requirements using overlaying and buffering analysis, the suitability map was generated. The map
revealed four classifications as: “unsuitable (96.0%)”, “least suitable (0.4%)”, “moderately
suitable (1.0%)”, and “most suitable (2.6%)”.
KEYWORDS: Solid Waste, Landfill, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing,
Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE).
2. Suitability Analysis In Determining Optimal...
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 8
to be a menace in developing countries such as Nigeria. Lagos being the commercial nerve centre of Nigeria
with a fast population growth, the problem of waste management is still a huge monster that is plaguing the city.
The concerted efforts of State Agency in charge of waste management (Lagos Waste Management Authority,
LAWMA) in tackling this menace are yet to achieve the desired result. There is still need to ensure effective and
efficient disposal of both residential and industrial wastes in Lagos. To assist in achieving effective and efficient
waste management, this research is aimed at the determination of: (i) suitable optimal site for landfills in Lagos
State, and (ii) waste optimal planned collection route using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote
Sensing technology and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) technique. Existing dump sites were considered,
fourteen non-exclusionary and exclusionary criteria (geomorphology, underground water depth, wetland,
mangroves, land-use, surface waters, drainage, forest and vegetation, rivers, slope, roads, settlements and
airport) were examined, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign weights, maps were overlaid
and buffering technique was used to carry out suitability evaluation. Transportation needs for effective waste
management were discussed and a typical shortest-path route from waste collection site to the landfill site was
created in a GIS environment for efficient transferring and transporting of solid wastes.
Study Area
Lagos Metropolitan Area (3,345Km¹) spreads over much of Lagos State. Lagos is the most populous
conurbation in Nigeria with 7,937,932 inhabitants at the 2006 census as a result of heavy migration from all
parts of the country as well as from outside the country. It is currently the second most populous city in Africa
(after Cairo), and currently estimated to be the second fastest growing city in Africa (7th fastest in the world),
immediately following Bamako. Formerly the capital of Nigeria, Lagos is a huge metropolis which originated
on islands separated by creeks, such as Lagos Island. The city is the economic and financial capital of Nigeria.
The multi-ethnic nature of the place made it hard to get a good grip on the place. The city of Lagos lies in south-
western Nigeria, on the Atlantic coast in the Gulf of Guinea, west of the Niger River delta, located on longitude
3° 24' E and latitude 6° 27' N. There are two major urban islands of Lagos in Lagos Lagoon, Lagos Island and
Victoria Island (Lagos Travel Guide, 2014).The lagoons provides places of abode and recreation, means of
livelihood and transport, dumpsite for residential and industrial discharges and a natural shock absorber to
balance forces within the natural ecological system. The Lagos Lagoon consists of three main segments: Lagos
Harbour, the Metropolitan end and Epe Division (Oyenekan, 1988).
Fig. 1. Showing the map of Local Government Areas in Lagos State.
II. SOLID WASTES GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT
2.1 Solid Wastes Generation
Generally, municipal solid waste is defined as waste arising from human activities in household,
commercial and institutional areas that are useless or unwanted. The knowledge of the sources and types of solid
wastes, along with data on composition and rates of generation, is basic to the design and operation of the
functional elements associated with the management of solid wastes. Sources of solid wastes in a community
are, in general, related to the land use and zoning. Tcholobanogous et al (1993) gave a description of sources
and types of solid wastes within a community (Table 1).
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Table 1. Sources and types of solid wastes within a community (Tcholobanogous et al, 1993).
Like in most developing countries, scientific data are scare and very scanty. The data on waste generation in
Lagos till date is still scanty. However, the estimated wastes generated/tonnes in Lagos are shown in Table 2:
Table 2. Development of Waste Generation and Management in Lagos (LAWMA, 2008).
2.2 Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of generation,
storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes. Integrated solid waste
management includes the selection and application of suitable techniques, technologies and management
programmes to achieve specific waste management objectives and goals Tchobanoglous and Kreith, 2002).
Solid waste management technologies entails: 1) Source reduction, 2) Recycling, 3) Waste transformation and
4) Landfilling.For most industrialized nations today, solid waste management is a multibillion dollar business
which is also crucial to survival, unlike in developing countries where solid wastes create losses. The conditions,
issues and problems of urban waste management in the industrialized and developing worlds are different.
Though the developed countries generate larger amounts of wastes, they have developed adequate facilities,
competent government institutions and bureaucracies to manage their wastes. Developing countries are still in
the transition towards better waste management but they currently have insufficient collection and improper
disposal of wastes. Disposal of wastes is commonly done by dumping (on land or into water bodies),
incineration or long term storage in a secured facility. All these methods have varying degrees of negative
environmental impacts with adverse environmental and health risks if wastes are improperly disposed or stored.
(Longe and Balogun, 2010).
Source Typical facilities, activities, or
locations where solid waste is
generated
Types of Solid Wastes
Residential Single family and multifamily,
detached dwellings, low, medium,
and high-rise apartments, etc
Food wastes, paper, cardboard ,plastics ,textiles, leather,
yard wastes, wood, glass, tin cans, aluminium, other
metals, ashes, street leaves, special wastes (including
bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, yards
wastes collected separately, batteries, oil, and tires),
household hazardous wastes.
Commercial Stores, restaurants, markets,
office buildings, hotels, motels,
print shops, service stations, auto
repair shops, etc
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste ,glass,
metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes, etc.
Institutional School, hospitals, prisons,
governmental centres.
As above in commercial
Industrial Construction, fabrication, light
and heavy manufacturing,
chemical plants, power plants,
demolition, etc.
Industrial process wastes, scrap material, etc. Non-
industrial wastes including food wastes, rubbish, ashes,
demolition and construction wastes, special wastes,
hazard wastes.
Agricultural Field and farms Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, rubbish,
hazardous wastes.
Public Areas Streets, parks, recreation areas.etc Special wastes, rubbish.
Year Area Population
Generation Rate per
Day Ton/Day Trucks
1945 >200km2
40000 0.1(E) 4+ 1
1967 1200km2
1,500,000 0.12 (E) 180 6(2 trucks)
1976 10000km2
3,200,000 0.2 640 100(35 trucks)
1990 35000km2
5,000,000 0.25 1,250 210(70trucks)
2006 <40000km2
18,000,000 0.4 7,200 1200(400-500 trucks)
2008 <40000km2
18,000,000 0.5 9,000 1500(550-600 trucks)
2015 <60000km2
23,000,000 0.7 16,100 2500(800 trucks)
2020 <60000km2
30,200,000 0.7 21,140 (1,057 trucks)
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For Nigerian cities, including Lagos Metropolis, waste removal is one of the most pressing issues and
not a new problem. Most Nigerian cities consist of heaps of refuse in street corners, side-walks to mention but a
few. As at 1977, Lagos was described as the dirtiest capital city in the World to host FESTAC 77.Several
government agencies emerged to manage waste until the transformation of Waste Disposal Board to Lagos State
Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) in 1991 with the mandate of collection and disposal of municipal and
industrial waste in the State and improved commercial services to the State and Local Governments. From 1994,
LAWMA started the private sector participation (formal / informal) in waste management in the State
(Rugiramanzi, 2013). However, illegal dumping of waste into water and land environment by cart pushers and
individuals alike has necessitated the review of waste management and disposal system in the State. In readiness
for the Lagos Metropolitan Development Governance project supported by the World Bank, Lagos State
restructured the Lagos State Waste Management Authority in 2005.
2.3 Existing Landfill Operations in Lagos State
There are three (3) major landfills (Fig. 2) and three (3) temporary sites serving Lagos State. The major
landfills fall within the case study. The major landfills and their capacities are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Major Landfill Sites in Lagos Metropolis (LAWMA, 2008).
Name Location Coordinates Average
daily
tonnage
Approximate
Waste
Received (%)
Size
(Hectares)
Residual
Life Span
(Years)Latitud
e (N)
Longitud
e (E)
Olushosun Ikeja Local
Government
(L.G.). Situated
at Ojota /
Oregun
6.5911 3.3814 211,667.3
3
35 42 20
Abule-Egba Alimosho L.G.
Located within
Agbado Oke-
Odo LCDA
6.6411 3.3027 97,611.67 80 10.5 8
Soluo
s
Solu
os II
Along Lagos
State
University –
IBA Road
6.5703 3.2537 53,178.33 Over 70 7.8 5
Solu
os
III
Along Lagos
State
University –
IBA Road
6.5703 3.2537 53,178.33 Over 70 5 5
Their pictoral view are shown below.
Fig. 2. Major Landfills in Lagos.
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Other Satellite (minor) Landfill Sites comprise of Owutu (Ikorodu L.G.), Sangotedo (Eti–Osa L.G.) and Temu
(Epe L.G.) dumpsites. These sites serve as back–ups for the three major landfill sites, and also have an
advantage of proximity. They are temporary sites and fall outside the scope of this study area,
2.4 General Criteria for Selecting Potential Sites for a Solid Waste Landfill
International practices always account for environmental, economic, social, and technical factors in the
construction of landfills. Landfill designers are primarily concerned with the viability of a site. To be
commercially and environmentally viable, a landfill must be constructed in accordance with specific rules,
regulations, factors and constraints which vary from place to place or from country to country. These specific
rules, regulations, factors, and constraints must cover: geomorphology, land value, slope and proximity to
recreational areas (Dorhofer and Siebert, 1996; Erkut and Moran, 1991; Lin and Kao, 1999). In summary,
Chang et al, 2007 gave the following criteria for specifying the best site for a landfill:
(i) Distance from historical sites, ancient areas and including international museums should not be less than
1 Km; (ii) Keep the distance from well-water or water supply for manufacturing g not less than 1 Km away, (iii)
Keep the distance from the road not less than 750 m away, (iv) Keep the distance away from rivers of not less
than 1 Km, (v) In addition, the landfill should be situated at a significant distance away from urban residential
areas due to public concerns, such as aesthetics, odour, noise, and decrease in property value. Urban buffers may
range from 150 m to 5 Km, and (vi) Moreover the selected area shouldn’t often flood.
III. METHODOLOGY
Siting a sanitary landfill requires a substantial evaluation process in order to identify the best available
disposal location, that is, a location which meets the requirements of government regulations and minimizes
economic, environmental, health, and social cost (Siddiqui et al. 1996). In this research, the following steps
were taken to determine the best locations for siting landfills in Lagos Metropolis.
3.1 Data Acquisition and Image Processing
In GIS, availability of data is crucial. In this work, a comprehensive body of secondary information
related to environmental (streams network and wetlands), socio-cultural (municipal development area, historic
and important conserved sites and land use), and economic factors (road network, land slope, soil cover, and
geology) were collected and produced in a digital format.
Sources of data include primary and secondary sources:
Primary Data- Spatial and Aspatial data of the existing dumpsites were obtained from the field.
Secondary Data:- these include: Average daily waste generated per tonnage dumped at the existing dump sites
obtained from Lagos Waste Management Agency (LAWMA); Lagos State Land Use map from Land Use
Department of the Lagos State Ministry of Environment; LandSat imagery for Lagos Metropolis from GLCF;
and Height data of the study area from SRTM (shuttle radar topography mission); Lagos State Local
Government Administrative Map from LASPPDA; and Lagos road network map from the Department of
Surveying & Geoinformatics.
3.2 Data Compilation and Processing
The acquired data (both primary and secondary) were processed, and plotted in a GIS environment
with their attributes attached:
1. Features Extraction- Acquired Landsat imagery was processed using ENVI 4.5 (Fig. 3) and transformed in
WGS 1984 UTM Zone 31N.
Fig. 3. The Three (3) Landsat Images covering the entire Lagos State.
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For better land use classification of the study area, the acquired Land Use Map of Lagos State was overlaid on
the processed Landsat imageries and five (5) distinct feature classes were identified out: (i) Built up areas, (ii)
Water bodies, (iii) Forests and other vegetation, (iv) Wetlands, and (v) Mangroves.The Land Use Map of
Lagos State and Lagos State mosaicked aerial photography were used to assist feature location and
identification. Region of Interest (ROI) was specified for each feature class during the supervised
classification. Feature extractions were carried out based on the five (5) identified classes (Figs. 4a and 4b).
Post-classification was carried out to vectorize classified areas and the vectorized features were exported as
shape files to ArcMap. Feature trimming was carried out. The three Landsat imageries (Fig. 3) were merged
using similar feature edge-matching technique and overlaid on a boundary map of Lagos Metropolis. Water
bodies were extracted (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. Water Bodies classification within Lagos Metropolis.
2. Spot Heights Extraction- Spot heights were acquired from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data
(GeoTIFF and HGT, Fig. 6) and processed.
Fig. 6. hgt SRTM data covering Lagos State and some part of the Atlantic Ocean.
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The XYZ grid data were later converted to a .dbf (database file), plotted as points on ArcMap
and clipped to fit in the boundaries of Lagos Metropolis.
3.3 Criteria and Restriction Parameters for Landfill siting in Lagos State
According to Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA), the simple preliminary guidelines used
for landfill site selection includes: (1) Size of area/capacity, (2) Distance to populated areas, (3) Distance to
sensitive water resources, and (4) Hydrology and Hydrogeology.Since an optimal landfill location must comply
with all Federal and State Governments’ regulations, therefore, location restriction criterion, which varies
depending on environmental and climatic regional factors must be considered. With a little modifications in this
work, the Land Use Department of Lagos State Ministry of Environment agreed with the criteria used in Dhaka
City [Table 4].
Table 4. Criteria and Restriction Parameters for Landfill siting
(Mohammad, Kidokoro and Syed, 2009)
Criterion Parameter Criterion Parameter
Distance from water bodies 300 – 500m Distance from urban area 500 – 2000m
Distance from forest, park, etc. 50 – 500m Distance from roads 50 – 100m
Distance from well 500 –1000m Haul distance 30 – 45m
Soil permeability < 10 - 6cm/sec. Slopes < 15 – 20%
In this work, fourteen non-exclusionary and exclusionary criteria were considered. Non-exclusionary
criteria (Factors) were classified into two groups: (i) Biophysical factors (i.e. biological and physical
environmental related factors) and (ii) Socio-economic factors (human related activities). The Biophysical
factors include: geomorphology, underground water depth, wetland, mangroves, land-use, surface waters,
drainage, forest and vegetation and rivers; while the socio-economic factors include: slope, roads, settlements
(i.e. residential area) and airport. Constraints for the Biophysical factors are: (i) the waste disposal site cannot be
built on landslides which are active or may become active in the future, (ii) the waste disposal site can only be
constructed in areas which do not have an important economic or ecological value, (iii) areas should have
sufficient size/capacity to be used as a waste disposal site for a prolonged time, and (iv) the waste disposal site
must be close as possible to existing roads for saving road development, transportation, and collection costs.
Details on the exclusionary criteria with respective buffer distances are discussed in Section 4.2. Three decision
criteria, using buffering (proximity) techniques, were considered for suitability evaluation: (i) Stream proximity,
(ii) Urban proximity, and (iii) Road proximity. The decision criteria were analysed for sensitivity of land
suitability (Effat and Hegazy, 2012; Rugiramanzi, 2013).
3.3Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE)
According to Mohammad, Kidokoro and Syed (2009), Multi-Criteria Evaluation is a process that
combines and transforms geographical data (the input) into a decision (the output). This process consists of
procedures that involve the utilization of geographical data, the decision maker's preferences and the
manipulation of the data and preferences according to specified decision rules. In this process, multidimensional
geographical data and information were aggregated into one-dimensional values for the alternatives. Landfill
site selection by GIS is a multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) process and generally has four steps: (i) Criterion
establishment, (ii) Standardization of factors, (iii) Establishment of factors weight, and (iv) Weighted linear
combination. With a weighted linear combination, factors were combined by applying a weight to each followed
by a summation of results to yield a suitability map i.e.
……….………………………………….. (1)
where, S = suitability, wi = weight of factor i, xi = criterion score of factor i.
The procedure can be modified by multiplying the suitability calculated from the factors by the product of the
constraints, i.e.
……….………………………….. (2)
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where Si,j = land suitability of cell i for the land use type j, fx = attribute of factor x at cell i, wx = weight of the
factor x, p = number of factors f, ry = attribute of constraint y at cell i, q = number of constraints r.
Using a weighted linear combination in MCE, the weights summed to 1. AHP being a multi-objective,
multicriteria decision-making technique was used to assigning weights to all the factors and to control the level
of risk and trade-off for the alternatives. In the AHP, weight was derived by taking the principal eigenvector of a
square reciprocal matrix of pair-wise comparisons between the criteria. The AHP hierarchical structure is shown
in Figure 7. The AHP results were thereafter integrated into GIS for better analysis to determine optimal landfill
site suitability (Mendoza, 1997). Flowchart for the MCE optimal suitable site selection is shown in Figure 8
(Saaty, 1980).
Fig. 7. AHP Hierarchical Structure of Ranking of all Factors (Saaty, 1980).
Factor Maps
Fig. 8. Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE) Model Flowchart.
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IV. RESULTS GENERATION AND ANALYSIS
Results on creation of factor maps, eliminating unsuitable areas and selecting most suitable site are
shown below:
4.1 Creation of Factor Maps
The AHP Pairwise Comparisons for the Biophysical factors’ Scores for Geomorphology = 0.595;
Depth of the underground water = 0.246; Wetland = 0.099 and Mangrove = 0.059. The Eigen Value (λ max.) i.e.
Average = 4.192; CI = 0.064 and while Consistency Ratio = 0.071.
Similarly, the AHP Pairwise comparison for the Proximity Criteria Scores revealed that Stream Proximity (S) =
0.724; Urban Proximity (U) = 0.193; and Road Proximity (D) = 0.083. The Eigen Value (λ max.) i.e. Average
= 3.066; CI = 0.033 and while Consistency Ratio = 0.057.
All the factors (geology, residential areas, forest and other vegetation, etc.) were used to create the factor
maps:
Geological Criteria- Geological map derived for the study area is shown in Figure 9a (Alluvium [Light
Blue], Benin Formation [Yellow] and Ilaro Formation [Pink]).
Wetlands- Wetlands map of the study area is shown Figure 9b.
Mangroves- The areas classified as mangroves in the study area are shown Figure 9c.
Drainage- The drainage system of the study area is shown in Figure 9d.
Surface Water- Figure 9e shows the rivers network in the study area.
Forests and other Vegetation- The areas classified as forests and vegetation in the area are shown in Figure
9f.
Slope- Slope map shown in Figure 9g.
Road Network Map- Lagos road network map is shown in Figure 9h.
Residential Areas- The map of residential areas was derived from the land use map as shown in Figure 9i.
Airports- The location of the airport is shown in Figure 9j.
Railroad Map- Lagos railroad map (Fig. 9k) as obtained from the Dept. of Surveying & Geoinformatics.
Some of these factor maps are shown in Figures 9a - 9k.
Some of the Biophysical factors:
Some of the socio-economic factors:
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4.2 Analysis and Buffering
In the AHP Pairwise Comparisons for the Biophysical factors, Geomorphology was given highest
priority (0.595), while Mangrove got the least rating of 0.059. Similarly, AHP Pairwise Comparisons for the
Proximity Criteria; Stream Proximity (S) got the highest priority (0.724), while Road Proximity had the least
0.083. Analysing the Factor Maps, unsuitable areas were screened out by imposing exclusionary buffer criteria
within the GIS environment thus leading to the creation of Buffer Maps. The analysis and the buffer maps are
discussed below:
Wetlands and Mangroves- Are not ideal for landfill locations since hazardous solutes from the landfill can
easily endanger (i.e. pollute) nearby rivers and other water bodies, hence they are just factored out (Figure 10a).
Drainage- Landfill must avoid areas with leachate flow contaminations. There is need to avoid the impact of
drainage system failure. Therefore, a buffer distance of 100m from the drainage network was considered safe in
this study (Fig. 10b).
Surface Water- Surface water (rivers) is very important because of its ecological balance to all the human
activities and as a natural resource. Rivers can be endangered by the landfill because of leachate thus bringing a
great pollution to the river. A buffer distance of 100m from the river was considered for landfill location (Figure
10c).
Forests and other Vegetation- Forests and other Vegetation areas are not suitable as landfill sites; hence
they are just factored out.
Slope- A low slope is required to minimize erosion and water runoff. A low slope also facilitates the
construction of the site to be much easier and with lower costs. Furthermore, the slope map of Lagos Metropolis
area was not utilized because based on the Lagos State Contour Map, almost all parts of the study area comprise
low gradient that ranges from 9% to 15%.
Road Network Map- Road network generally comprised of four main roads with the highest hierarchy
being expressways and the lowest is local roads. This region has a good network system and access to landfills
anywhere in this area is possible (Fig. 10d). For landfill siting, the suitable distance from road network is within
100m buffer in order to meet environmental requirement, property protection and pollution reduction).
(Cointreau, 1996).
Residential Areas- Locating a landfill away from urban land areas is noted for several reasons, including
aesthetics, odor, noise, decrease in property value and health concerns. To define a limit around urban areas that
would protect the population from landfill hazards (such as scavenging animals and strong odour) and using the
NIMBY (―Not in my backyard‖) approach, a buffer of 500m is established (Fig. 10e). (Chang et al, 2007 and
Dikshit et al., 2000).
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Airports- A landfill should not be situated around the regulatory zone of an airport authority. The site shall
not be 3km nearer to the airport area. Therefore, a 3km buffer was used as a criterion for selecting suitable
landfill site (Fig. 10f).
Railroad Map- Since railroads and roads have similar transportation characteristics, therefore, to avoid any
conflict with transportation along the rail system buffer distance of 100m was employed (Fig. 10g).
Geological Criteria- Leachate migration from the landfill could be a potential source of surface and
groundwater contaminations (Rugiramanzi, 2013). In Figure 9a, only 3 major soil types were identified
(Alluvium [Light Blue], Benin Formation [Yellow] and Ilaro Formation [Pink]). The Ilaro formation is basically
sedimentary formation found mostly under and around water bodies hence was classified as unfit. The
remaining Alluvium and Benin formation consist mainly of clay, and clay can serve as a very good support due
to its low permeability. The unsuitable geological area was factored out (Fig.11a).
Some are graphically shown in Figures 10a – 10g and 11a.
Fig. 10a. Unsuitable areas due to ―Wetlands‖. Fig. 10b. 100m buffer from the Drainage.
Fig. 10c. 100m buffer from the Rivers. Fig. 10d. 100m buffers from the Roads.
Fig. 10e. 500m buffers from the Residential Fig. 10f. 3km buffer from the Airport.
Areas.
Fig. 10g. 100m buffer from the Railroad.
.
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After applying the exclusionary criteria, decision factors, standardization of factors, and weighting of factors,
using multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) for land suitability analysis, weighted linear combination (WLC) method,
as discussed in Section 3.4, was adopted to obtain the final suitability map.
4.3 Optimal Landfill Location Determination through Objectivity
The factors, the buffers and the constraint maps were used in form of negative mapping. This
was carried out by factoring out the constraints from the map of the study area until areas suitable and optimal
for locating landfills are left (Mohammad, Kidokoro and Syed, 2009):
[1] The map of the study area was subtracted from the map of the unsuitable Geology (Fig. 11a).
[2] The resulting map (Fig. 11a) of suitable geology was overlaid on the map showing the water bodies with
buffer distance, and negative mapping was also carried out to obtain a map showing areas not within the
Water Bodies criteria and with suitable ―Geology‖ (Fig. 11b).
[1] The wetlands map is then overlaid on the resulting map (Fig. 11b) to obtain the areas suitable under the
Wetlands criteria (Fig. 11c).
[2] The mangrove map is overlaid on the resulting map (Fig. 11c) to obtain the areas suitable under the
Mangroves criteria (Fig. 11d).
[3] The rivers map is overlaid on the resulting map (Fig. 11d) to obtain the areas suitable under the Rivers
criteria (Fig. 11e).
[4] This procedure was repeated for other criteria to select areas suitable under the Vegetation, Residential
Areas and Airports criteria (Fig. 11f).
Finding the best suitable areas depends upon the objectives or goals of the land suitability analysis. In this study,
transportation of wastes and potential sites’ space availability (≥ 10Hect.) were considered during land
suitability analysis:
4.3.1 Transportation Scheduling and Routing Principle in Waste Management
No matter the methods of eliminating unsuitable areas, ranking suitable sites and selecting the most
suitable landfill site, as mentioned in Section 3.3 a major determinant is the transportation costs. Therefore, the
landfill site should be placed as close as possible to existing roads for saving road development, transportation,
and collection costs.A ―Planned Collection Route [PCR]‖, (Fig. 12), will ensure a productive and economical
service. It will: (i) serve as map-based detailed route configurations and collection schedules for the selected
collection system, and (ii) make citizens to be aware of the collection schedule (e.g. regular weekly schedule).
Efficient routing and rerouting of solid waste collection vehicles will decrease labour, equipment and fuel costs,
and increase customer satisfaction by making pick-up predictable. The size of each route must therefore depend
on: all service points, all one-way streets, any culs-de-sac and areas that do not require a service. Since the
amount of waste collected per stop depends on: distance between stops, loading time, traffic conditions and
method of collection, therefore, the following rules for routing must be followed: (1) routes should not be
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fragmented or overlapping; (2) the collection route should start as close to the garage or motor pool as possible
taking into account heavily travelled and one-way streets; (4) collection from heavily travelled streets should not
be carried out during rush hours; (5) collection routes should be planned to maximize vehicle capacities; and (6)
for the convenience of householders it is preferable to maintain a regular routine, to ensure their waste is ready
for collection (CSIR, 2014 and TALG, 2008). For the present waste disposal in Lagos; (1) there is no strictly
designed collection schedule; (2) sometimes for two (2) weeks the collectors may not collect waste in some
areas whereas the local cart pushers have been sent away from the roads by the State Government; (3) in the
course of discharging their duties, the waste collectors always stay (block) the roads even during rush hours
hindering other commuters rushing to work, claiming that nobody can arrest them because they are on ―essential
duty‖; (4) sometimes when wastes are not collected bills are brought for payment; and (5) the collectors do litter
the roads at the point of collection and the routes to the dumpsite. In this research, since the shortcomings
mentioned above are still prevalent, to minimize transportation costs, a typical optimal route from the collection
centre to the landfill site was created using “Shortest-Path” Algorithm (Fig. 13).
After all the factors have being erased from the base map of the area by negative mapping, criterion on
proximity of the land fill site to roads was carried out. A 100m buffered road network map of Lagos Metropolis
was overlaid on Figure 11f to determine which of the areas to be chosen as potential sites (Fig. 14).
4.3.2 Size of Land Space
The final suitability map was produced based on potential sites of which suitability ranges between 10–
25hectares, in terms of land space. Three major locations were finally selected (Fig. 15).
Fig. 15. Result of query showing potential areas meeting the 10-25 Hectares minimum area criteria. All other
locations are ―unsuitable‖.
The final suitability map revealed four classifications: ―unsuitable (96.0%)‖, ―least suitable (0.4%)‖,
―moderately suitable (1.0%)‖, and ―most suitable (2.6%)‖.
Fig. 12. PCR Collection Fig. 13. A typical Waste Optimal Fig. 14. Final Potential Sites meeting
Route from Two Sides of Planned Collection Route (WOPCR). the 100m proximity to Roads criteria
of the road (CSIR, saved
2014).