Indiscriminate solid waste dioposal in bauchi causes and impacts on the community and the environment

Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225
Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
Indiscriminate Solid Waste Dioposal
Impacts on the Community
Bogoro Audu Gani, Mohammed Yaya Abubakar and Yakubu Yahaya Babanyara
Urban and Regional Planning Programme
Abstract
There has been poor solid waste management in Bauchi metropolis. The paper appraised the level of
indiscriminate disposal with a view to id
physical environment and make recommendations to mitigate the impacts. The study area was divided in to
twelve wards and from each ward a proportionate unit of household was selected usi
sampling techniques. Data were collected through purposeful questionnaire and interview and pictures were
taken for on-site environmental assessment. Since there are 39,675 households in the study area, 4% of 39,675
households were taken as the sample size which is 1587 households. The study found that the area generates 286
metric tonnes daily but only 111 metric tonnes is collected for disposal. There are 205 illegal dump sites against
the 89 authorised dump sites in the metropoli
centres, poor community attitude to environmental health, availability and nearness to open spaces, weak
legislation on solid waste disposal are responsible for the problems which neg
and environment. The paper recommends an immediate joint action to evacuate the wastes already accumulated
in order to restore environmental sanity in the metropolis. Then more collection centres to be provided,
involvement of communities, creation of awareness on environmental health and enforcement not legislation on
waste management would greatly reduce indiscriminate disposal.
Key words: solid waste, indiscriminate disposal, causes, impact
INTRODUCTION
Solid waste is an inevitable and unwanted by
human population was relatively small and nomadic, but became a serious problem with urbanization and the
growth of large conurbations. Indiscriminate disp
environment in general. In medieval times, epidemics associated with water contaminated with pathogens
decimated the population of Europe and even more recently (19th century), cholera was a common occ
Some of the direct health impacts of the mismanagement of waste are well known and can be observed
especially in developing countries (Giusti 2009). It has been documented that, about 1.3 x 109 t of municipal
solid waste (MSW) was generated global
109 t (Chattopadyay et al, 2009). Furthermore, urban population in Asia generates around 760 x 103 t of
municipal waste per day, and this is expected to increase to 1.8 x 10 6 t by 20
2005). Despite the importance of adequate solid waste management to the urban environment, the performance
of many cities authorities in this respect leaves much to be desired. According to (Ogu 2000), between one
and half of the solid waste generated in most cities of low and middle
usually end up as illegal dumps on streets, open spaces and waste land. UNCHS (1996) documented that the
proportion of solid waste evacuated and dispos
- 60% respectively for Karachi (Pakistan) and Jakarta (Indonesia). It is believed that in the poorest communities
(many of which are in sub Saharan Africa), 80 to 90% of wastes generated are n
Nigeria inclusive (Ogu 2000).
The adverse impact can either directly or indirectly be on the environment and the residents. According to
Marshal (1995), open dumpsites are a major problem to the environment, especially on
inhale. Dumpsites emit obnoxious odours and smoke that cause illness to people living in, around, or closer to
them. According to Wrensh (1990) dumpsites maybe a source of airborne chemical contamination via off site
migration of gases and the particles and chemicals adhering to dust, especially during the period of active
operation of the site. Contamination of soil and groundwater may lead to direct contact or pollution of indoor air
for example in the case of volatile organic chem
consumption of home grown vegetables as well. Wrensh (1990) further stated that in some sites, volatile organic
chemicals have been detected in odored air of homes nearby dumpsites.
In a number of community health surveys, a wide range of health problems, including respiratory symptoms,
3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
40
Indiscriminate Solid Waste Dioposal in Bauchi: Causes
he Community and the Environment
l Planning Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.
e-mail:-auduganibogoro@yahoo.com
indiscriminate disposal with a view to identifying the causes and the adverse effects on the community and the
twelve wards and from each ward a proportionate unit of household was selected using the systematic random
site environmental assessment. Since there are 39,675 households in the study area, 4% of 39,675
taken as the sample size which is 1587 households. The study found that the area generates 286
the 89 authorised dump sites in the metropolis. Issues like; lack of storage facilities, long distance to collection
legislation on solid waste disposal are responsible for the problems which negatively affects both the community
nt of communities, creation of awareness on environmental health and enforcement not legislation on
waste management would greatly reduce indiscriminate disposal.
: solid waste, indiscriminate disposal, causes, impact
s an inevitable and unwanted by-product of our daily activities. This was not a major issue when the
growth of large conurbations. Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste has adverse effect on live and the
decimated the population of Europe and even more recently (19th century), cholera was a common occ
solid waste (MSW) was generated globally in 1990, and at present, the annual generation is approximately 1.6 x
municipal waste per day, and this is expected to increase to 1.8 x 10 6 t by 2025 (Pokhrel and Viraraghavan
of many cities authorities in this respect leaves much to be desired. According to (Ogu 2000), between one
f of the solid waste generated in most cities of low and middle-income countries are not collected. They
proportion of solid waste evacuated and disposed of is less than 25% in Dares Salaam (Tanzania) and about 40%
60% respectively for Karachi (Pakistan) and Jakarta (Indonesia). It is believed that in the poorest communities
(many of which are in sub Saharan Africa), 80 to 90% of wastes generated are not collected for safe disposal,
Marshal (1995), open dumpsites are a major problem to the environment, especially on
ses and the particles and chemicals adhering to dust, especially during the period of active
for example in the case of volatile organic chemicals into basements of nearby residents and in the case of
chemicals have been detected in odored air of homes nearby dumpsites.
community health surveys, a wide range of health problems, including respiratory symptoms,
www.iiste.org
n Bauchi: Causes and
he Environment
Bauchi, Nigeria.
entifying the causes and the adverse effects on the community and the
ng the systematic random
site environmental assessment. Since there are 39,675 households in the study area, 4% of 39,675
taken as the sample size which is 1587 households. The study found that the area generates 286
s. Issues like; lack of storage facilities, long distance to collection
atively affects both the community
nt of communities, creation of awareness on environmental health and enforcement not legislation on
product of our daily activities. This was not a major issue when the
osal of solid waste has adverse effect on live and the
decimated the population of Europe and even more recently (19th century), cholera was a common occurrence.
ly in 1990, and at present, the annual generation is approximately 1.6 x
25 (Pokhrel and Viraraghavan
of many cities authorities in this respect leaves much to be desired. According to (Ogu 2000), between one-third
income countries are not collected. They
ed of is less than 25% in Dares Salaam (Tanzania) and about 40%
60% respectively for Karachi (Pakistan) and Jakarta (Indonesia). It is believed that in the poorest communities
ot collected for safe disposal,
Marshal (1995), open dumpsites are a major problem to the environment, especially on the air that the people
ses and the particles and chemicals adhering to dust, especially during the period of active
icals into basements of nearby residents and in the case of
community health surveys, a wide range of health problems, including respiratory symptoms,

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
irritation of the skin, nose, and eyes, gastrointestinal problems, psychological disorders, and allergies, have been
discovered, United Nations, (1997).. A number o
the public, often triggered by nuisances caused by emissions of volatile organic compounds. For example,
according to Dolk (1997), dump sites closer to residential areas are always feeding pla
These pets, together with rodents, carry diseases with them to nearby homesteads.
The UNEPA (2006) state that wastes that are not properly managed, especially excreta and other liquids and
solid wastes, from households and the commun
diseases. The report further states that unattended wastes lying around attract flies, rats, and other creatures that,
in turn, spread diseases.
Normally, it is the wet waste that decompos
next to the dumpsite, which clearly shows that the dumpsites have serious effects to people settled around or next
to them, Marc (2006).
Rotting organic materials pose great public health
grounds for disease vectors. Waste handlers and waste pickers are especially vulnerable and may also become
vectors, contracting and transmitting diseases when human or animal excreta or medical was
stream.
Indiscriminate solid waste disposal resulting to poor environmental sanitation is typical characteristics of
cities of developing countries; the issue has become a common feature of many Nigerian cities. Estimates show
that 30-50% of solid waste generated in Nigerian cities, are uncollected and disposed of, Falade, (2001). That is
why Mabogunje, (2001), concluded that “Nigerian cities are reputed to be some of the dirtiest cities in the
world”. This gloomy picture of our cities
accusing fingers at our failures to deliver functionally aesthetic and liveable cities. The lack of adequate waste
collection and disposal systems in developing countries causes public healt
which aggravates poverty and leads to negative consequences such as loss of income due to illness, increased
spending on health care, and the deprivation of the poor’s capability to live in a safer environment, World Bank,
(2001).
This can be attributed to factors like inaccessibility and distance to collection centres, poor community attitude
to environmental health, availability and nearness to open spaces and open drains, absence or weak legislation on
solid waste disposal among other factors, the activities create adverse impact on the environment.
Bogoro, (2010) Reported that waste management in Bauchi metropolis is performed in three stages by different
agencies. Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency (BASEPA)
while community based organisations non
BASEPA take care of the waste at community level. The household members mainly women are in charge of the
waste management at the lowest level which is the household level.
In all the areas visited in Bauchi metropolis, high residential density areas such as Jahun, Nassarawa and Bakin
Kura, were generally littered with refuse. Filled containers were found witho
Surprisingly, reverse was the case in the low
Surroundings were tidy, waste containers were well packed and covered. On this basis, it is rational if one
asserts that low density promote the maintenance of a healthy and clean environment. However the management
at the metropolitan and the community levels have not been efficient, as
waste emerged on the surface of residential areas in
number of unauthorised dumping site is more than twice the number of authorised dumping sites. This has
caused serious environmental problems to the community which need to be addressed.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Bauchi town lies in the crystalline up land of northern Nigeria. The town lies over 2000 ft above sea level
and has an altitude of 795.2m above. The metropolis, which is the headquarters of Bauchi State, is located
between latitudes 9” 00’ and 9” 30’ North of the Equator and longitudes 10” 25 and 11” 20’ East of the
Greenwich Meridian. It occupies a total land area of 3, 604.0 hecteres. It is about 128km North
150km West of Gombe town. There are two major types of climate
the dry season. The wet season starts from May to October while the dry season covers the remaining part of the
year. The two different seasons would tend to favour different waste disposal methods.
Bauchi metropolis, being the study area, has a total population of 318,038
census NPC, (2006). Furthermore, based on the average household size of 8 persons per household as revealed
by the 2006 census there are 39,675 households in
research.
41
discovered, United Nations, (1997).. A number of researches have been carried out in response to concerns from
according to Dolk (1997), dump sites closer to residential areas are always feeding pla
These pets, together with rodents, carry diseases with them to nearby homesteads.
solid wastes, from households and the community, are a serious health hazard and could lead to the spreading of
Normally, it is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odor. The bad odor affects the people settled
Rotting organic materials pose great public health risks, including, as mentioned above, serving as breeding
vectors, contracting and transmitting diseases when human or animal excreta or medical was
50% of solid waste generated in Nigerian cities, are uncollected and disposed of, Falade, (2001). That is
world”. This gloomy picture of our cities should concern environmentalists because it seems to be pointing
collection and disposal systems in developing countries causes public health problems resulting in diseases,
osal among other factors, the activities create adverse impact on the environment.
agencies. Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency (BASEPA) manages the waste at the metropolitan level
while community based organisations non-governmental organisations, trade unions in collaboration with
ste management at the lowest level which is the household level.
Kura, were generally littered with refuse. Filled containers were found without cover and overflowing.
Surprisingly, reverse was the case in the low-density residential areas where solid generation rate is high.
at low density promote the maintenance of a healthy and clean environment. However the management
at the metropolitan and the community levels have not been efficient, as more and more new heaps of solid
waste emerged on the surface of residential areas in addition to the old ones that have refused to disappear. The
caused serious environmental problems to the community which need to be addressed.
’ and 9” 30’ North of the Equator and longitudes 10” 25 and 11” 20’ East of the
Greenwich Meridian. It occupies a total land area of 3, 604.0 hecteres. It is about 128km North
150km West of Gombe town. There are two major types of climate in Bauchi namely the rainy (wet) season and
year. The two different seasons would tend to favour different waste disposal methods.
opolis, being the study area, has a total population of 318,038 people as at June 2010, population
by the 2006 census there are 39,675 households in the metropolis which formed the target population of the
www.iiste.org
f researches have been carried out in response to concerns from
according to Dolk (1997), dump sites closer to residential areas are always feeding places for dogs and cats.
ity, are a serious health hazard and could lead to the spreading of
es and releases a bad odor. The bad odor affects the people settled
risks, including, as mentioned above, serving as breeding
vectors, contracting and transmitting diseases when human or animal excreta or medical wastes are in the waste
50% of solid waste generated in Nigerian cities, are uncollected and disposed of, Falade, (2001). That is
should concern environmentalists because it seems to be pointing
h problems resulting in diseases,
osal among other factors, the activities create adverse impact on the environment.
manages the waste at the metropolitan level
governmental organisations, trade unions in collaboration with
ut cover and overflowing.
density residential areas where solid generation rate is high.
at low density promote the maintenance of a healthy and clean environment. However the management
and more new heaps of solid
addition to the old ones that have refused to disappear. The
’ and 9” 30’ North of the Equator and longitudes 10” 25 and 11” 20’ East of the
Greenwich Meridian. It occupies a total land area of 3, 604.0 hecteres. It is about 128km North-east of Jos and
in Bauchi namely the rainy (wet) season and
people as at June 2010, population
the metropolis which formed the target population of the

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
In this research sampling is determined in three perspectives, which are; sampling frame, sampling size and
sampling technique. The study area was divided into twelve wards (Gunduma) whi
From each ward a proportionate unit of household was selected for the purpose of administering questionnaire
and interview. The sample size of this research was determined based on the target population size. Since there
are 39,675 households in the study area, 4% of 39,675 households were taken as the sample size which is 1587
households. For a heterogeneous environment like Bauchi metropolis, where population density, income level
and probably occupation which to a great exten
systematic random sampling techniques was adopted for the selection of the samples. These techniques are the
most appropriate for a social survey because they are scientific and easy to a
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Projected from 2006 census, the population of Bauchi metropolis stood at 318 038 in June 2010, using the
National growth rate for urban centres, which is 4.5%. The survey revealed that female dominated with 50.6%
(160 972) of the total population. Civil servants in the area constituted up to 55.00%. This confirms the saying
that Bauchi metropolis is not a commercial or industrial town, but a city of civil servants.
Table 1 Occupation of Respondents
Household size
Civil servants
Farming
Business
Schooling
Unemployed
Others
Total
The type of occupation does not only influence the type and amount of solid wastes generation. F
areas where farmers and students dominated most of their storage containers were quickly filled and overflow
with farm wastes and papers. Since 87.8% are employed, they should be able to afford to buy solid wastes
storage facilities or/and hire labourers to evacuate the solid waste. Civil servants are free on weekends that can
be an opportunity for weekly evacuation of solid wastes from collection centres thereby reducing indiscriminate
waste disposal.
Income level plays a vital role in solid waste generation vis
GL 01- 05 are referred as low income, whose monthly earnings ranges between
of the respondents are within this category. Only 5.8% fit into the hi
N45, 000.00 and above.
42
sampling technique. The study area was divided into twelve wards (Gunduma) which form the sample frame.
The sample size of this research was determined based on the target population size. Since there
,675 households in the study area, 4% of 39,675 households were taken as the sample size which is 1587
For a heterogeneous environment like Bauchi metropolis, where population density, income level
and probably occupation which to a great extent determined solid generation and characteristics, are quite varied,
most appropriate for a social survey because they are scientific and easy to apply.
f the total population. Civil servants in the area constituted up to 55.00%. This confirms the saying
that Bauchi metropolis is not a commercial or industrial town, but a city of civil servants.
Table 1 Occupation of Respondents
Number Percentage
873 55.00
200 12.60
287
121
73
18.10
7.60
4.60
33 2.10
1587 100.00
The type of occupation does not only influence the type and amount of solid wastes generation. F
hire labourers to evacuate the solid waste. Civil servants are free on weekends that can
olid waste generation vis-a-vis its evacuation. In Nigeria, civil servants on
05 are referred as low income, whose monthly earnings ranges between N5000.00 to 15,000.00, 33.7%
of the respondents are within this category. Only 5.8% fit into the high-income group with monthly income of
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ch form the sample frame.
The sample size of this research was determined based on the target population size. Since there
,675 households in the study area, 4% of 39,675 households were taken as the sample size which is 1587
For a heterogeneous environment like Bauchi metropolis, where population density, income level
t determined solid generation and characteristics, are quite varied,
f the total population. Civil servants in the area constituted up to 55.00%. This confirms the saying
The type of occupation does not only influence the type and amount of solid wastes generation. For instance, in
hire labourers to evacuate the solid waste. Civil servants are free on weekends that can
vis its evacuation. In Nigeria, civil servants on
5000.00 to 15,000.00, 33.7%
income group with monthly income of

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
Table 2 Level of Income
The survey revealed that female dominated with 50.6% (160 972) of the total population. Over 50% of the
household heads were found to be employed with the state and local government whose level of pay
relatively low.
The study found that, out of the 12 wards in Bauchi metropolis, 7 wards are fully enlighten, since up to 40% of
the respondents have secondary education and above. However despite the high level of education, the
household size is still as high as 8 persons per household and the level of income is relatively low. The findings
exhibited a contrary situation where an educationally enlighten society is characterized by low income and high
household size. Probably, the situation c
dominated in the area.
Quantitatively, the amount of solid waste generated in Bauchi metropolis is 0.16 kg lower than the national
average per capita. The average solid waste gene
kg/capita/day for medium density residential areas and 1.03 kg/capita/day low
general average per capital solid waste generated was 0.86 kg/capita/day
Wards High
45 100 and above
Old G R A 49.9
New G R A 44.3
F/Mada 37.4
Yelwa 40.2
Dan Iya 41.4
Makama 33.6
Ibrahim Bako 28.6
Nassaraw a 22.1
Dan Kade 20.5
Dawaki 15.9
Dan Amar 14.9
Hardo 25.4
Average 33.6
43
household heads were found to be employed with the state and local government whose level of pay
is still as high as 8 persons per household and the level of income is relatively low. The findings
household size. Probably, the situation could be attributed to the type of occupation (mostly civil servants) that
average per capita. The average solid waste generated in high density residential areas at 0.79 kg/capita/day; 0.89
kg/capita/day for medium density residential areas and 1.03 kg/capita/day low-density residential areas. The
general average per capital solid waste generated was 0.86 kg/capita/day
Medium Low No Income
45 100 and above 15 100 - 45
000
Below 15 000
30.3 7.4
31.2 10.4
26.5 11.4
30.3 10.0
30.4 6.4
26.8 8.3
16.7 4.1
12.4 4.2
4.6 2.4
3.9 1.8
9.4 1.2
12.5 1.5
19.4 5.8
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household heads were found to be employed with the state and local government whose level of payment is
is still as high as 8 persons per household and the level of income is relatively low. The findings
ould be attributed to the type of occupation (mostly civil servants) that
rated in high density residential areas at 0.79 kg/capita/day; 0.89
density residential areas. The
No Income
12.8
14.1
24.3
19.5
21.8
31.3
50.9
63.3
72.5
78.4
74.5
60.6
41.2

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
Table 3 Per Capita Solid Waste Generation In kilogramme (Kg)
In general the higher a country’s level of industrialization the higher its income level and the larger its proportion
of toxic, non-organic and nonbiodegradable. Garba
respectively. Trash is the least with only 11% as indicated in the figure below
Figure 1 Characteristics of Solid Waste Generated in Bauchi Metropolis
Bauchi metropolis generates 286 metric tonnes of
per/capita/day, That means those responsible for waste management have a total quantity of 104 476 tonnes of
household solid waste to manage every year. Garbage and ash constitute up to 66% of the wast
metropolis. Income of the household has been found to have the most significant effect on the quantity and
composition of the waste generated. High income earners generate more of non
25%
Garbage
Ward Density Garbage
Old G R A Low 1.12
New G R A Low 1.28
F/Mada Low 1.02
Yelwa Medium 0. 86
Dan Iya Medium 0.76
Makama Medium 0.62
I/ Bako Medium 0.80
Nassarawa High 0.37
Dan Kade High 0.52
Dawaki High 0.41
Dan Amar High 0.52
Hardo High 0.61
Total (kg) 8.75
44
able 3 Per Capita Solid Waste Generation In kilogramme (Kg)
organic and nonbiodegradable. Garbage and ash has the highest percentage of 31% and 25%
respectively. Trash is the least with only 11% as indicated in the figure below
Figure 1 Characteristics of Solid Waste Generated in Bauchi Metropolis
Bauchi metropolis generates 286 metric tonnes of household solid waste daily with an average of 0.86kg
household solid waste to manage every year. Garbage and ash constitute up to 66% of the wast
composition of the waste generated. High income earners generate more of nonbiodegradable solid waste than
31%
18%11%
15%
Rubbish Trash Ash Polythene
Garbage Rubbish Trash Ash Polythene Total
(kg)
1.12 0.99 1.00 0.45 1.57 5.13
1.28 0.90 1.10 0.30 1.44 5.02
1.02 1.11 0.80 0.65 1.31 4.89
0. 86 0.91 1.03 0.77 0.99 4.56
0.76 0.83 0.91 0.64 0.87 4.01
0.62 0.58 0.75 1.08 1.00 4.03
0.80 0.92 0.78 0.87 1.04 4.41
0.37 0.75 0.50 1.34 0.54 3.50
0.52 0.67 0.71 1.54 0.80 4.24
0.41 0.82 0.49 1.66 0.61 3.99
0.52 0.54 0.62 1.47 0.48 3.49
0.61 0.47 0.51 1.21 0.69 3.49
8.75 9.49 9.20 12.0 11.31 50.74
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ge and ash has the highest percentage of 31% and 25%
household solid waste daily with an average of 0.86kg
household solid waste to manage every year. Garbage and ash constitute up to 66% of the waste stream in the
biodegradable solid waste than
Polythene
Total
(kg)
Average
(kg)
5.13 1.03
5.02 1.00
4.89 0.98
4.56 0.91
4.01 0.80
4.03 0.81
4.41 0.88
3.50 0.70
4.24 0.85
3.99 0.80
3.49 0.70
3.49 0.70
50.74

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
the low income.
The research found that low income wards ( Nassarawa, Dan Kade, Dawaki, Dan Amar And Hardo Wards)
dispose of 68.22% of their solid waste through the open dump, while 51.35% in the medium income ( Yelwa,
Dan Iya, Makama and Ibrahim Bako Wards ) do the same. In the
Fadaman Mada Wards) more than 70% use collection centres provided by BASEPA to dispose their waste only
7.25% dispose of their waste in the pit in their backyard.
Figure 2 Methods of Solid Waste Disposal
Open dump, which is the major waste disposal method in bauchi metropolis can no longer be feasible because
of insufficient land and health and environmental unfriendliness. Incineration was adopted, still because of the
indestructibility of matter incineratio
continues to exist in the fly ash and gases; therefore incineration is only a waste reduction process not a waste
disposal process. Incineration use to be expensive 1980’s the cos
around. As the waste absorbing capacity of the open urban land is exhausted it becomes necessary to find a new
and permanent solution. One of the most effective ways to achieve the goals of recycling is through
reduction or pre-recycling. This can be done by waste minimisation through segregation at sources.
The rate at which solid waste is indiscriminately disposed of in Bauchi is a serious issue to attract the attention of
the urban managers. This has given rise to a total number of up to 205 illegal dump sites scattered within the
metropolis against 89 dump site provided by the agency responsible for solid waste mangemewnt in the
metropolis. Yelwa and Fadaman Mada wards have the highest number of illegal
illegal dump sites respectively. The GRAs have the least number of the illegal dump sites as in the figure below
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Low income Medium income
45
arch found that low income wards ( Nassarawa, Dan Kade, Dawaki, Dan Amar And Hardo Wards)
Dan Iya, Makama and Ibrahim Bako Wards ) do the same. In the high income areas, (Old GRA, New GRA and
7.25% dispose of their waste in the pit in their backyard.
Figure 2 Methods of Solid Waste Disposal
n dump, which is the major waste disposal method in bauchi metropolis can no longer be feasible because
indestructibility of matter incineration does not eliminate waste; it just changes its form and volume. The residue
disposal process. Incineration use to be expensive 1980’s the cost of incinerating a tone of solid waste was
and permanent solution. One of the most effective ways to achieve the goals of recycling is through
recycling. This can be done by waste minimisation through segregation at sources.
ven rise to a total number of up to 205 illegal dump sites scattered within the
metropolis. Yelwa and Fadaman Mada wards have the highest number of illegal dump sites with up 36 and 34
Medium income High income
Open dump
BASEPA
Pit in the backyard
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arch found that low income wards ( Nassarawa, Dan Kade, Dawaki, Dan Amar And Hardo Wards)
high income areas, (Old GRA, New GRA and
n dump, which is the major waste disposal method in bauchi metropolis can no longer be feasible because
n does not eliminate waste; it just changes its form and volume. The residue
t of incinerating a tone of solid waste was
and permanent solution. One of the most effective ways to achieve the goals of recycling is through source
recycling. This can be done by waste minimisation through segregation at sources.
ven rise to a total number of up to 205 illegal dump sites scattered within the
dump sites with up 36 and 34
Open dump
BASEPA
Pit in the backyard

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
Figure 3 Authorised and Illegal Collection Centres
The high number of the unauthorised collection centres in t
lack of storage facilities, inadequate and inaccessible collection centres, family attitudes to solid waste handling,
available unrestricted open spaces, economic factors, weak or lack of appropriate env
other factors.
Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency was established by Edict No. 3 of 1997 and came into force on
10th
June 1997 to replace and take over the activities of the defunct task force on Environmental Sanitation
which was abrogated in 1996. It was established to; implement environmental policies towards protection,
sustenance and development of the environment generally, identify, detect and involve any environmental
problem such as pollution of all kinds, repre
negotiations for governmental arrangement relating to environment, arrange and co
urban and regional process in the state and or liaise with private or public insti
environmental activities and direct and control the collection and disposal of refused in the whole state.
The agency has been incapacitated by poor funding to carry out its responsibilities. The problems of inadequate
machinery and manpower are also experience by the agency.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
46
Figure 3 Authorised and Illegal Collection Centres
The high number of the unauthorised collection centres in the metropolis could be due to so many reasons like;
available unrestricted open spaces, economic factors, weak or lack of appropriate environmental policies and
It was established to; implement environmental policies towards protection,
problem such as pollution of all kinds, represent the state in any matters pertaining to plans, procedures, or
negotiations for governmental arrangement relating to environment, arrange and co-ordinate planning for the
urban and regional process in the state and or liaise with private or public institutions that engage in
manpower are also experience by the agency.
Authorised Illegal
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he metropolis could be due to so many reasons like;
ironmental policies and
It was established to; implement environmental policies towards protection,
sent the state in any matters pertaining to plans, procedures, or
ordinate planning for the
tutions that engage in

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
Table 4 Showing Equipment and Machines in the Agency
Table 5 Manpower in BASEPA
Performance of BASEPA
• Population of Bauchi metropolitan area
• Quantity of household Waste generated daily
• Daily collection: 35 trips of tip
35 x 5 274.10 = 184 593.39kg (62.41%)
• Uncollected waste: 111 181.95kg (37.59%) of the household solid waste
• Yearly accumulation
remains uncollected
Budgetary grants from Bauchi State Government are the major source of fund for BASEPA and the
grant is inadequate and normally delayed. The National
• Ecological fund occasionally assist the agency with equipment such as the Roro
using. No other assistance, gift, loan from any source nor had the agency raised money from
Equipment No. Require
Bulldozer
Tipper trucks
Dino trucks
Tractors
Pay loaders
Tankers
Refuse
containers
Shovels
Brooms
Hoes
Professional
Town Planners
Environmental
Health Officers
Others
Total
47
Table 4 Showing Equipment and Machines in the Agency
Population of Bauchi metropolitan area – 318 038
Quantity of household Waste generated daily -286 234.34kg (286metric tonnes)
Daily collection: 35 trips of tipper trucks with capacity of 5 274.10kg (5 metric tonnes)
35 x 5 274.10 = 184 593.39kg (62.41%)
Uncollected waste: 111 181.95kg (37.59%) of the household solid waste
Yearly accumulation – 405 81412.0kg (40 581 metric tonnes) of the household was
grant is inadequate and normally delayed. The National
Ecological fund occasionally assist the agency with equipment such as the Roro
No. Require No. Available
Condition
On road
2 0 -
10 5 4
5 2 2
10 6 4
10 2 1
5 3 1
300 80 80
1000 600 -
1000 600 -
500 300 -
No. Required No. Available
5 3
200 112
200 129
1000 565
1405 809
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286 234.34kg (286metric tonnes)
per trucks with capacity of 5 274.10kg (5 metric tonnes)
Uncollected waste: 111 181.95kg (37.59%) of the household solid waste
405 81412.0kg (40 581 metric tonnes) of the household waste
Ecological fund occasionally assist the agency with equipment such as the Roro bins the agency is
Condition
Off-road
-
1
-
2
1
2
-
-
-
-

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
subscription or tax. This compelled the agency to operate under difficult financial constraints. It is
rights to assume that this is the major
Causes-:
The survey conducted revealed that over 50.0% of the household sampled carried the filled storage facilities to
collection centres themselves and 22
container for temporary storage of the solid waste generated in the house, but about 10% do not have containers
for temporary storage of waste generated in their households.
Distances to collection centres can cause indiscriminate waste disposal.
the method of collection system used in Bauchi metropolis. Distance of collection centres to the households is
vital in encouraging the effective usage of the collecti
to 500 metres to the nearest collection centre and 31.9% had to go as far as over 0.5km to dump their refuse
Table 6 Distance to collection centres.
Distance (metres)
Less than 100
101-500
501and above
Total
Collection centres are found to be inadequate and therefore far away. In addition to long distance, the collection
centres are not fairly distributed. Collection centres as co
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
48
rights to assume that this is the major factor that impedes the efficiency of the agency.
collection centres themselves and 22 -30% used hired labourers. Every household is
for temporary storage of waste generated in their households.
Figure 4 Waste Storage Containers
centres can cause indiscriminate waste disposal. Community collection centre system is
vital in encouraging the effective usage of the collection centres. 38.70% traveled with their refuse between 100
Table 6 Distance to collection centres.
Number Percentage
467 29.40
614 38.70
506 31.90
1587 100.00
centres are not fairly distributed. Collection centres as community facilities, they should be in close and
Available Not available
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factor that impedes the efficiency of the agency.
30% used hired labourers. Every household is supposed to have a
Community collection centre system is
on centres. 38.70% traveled with their refuse between 100
mmunity facilities, they should be in close and

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
accessible locations. Long distance and inaccessibility may lead to emergence of illegal dump site or conversion
of drainage channels, road sides and uncompleted buildings to dump site.
The attitudes of some families towards handling of solid waste contribute to emergence of illegal dump site.
of the respondents that have storage facilities about 40.0% kept their full containers for over three days the
remaining 60.10% emptied their containers into the co
Table 7 Duration of Keeping Full Storage Containers
Duration (days)
1-2
3-4
5-6
7 and above
Total
It is an unhealthy habit to keep full open containers for over two days. Filled containers when not disposal of
immediately may overflow to the ground thereby littering the environment and subsequently make collection
very difficult.
The survey conducted revealed that over 50.0%
storage facilities to collection centre themselves and 22
evacuate waste from individual houses
Table 8 Conveying Refuse Containers to Coll
Conveying by
children
Government agency
Hired labour
Other
Total
As at the time this research was conducted, there were a number of undeveloped plots th
These open spaces, though awaiting development, were illegally converted to dump sites. Apart from the GRAs,
all the wards outside the walled-city are characterised by this practice. Within the walled
the drainage is covered with slabs, the remaining 61.57% is left open. The neary residents convert the opn drains
to dump sites which block the drains thereby causing flood during rainy season. The level of poverty in the
metropolis is so high that it has affected th
Every household is supposed to have a container for temporary storage of the solid waste generated in the house.
But from the survey it was discovered that 31.50% (75) of the respondents sampled did not have solid waste
storage facilities. 21.30% claimed they do not have the money to buy storage facility
49
of drainage channels, road sides and uncompleted buildings to dump site.
families towards handling of solid waste contribute to emergence of illegal dump site.
remaining 60.10% emptied their containers into the collection centres immediately they are full.
Table 7 Duration of Keeping Full Storage Containers
Number Percentage
954 60.10
410 25.80
155 9.80
68 4.30
1587 100.00
to keep full open containers for over two days. Filled containers when not disposal of
The survey conducted revealed that over 50.0% of the household sampled use their children to carry the filled
storage facilities to collection centre themselves and 22 -30% used hired labourers. The government does not
evacuate waste from individual houses
Table 8 Conveying Refuse Containers to Collection Centres.
Number Percentage
1093 68.90
0 0.0
354 22.30
140 8.80
1587 100.00
As at the time this research was conducted, there were a number of undeveloped plots th
city are characterised by this practice. Within the walled
e is covered with slabs, the remaining 61.57% is left open. The neary residents convert the opn drains
metropolis is so high that it has affected the management of waste in the area.
storage facilities. 21.30% claimed they do not have the money to buy storage facility
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families towards handling of solid waste contribute to emergence of illegal dump site. Out
llection centres immediately they are full.
Percentage
60.10
25.80
100.00
to keep full open containers for over two days. Filled containers when not disposal of
of the household sampled use their children to carry the filled
30% used hired labourers. The government does not
Percentage
100.00
As at the time this research was conducted, there were a number of undeveloped plots that were without fence.
city are characterised by this practice. Within the walled-city, only 38.43% of
e is covered with slabs, the remaining 61.57% is left open. The neary residents convert the opn drains

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
Figure 5 Reasons for lack of storage facilities
The need for individual on-site solid waste storage facilities in every household cannot be over emphasized. The
high number of households without solid waste storage facilities because of poverty is a serious problem, as it
leads to indiscriminate disposal of waste.
On the cost of carrying the filled containers to collection centres, 26.40% of the sampled responden
storage containers were carried by hired labourers did not complain about the amount charge by the labourers
because they did not pay more than
collected solid waste have cause to complain.
Figure 6 Cost of Carrying Filled Containers to Collection Centres
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Less than N100.00
50
Figure 5 Reasons for lack of storage facilities
site solid waste storage facilities in every household cannot be over emphasized. The
leads to indiscriminate disposal of waste.
On the cost of carrying the filled containers to collection centres, 26.40% of the sampled responden
because they did not pay more than N100.00 weekly, while 33.90% pay N151 .00 and above for evacuating their
se to complain.
Figure 6 Cost of Carrying Filled Containers to Collection Centres
Close to collection centres
Immediate burning
Not provided by government
No money to buy
Dumped outside
Less than N100.00 N101.00- N150.00 N151.00 and above
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site solid waste storage facilities in every household cannot be over emphasized. The
On the cost of carrying the filled containers to collection centres, 26.40% of the sampled respondents whose
100.00 weekly, while 33.90% pay N151 .00 and above for evacuating their
Close to collection centres
Immediate burning
Not provided by government
No money to buy
Dumped outside

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
The impact of indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in the environment is enamours. Indiscriminate disposal of
solid waste adversely affect the socio
Create greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants.
or landfills, they undergo anaerobic degradation and become significant sources of methane, a gas with 21 times
the effect of carbon dioxide in trapping heat in the atmosphere.
Garbage is often burned in residential areas and in landfills to reduce volume and uncover metals. Burning
creates thick smoke that contains carbon monoxide, soot and nitrogen oxides, all of which are hazar
human health and degrade urban air quality. Combustion of polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs) generates highly
carcinogenic dioxins.
Damage ecosystems. When solid waste is dumped into rivers or streams it can alter aquatic habitats and harm
native plants and animals. The high nutrient content in organic wastes can deplete dissolved oxygen in water
bodies, denying oxygen to fish and other aquatic life form. Solids can cause sedimentation and change stream
flow and bottom habitat. Siting dumps or landfills i
these valuable natural resources and the services they provide.
Injure people and property. In locations where shantytowns or slums exist near open dumps or near badly
designed or operated landfills, landslides or fires can destroy homes and injure or kill residents. The
accumulation of waste along streets may present physical hazards, clog drains and cause localized flooding.
In Bauchi metropolis, during rainy seasons year after year, there have
flooding along Kobi street, Wunti market roundabout, Dass road, etc, this occur due to the blockage of the
drainage channels owing to indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in to the drainage channels as shown below
Plate I Indiscriminate Disposal of Solid Waste at Yelwa Makaranta
Contaminate ground and surface water
51
solid waste adversely affect the socio-economic and the physical environment.
Create greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants. When organic wastes are disposed of in deep dumps
rbon dioxide in trapping heat in the atmosphere.
creates thick smoke that contains carbon monoxide, soot and nitrogen oxides, all of which are hazar
When solid waste is dumped into rivers or streams it can alter aquatic habitats and harm
and animals. The high nutrient content in organic wastes can deplete dissolved oxygen in water
flow and bottom habitat. Siting dumps or landfills in sensitive ecosystems may destroy or significantly damage
these valuable natural resources and the services they provide.
. In locations where shantytowns or slums exist near open dumps or near badly
ls, landslides or fires can destroy homes and injure or kill residents. The
In Bauchi metropolis, during rainy seasons year after year, there have been constant reported cases of road
ate I Indiscriminate Disposal of Solid Waste at Yelwa Makaranta
Contaminate ground and surface water. Municipal solid waste streams can bleed toxic materials and pathogenic
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When organic wastes are disposed of in deep dumps
creates thick smoke that contains carbon monoxide, soot and nitrogen oxides, all of which are hazardous to
When solid waste is dumped into rivers or streams it can alter aquatic habitats and harm
and animals. The high nutrient content in organic wastes can deplete dissolved oxygen in water
n sensitive ecosystems may destroy or significantly damage
. In locations where shantytowns or slums exist near open dumps or near badly
ls, landslides or fires can destroy homes and injure or kill residents. The
been constant reported cases of road
Municipal solid waste streams can bleed toxic materials and pathogenic

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
organisms into the leachate of dump sites and landfills. (Leachate is the liquid d
it is composed of rotted organic waste, liquid wastes, infiltrated rainwater and extracts of soluble material.) If the
landfill is unlined, this runoff can contaminate shallow wells, ground or surface water, depending on th
from the dump site, drainage system and the composition of the underlying soils.
outbreak of cholera was reported in Mallam Goje (Dawaki ward). Investigation revealed that it was as a result
drinking well water that was polluted by the heap of refuse close to the well
Discourages tourism and other business.
solid waste along streets and in fields, forests
establishment and/or maintenance of businesses. On the southern end of Wunti market in Bauchi metropolis,
there stands a mountain of solid waste that always shortly re
shops near the refuse dump because of poor patronage by customers who repelled by the bad odor emanating
from the dump and the dump when fully grown always block the road in southern part of the market
Conclusion
Now that many collection centres are overflowing, and unauthorised dumping sites have emerged, an immediate
joint action should be adopted to evacuate the wastes accumulated in order to restore environmental sanity in the
metropolis. This can be achieved by establishing a s
of the communities and private organisation. For immediate evacuation, BASEPA should contract the
evacuation of outside walled-city to private contractors to be completed within one month, meanw
52
organisms into the leachate of dump sites and landfills. (Leachate is the liquid discharge of dumps and landfills;
landfill is unlined, this runoff can contaminate shallow wells, ground or surface water, depending on th
from the dump site, drainage system and the composition of the underlying soils. For example, In 2007 an
olluted by the heap of refuse close to the well
Plate II Heap of Solid Waste t Mallam Goje
Discourages tourism and other business. The unpleasant odor and unattractive appearance of piles of uncollected
solid waste along streets and in fields, forests and other natural areas can discourage tourism and the
there stands a mountain of solid waste that always shortly re-appear after it has being cleare
ction centres are overflowing, and unauthorised dumping sites have emerged, an immediate
metropolis. This can be achieved by establishing a strong team comprising of staff of the agency, representative
city to private contractors to be completed within one month, meanw
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ischarge of dumps and landfills;
landfill is unlined, this runoff can contaminate shallow wells, ground or surface water, depending on the distance
For example, In 2007 an
The unpleasant odor and unattractive appearance of piles of uncollected
and other natural areas can discourage tourism and the
appear after it has being cleared. Traders deserted
ction centres are overflowing, and unauthorised dumping sites have emerged, an immediate
trong team comprising of staff of the agency, representative
city to private contractors to be completed within one month, meanwhile the

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
agency would mobilised all its resources (equipment/vehicles and staff) and concentrate on the walled city. The
community should assist the agency with labour force, which will clear filled drainage’s load refuses into the
trucks, and provide fuel. A one-month sanitation exercise should be declared in the metropolis to be observed
during work free days. ‘Stop’ notices should be placed on all unauthorised dumping sites sand a monitoring
team comprising staff of the agency and representative of t
disposal of waste.
- Bauchi local government should source fund from National Ecological Fund to procure refuse handling
equipment in order to resume its statutory function of solid waste collection. The lo
should limit its service within the walled city the agency covers the outside walled city. However the
agency would constantly offer technical assistant and professional advice to the local government when
the need arise.
- A high level of awareness and education on sanitation, environmental health matters and benefits of
segregation at household level should be created to the entire public so that they can appreciate need for
a clean living environment and actively participate in the segregat
Corporation, Bauchi Television Authority and the FM Station should transmit programmes organised by
the agency on environmental health, highlighting on the roles of individual and at community level.
Posters and handbills shoul
- In the low-residential density areas such as GRA and Kari Housing Estate, house
system is more difficult to solve, because the large size of plot means that collection centres would
involve too long a walking distance for people to use them and greater distance that each refuse vehicle
will have to travel increase the collection cost. To help keep these cost as low as possible each
household each household be encourage to provide a bin of
can be easily lifted and emptied by the refuse collectors the bin should be kept outside by the roadside
where the collection crew will put it back after emptying the waste into collection vehicle. The good
road network in the areas is an opportunity for accessibility to each house. Service charges should be
introduced to these areas to generate income for the agency and alleviate the financial constraints.
- In order to achieve a full collection system it is sugg
on convenient with road access some 250 to 300 metres apart. This allows a maximum walking
distance of any tip of some 125 metres, and it is estimated that these would mean about 220 such sites
being set aside in addition to the existing 25 located the residential areas. (See figures 5.1 proposed
collection centres). These 245 collection centres should distribute in the high and medium residential
densities where communal collection centres would be p
centres) can serve 50 households, which would generate 11.5m
evacuation should arrive with an empty bin, and deposit it besides the full in, the full bin can then be
toyed to be disposal site.
To achieve the weekly evacuation schedule, 35 collection centres must evacuated daily, 7 tractors
would be required to make 5 trips daily.
- Each of the 12 wards sin the metropolis should form a visitation team comprising of community
representative, staff of the two authorities and security member. The activities of the team should
involve house-to-house health and sanitary inspection to ensure the provision of storage facilities in
each household and promptly discharge into the dumping
are due for evacuation, the team shall enjoy the legal power of the environmental and sanitation law to
fine defaulters.
- The agency to conjunction with the local government council should occasionally organi
and seminars environmental sanitation for community heads, community bases organisations to fully
integrated then in refuse evacuation activities. A yearly award for the cleanest ward should also be
organise to entice the community and encoura
cleanliness.
There should be an ecological legislation on Solid Waste Management to be enacted largely in response to the
growing and emerging heaps of solid waste on the urban land and .scarcity of disposa
traditional city. The law should emphasize on solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source
reduction and waste minimization measures, with the protection of public health and the environment as the
primary goal.
53
month sanitation exercise should be declared in the metropolis to be observed
team comprising staff of the agency and representative of the communities should supervise the collection and
Bauchi local government should source fund from National Ecological Fund to procure refuse handling
equipment in order to resume its statutory function of solid waste collection. The lo
areness and education on sanitation, environmental health matters and benefits of
a clean living environment and actively participate in the segregation exercise. Bauchi Radio
Posters and handbills should also be printed to created more awareness.
residential density areas such as GRA and Kari Housing Estate, house
e too long a walking distance for people to use them and greater distance that each refuse vehicle
household each household be encourage to provide a bin of regulation size and weight with a lid that
network in the areas is an opportunity for accessibility to each house. Service charges should be
In order to achieve a full collection system it is suggested that more collection centres to be established
et aside in addition to the existing 25 located the residential areas. (See figures 5.1 proposed
densities where communal collection centres would be practiced. On average the 245 Bin (collection
centres) can serve 50 households, which would generate 11.5m3
(0.32x50x7) weekly, therefore the
would be required to make 5 trips daily.
Each of the 12 wards sin the metropolis should form a visitation team comprising of community
resentative, staff of the two authorities and security member. The activities of the team should
house health and sanitary inspection to ensure the provision of storage facilities in
each household and promptly discharge into the dumping to the agency to local government when they
The agency to conjunction with the local government council should occasionally organi
organise to entice the community and encourage them maintain a high standard of environmental
growing and emerging heaps of solid waste on the urban land and .scarcity of disposal sites, particularly in in the
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month sanitation exercise should be declared in the metropolis to be observed
he communities should supervise the collection and
Bauchi local government should source fund from National Ecological Fund to procure refuse handling
equipment in order to resume its statutory function of solid waste collection. The local government
areness and education on sanitation, environmental health matters and benefits of
ion exercise. Bauchi Radio
residential density areas such as GRA and Kari Housing Estate, house-to-house collection
e too long a walking distance for people to use them and greater distance that each refuse vehicle
regulation size and weight with a lid that
network in the areas is an opportunity for accessibility to each house. Service charges should be
ested that more collection centres to be established
et aside in addition to the existing 25 located the residential areas. (See figures 5.1 proposed
racticed. On average the 245 Bin (collection
(0.32x50x7) weekly, therefore the
Each of the 12 wards sin the metropolis should form a visitation team comprising of community
resentative, staff of the two authorities and security member. The activities of the team should
house health and sanitary inspection to ensure the provision of storage facilities in
to the agency to local government when they
The agency to conjunction with the local government council should occasionally organise workshop
ge them maintain a high standard of environmental
l sites, particularly in in the

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is grateful to BASEPA, Urban And Regional Planning Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
University, Bauchi, and those who have helped to make this study a success.
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