- The document analyzes solid waste generation and management in Jalingo City, Nigeria from 2000-2008. It found the population grew substantially and waste generation increased from 2,017 tonnes/month to 2,519 tonnes/month.
- Waste management fluctuated over this period due to issues like inadequate resources and equipment. Collection peaked at 1,296 tonnes in 2006 but was lowest at 953 tonnes in 2005.
- Regression analysis found no relationship between waste generation levels and management levels in the city, indicating waste is accumulating and the city risks becoming overrun with garbage without improved management strategies.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
This document summarizes a study that identified and prioritized vacant urban land in Kansas City, Missouri for conversion to public greenspace. The study used GIS analysis of land use, population, and income data to identify 10 vacant parcels totaling between 2-19 acres each that were at least 75% vegetated, located to improve connectivity to existing parks, and in areas of high population density and low income. Selecting sites based on need as well as environmental characteristics allows the conversion of vacant land to maximize cultural and ecosystem service benefits for local communities.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
Accessibility and utilization of ICT facilities by extension agents and farme...Premier Publishers
This study principally assessed the availability, accessibility and utilization of ICT facilities by Extension Agents and Farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana. A sample size of 180 respondents consisting of ninety (90) Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs) and ninety (90) farmers were interviewed and the results analyzed. Simple random and stratified sampling techniques were used in selecting respondents. The data were analyzed using appropriate descriptive statistics. The results of the study revealed that phone and radio were the most available, accessible and commonly used ICTs by AEAs and farmers for extension service delivery in the Northern Region of Ghana. The result of the study also indicated a direct relationship between the level of education of AEAs and the use of ICTs in providing extension service to farmers. This relationship calls for the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) to put into action its existing ICT policy which includes training of AEAs in the use of ICTs. The study recommended that AEAs should be given phone card units to ensure its effective utilization.
Garbage accumulation in cities can cause several problems such as contaminating groundwater, surface water and drinking water supplies. It can also lower pH levels and add to acidity problems. Landfills may cause sealing of the ground surface and lead to flooding. Garbage attracts wildlife like rats, dogs and birds that can spread diseases to humans. It also allows toxic and medical waste to accumulate, increasing health risks. Proper garbage disposal and management is needed to prevent environmental pollution and public health issues.
The Impact of Mining Activities on Regional Development of Pegunungan Bintang...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
Pegunungan Bintang Regency is an autonomous region which was formed in 2001 with great potential of
natural resources in mining, including coal, oil, and gas. Mineral is a non-renewable natural resource the
management of which may pose positive impacts or negative impacts. Therefore, the management of mineral must be done wisely in order to give optimum benefits to the regional development and the people residing in the vicinity of the mine. In connection with the foregoing, the study aimed at analyzing the impact of mining activities on regional development, among others, economic growth, community development, and suitability of space utilization. The analysis results showed that mining activities contributed greatly to regional development, as reflected in the structure of regional economy.
This document provides background information on a study investigating the effect of the Olusosun Dumpsite in Lagos, Nigeria on surrounding property values. It discusses how proximity to waste sites can impact property values and residents' health. The study aims to examine the composition of waste at the site, problems with waste management in the area, and the relationship between the dumpsite and demand for accommodation on a nearby street. It also establishes the scope of the study and provides context on the history and location of the Olusosun Dumpsite site.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
This document summarizes a study that identified and prioritized vacant urban land in Kansas City, Missouri for conversion to public greenspace. The study used GIS analysis of land use, population, and income data to identify 10 vacant parcels totaling between 2-19 acres each that were at least 75% vegetated, located to improve connectivity to existing parks, and in areas of high population density and low income. Selecting sites based on need as well as environmental characteristics allows the conversion of vacant land to maximize cultural and ecosystem service benefits for local communities.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
Accessibility and utilization of ICT facilities by extension agents and farme...Premier Publishers
This study principally assessed the availability, accessibility and utilization of ICT facilities by Extension Agents and Farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana. A sample size of 180 respondents consisting of ninety (90) Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs) and ninety (90) farmers were interviewed and the results analyzed. Simple random and stratified sampling techniques were used in selecting respondents. The data were analyzed using appropriate descriptive statistics. The results of the study revealed that phone and radio were the most available, accessible and commonly used ICTs by AEAs and farmers for extension service delivery in the Northern Region of Ghana. The result of the study also indicated a direct relationship between the level of education of AEAs and the use of ICTs in providing extension service to farmers. This relationship calls for the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) to put into action its existing ICT policy which includes training of AEAs in the use of ICTs. The study recommended that AEAs should be given phone card units to ensure its effective utilization.
Garbage accumulation in cities can cause several problems such as contaminating groundwater, surface water and drinking water supplies. It can also lower pH levels and add to acidity problems. Landfills may cause sealing of the ground surface and lead to flooding. Garbage attracts wildlife like rats, dogs and birds that can spread diseases to humans. It also allows toxic and medical waste to accumulate, increasing health risks. Proper garbage disposal and management is needed to prevent environmental pollution and public health issues.
The Impact of Mining Activities on Regional Development of Pegunungan Bintang...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
Pegunungan Bintang Regency is an autonomous region which was formed in 2001 with great potential of
natural resources in mining, including coal, oil, and gas. Mineral is a non-renewable natural resource the
management of which may pose positive impacts or negative impacts. Therefore, the management of mineral must be done wisely in order to give optimum benefits to the regional development and the people residing in the vicinity of the mine. In connection with the foregoing, the study aimed at analyzing the impact of mining activities on regional development, among others, economic growth, community development, and suitability of space utilization. The analysis results showed that mining activities contributed greatly to regional development, as reflected in the structure of regional economy.
This document provides background information on a study investigating the effect of the Olusosun Dumpsite in Lagos, Nigeria on surrounding property values. It discusses how proximity to waste sites can impact property values and residents' health. The study aims to examine the composition of waste at the site, problems with waste management in the area, and the relationship between the dumpsite and demand for accommodation on a nearby street. It also establishes the scope of the study and provides context on the history and location of the Olusosun Dumpsite site.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
The document discusses environmental degradation as an increasing concern. It notes that environmental degradation occurs through depletion of resources like air, water, and soil as well as destruction of ecosystems and wildlife extinction. If the environment becomes irreparably compromised, it could mean the end of human existence as we only have one Earth. The document then provides examples of different types of environmental degradation like air, water, and land pollution and their negative impacts. It shares statistics on the large economic costs of environmental degradation in India annually. The conclusion calls for reducing waste and pollution, reusing products, and saving the natural environment and resources to also benefit the country's economy.
Urbanization leads to rural migration and suburban concentration into cities. As cities grow, more land and waterways are modified to accommodate increased population needs. This modification impacts local ecosystems and drives changes in biogeochemical cycles. For example, fertilizer runoff from agricultural lands pollutes waterways and causes eutrophication. Urban areas also impact the climate through increased greenhouse gas emissions and the urban heat island effect. Understanding these environmental effects of urbanization is important for sustainable future development.
Challenges of solid waste management in zimbabwe a case study of sakubva hig...charlschoto
This document summarizes a study on the challenges of solid waste management in Sakubva, a high-density suburb of Mutare, Zimbabwe. The study found several challenges: poor refuse collection due to shortages of equipment and proper receptacles; low rates of recycling; and residents resorting to unsustainable waste disposal like burning and dumping due to infrequent council collection. Rapid urbanization is exacerbating the problems. The researchers recommend the council improve collection coverage and frequency, provide more receptacles, increase recycling awareness, and involve the private sector and NGOs more in management.
Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva hig...Premier Publishers
The objectives of the study were to assess the current status on household solid waste management challenges of collection and disposal. The research employed both quantitative (in form of questionnaires) and qualitative (in form of interviews) methodologies. Field visits and observations were done on residential areas and open dumpsites. The research found that there are lots of challenges that are faced by residents and these range from collection, methods of disposal and the involvement of other key stakeholders. The results revealed that the challenges in poor refuse collection were attributed to serious shortage of refuse equipment, and shortage of proper receptacles. Recycling strategies seemed to be nonexistent as revealed by low percentages of residents who practice it. Since council does not collect waste as often as it should, residents dispose waste through the traditional and unsustainable ways such as backyard incinerator, burying, burning and illegal open dumps. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. It was recommended that councils should extend coverage to all areas, increase their refuse collection frequency, provide receptacles to residents and raise awareness campaigns on recycling and sustainable solid waste disposal. There is need for involvement by private sector and NGOs in solid waste management.
12 ground water pollution in india a review 12 ijtas-92-2018-richa guptaBIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Groundwater is the foremost source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes in several countries. Due to human and industrial activities the ground water is contaminated. This is the serious problem now a day. Due to industrial, municipal and agricultural waste containing pesticides, insecticides, fertilizer residues and heavy metals with water groundwater has been polluted by leaching process. The effects of groundwater pollution are wide. In this paper the overview of ground water pollution due to industrial as well as anthropogenic activities. Water quality is affected by both point and non-point sources of pollution. These include sewage discharge, discharge from industries, run-off from agricultural fields and urban run-off. Analysis of the water quality is very important to preserve and prefect the natural eco system. The assessment of the ground water various technologies has been developed and management practices should be carried out periodically to protect the water resources.
Keywords: Ground water, Water pollution, Heavy Metals, Water Quality Index.
Evolution of waste management strategies in industries: from passive to proac...Premier Publishers
This paper is a review of various articles and documents on development of waste management approaches in industries. It provides information on advancement of waste management approaches as human awareness to environment increases and demonstrates the benefits of proactive waste management measures in industries. Most polluting industries in the world were established by the time the earth had the capacity to provide raw materials and absorb wastes. However, with increasing industrialization and urbanization virgin raw materials seriously declined and waste loads dramatically increased. As a result waste management strategies progressively evolved. In 1960s waste avoidance measures through foul and flee, dilute and disperse, concentrate and contain; in 1970s purification units at the end of emission pipes; in 1980s resource recovery through recycling and energy saving strategies were used as solutions to the problem of wastes on the environment. Furthermore, from 1990s onwards proactive measures by Cleaner Production technologies focusing on the source of waste generation to reduce, reuse and recycle wastes into valuable resources became the best solution for sustainable management of wastes and to enhance the performance of industries. Cleaner production technologies assured marvelous evidences for sustainable development by allowing industries to produce more efficiently and gain incredible economic, environmental and social benefits with less input utilization and less environmental impacts.
This document discusses urban ecology and sustainability. It covers topics such as methods to study urban ecology including remote sensing and long-term ecological research. It also addresses urban biodiversity, ecosystem services, and the effects of urbanization on the environment. Finally, it proposes strategies to promote urban sustainability, such as urban gardening, food forests, investing in downtown areas, and sustainable landscapes and buildings. The overall aim is to understand human and ecological processes in cities and help societies become more sustainable.
This document summarizes different methods of municipal solid waste management: landfills, incineration, recycling, composting, and source reduction. It discusses the science, policy, and psychological implications of each method. Landfills are the most commonly used but also the most environmentally harmful method. Source reduction has virtually no negative environmental impact but is difficult to implement due to human behavior. The document proposes a program called Waste Watchers to encourage source reduction among university students.
This document discusses the integration of culture and environment. It defines integration as joining or mixing with different groups while maintaining one's own culture. Culture is the sum of learned behaviors shared by a society. Environment refers to surrounding circumstances and conditions. Cultural integration occurs when people adopt aspects of another culture while maintaining their own, such as immigrants keeping familiar cultural practices at home. Integration also involves introducing elements of one's culture to a new environment, like food, music or religion. The document then outlines various approaches to studying culture, including anthropological, ethnographic, archaeological, and examining aspects like language, aesthetics, education, religion, attitudes and social organization. It concludes by mentioning cultural diffusion and providing examples.
This study analyzed the municipal solid waste management practices in the Mirpur area of Dhaka City, Bangladesh using GIS. It found that about 353.34 tons of solid waste is generated per day in the study area, with most waste coming from residential sources. Currently, 41 waste collection bins collect about 57.43% of the waste, with the rest illegally dumped. 15 illegal dumping sites were identified. The study used GIS to propose optimizing the number and locations of waste collection bins to improve waste collection efficiency to 93.68%. GIS was found to be an efficient tool for studying appropriate dumping site selection and routing to facilitate waste management decision making.
Decades to Accumulate, Seconds to fall A Case Study on Meethotamulla Garbage ...ijtsrd
This investigation presents a case study on one of Sri Lanka's most devastating man made environmental catastrophes. Three decades ago, a marshland paddy field was converted into a dumping site for municipal garbage. With the increasing population and urbanization, the country lacked a more suitable method for waste disposal. The continued practice resulted in a large mountain of solid waste. Experts suggest that physical characteristics, instability of the bottom layers and increase in the water table caused the collapse. Mountainous shaped dump has been growing in size and reached ~50 m in height and was occupying ~40 acers. The extent of the area has not undergone any significant change. Spreading chemicals, intense rain and heavy garbage loading has contributed to the collapse. Residents did not come across any signs of danger prior to the incident. Chathumani D | Deepthi Wickrama Singhe | Isuru Gunarathna ""Decades to Accumulate, Seconds to fall: A Case Study on Meethotamulla Garbage Dump Collapse in Sri Lanka"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23080.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/23080/decades-to-accumulate-seconds-to-fall-a-case-study-on-meethotamulla-garbage-dump-collapse-in-sri-lanka/chathumani-d
Indiscriminate solid waste dioposal in bauchi causes and impacts on the commu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on indiscriminate solid waste disposal in Bauchi, Nigeria. The study found that the area generates 286 metric tonnes of solid waste daily but only 111 metric tonnes is collected, with 205 illegal dump sites. Issues like lack of storage, long distances to collection centers, poor attitudes towards environmental health, availability of open spaces, and weak waste disposal laws contribute to the problem. The paper recommends immediately removing existing waste, providing more collection centers, increasing community involvement, raising environmental awareness, and enforcing waste management laws to reduce indiscriminate disposal and restore environmental health.
Soil erosion which is now one of the impacts of climate change due to increased precipitation events across the globe needs adaptations for adjusting to the actual and expected change in its occurrence more than mechanical/engineering measures for the management of the phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to conduct an in-depth review of adaptation strategies to soil erosion. The research made a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, news articles, conference papers, books and publicly available materials on adaptations to soil erosion. From the review, most authors have a unity of opinion on adaptive strategies to soil erosion, including the use of mulching, cover cropping, reduced tillage, contour bonds, tree planting, wood logs and ploughing across the slope as they have been found to increase soil yield and reduce soil loss as well as its accompanying adverse impacts. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) enhancement of the existing adaptive measures; (2) a shift from rain-fed agriculture to dry season farming; (3) training the affected people on adopting the adaptive measures which are currently ignored in most communities; and (4) encouragement of the participation of land holders through grants in soil erosion management based on the adaptive techniques.
Incorporates brief details and steps to prevent numerous environmental issues persisting in today's world (such as various pollution, global warming, over population, waste disposal etc.)
Plastics, the costs to societyand the environmentPatrickTanz
This document summarizes a report about the costs of plastic to society, the environment, and the economy. It finds that the lifetime cost of plastic produced in 2019 will be at least $3.7 trillion, more than the GDP of India. This cost is much higher than the market price paid for plastic, which fails to account for costs across the plastic lifecycle like greenhouse gas emissions, waste management, and environmental damage from plastic pollution. Without action, the lifetime costs of plastic produced in 2040 could reach over $7 trillion due to expected increases in plastic production. The report calls for governments and industries to take urgent action through policies, regulations, and international agreements to address the plastic crisis and internalize the true costs of plastic
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of human activities on water quality in Kaduna, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 8 groundwater and 4 surface water sources and analyzed for various physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The results showed that many parameters exceeded regulatory limits, including electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, coliform bacteria, and lead levels. Contamination was highest near domestic, industrial, and agricultural areas. Surface water generally contained more trace elements while groundwater sources exceeded limits for more physicochemical parameters. The results indicate that human activities are negatively impacting water quality in Kaduna.
Urban solid waste management in ghana an assessment of zoomlion’s approach to...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed Zoomlion's approach to solid waste management in Wa Municipality, Ghana. The study used interviews and surveys to examine waste collection methods. It found that the majority of households (45%) and businesses (76.7%) used communal waste containers for collection. However, 32.2% of households also used improper methods like burning or dumping. The study recommended integrating composting of organic waste and moving toward a holistic waste management system.
Waste is Wealth: depending on how it is managed and utilized.Dr. Joshua Zake
This is a policy brief highlighting key issues and respective policy and practice change recommendations to advance sustainable waste management along the generation chain in Uganda.
Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
The document discusses environmental degradation as an increasing concern. It notes that environmental degradation occurs through depletion of resources like air, water, and soil as well as destruction of ecosystems and wildlife extinction. If the environment becomes irreparably compromised, it could mean the end of human existence as we only have one Earth. The document then provides examples of different types of environmental degradation like air, water, and land pollution and their negative impacts. It shares statistics on the large economic costs of environmental degradation in India annually. The conclusion calls for reducing waste and pollution, reusing products, and saving the natural environment and resources to also benefit the country's economy.
Urbanization leads to rural migration and suburban concentration into cities. As cities grow, more land and waterways are modified to accommodate increased population needs. This modification impacts local ecosystems and drives changes in biogeochemical cycles. For example, fertilizer runoff from agricultural lands pollutes waterways and causes eutrophication. Urban areas also impact the climate through increased greenhouse gas emissions and the urban heat island effect. Understanding these environmental effects of urbanization is important for sustainable future development.
Challenges of solid waste management in zimbabwe a case study of sakubva hig...charlschoto
This document summarizes a study on the challenges of solid waste management in Sakubva, a high-density suburb of Mutare, Zimbabwe. The study found several challenges: poor refuse collection due to shortages of equipment and proper receptacles; low rates of recycling; and residents resorting to unsustainable waste disposal like burning and dumping due to infrequent council collection. Rapid urbanization is exacerbating the problems. The researchers recommend the council improve collection coverage and frequency, provide more receptacles, increase recycling awareness, and involve the private sector and NGOs more in management.
Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva hig...Premier Publishers
The objectives of the study were to assess the current status on household solid waste management challenges of collection and disposal. The research employed both quantitative (in form of questionnaires) and qualitative (in form of interviews) methodologies. Field visits and observations were done on residential areas and open dumpsites. The research found that there are lots of challenges that are faced by residents and these range from collection, methods of disposal and the involvement of other key stakeholders. The results revealed that the challenges in poor refuse collection were attributed to serious shortage of refuse equipment, and shortage of proper receptacles. Recycling strategies seemed to be nonexistent as revealed by low percentages of residents who practice it. Since council does not collect waste as often as it should, residents dispose waste through the traditional and unsustainable ways such as backyard incinerator, burying, burning and illegal open dumps. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. It was recommended that councils should extend coverage to all areas, increase their refuse collection frequency, provide receptacles to residents and raise awareness campaigns on recycling and sustainable solid waste disposal. There is need for involvement by private sector and NGOs in solid waste management.
12 ground water pollution in india a review 12 ijtas-92-2018-richa guptaBIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Groundwater is the foremost source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes in several countries. Due to human and industrial activities the ground water is contaminated. This is the serious problem now a day. Due to industrial, municipal and agricultural waste containing pesticides, insecticides, fertilizer residues and heavy metals with water groundwater has been polluted by leaching process. The effects of groundwater pollution are wide. In this paper the overview of ground water pollution due to industrial as well as anthropogenic activities. Water quality is affected by both point and non-point sources of pollution. These include sewage discharge, discharge from industries, run-off from agricultural fields and urban run-off. Analysis of the water quality is very important to preserve and prefect the natural eco system. The assessment of the ground water various technologies has been developed and management practices should be carried out periodically to protect the water resources.
Keywords: Ground water, Water pollution, Heavy Metals, Water Quality Index.
Evolution of waste management strategies in industries: from passive to proac...Premier Publishers
This paper is a review of various articles and documents on development of waste management approaches in industries. It provides information on advancement of waste management approaches as human awareness to environment increases and demonstrates the benefits of proactive waste management measures in industries. Most polluting industries in the world were established by the time the earth had the capacity to provide raw materials and absorb wastes. However, with increasing industrialization and urbanization virgin raw materials seriously declined and waste loads dramatically increased. As a result waste management strategies progressively evolved. In 1960s waste avoidance measures through foul and flee, dilute and disperse, concentrate and contain; in 1970s purification units at the end of emission pipes; in 1980s resource recovery through recycling and energy saving strategies were used as solutions to the problem of wastes on the environment. Furthermore, from 1990s onwards proactive measures by Cleaner Production technologies focusing on the source of waste generation to reduce, reuse and recycle wastes into valuable resources became the best solution for sustainable management of wastes and to enhance the performance of industries. Cleaner production technologies assured marvelous evidences for sustainable development by allowing industries to produce more efficiently and gain incredible economic, environmental and social benefits with less input utilization and less environmental impacts.
This document discusses urban ecology and sustainability. It covers topics such as methods to study urban ecology including remote sensing and long-term ecological research. It also addresses urban biodiversity, ecosystem services, and the effects of urbanization on the environment. Finally, it proposes strategies to promote urban sustainability, such as urban gardening, food forests, investing in downtown areas, and sustainable landscapes and buildings. The overall aim is to understand human and ecological processes in cities and help societies become more sustainable.
This document summarizes different methods of municipal solid waste management: landfills, incineration, recycling, composting, and source reduction. It discusses the science, policy, and psychological implications of each method. Landfills are the most commonly used but also the most environmentally harmful method. Source reduction has virtually no negative environmental impact but is difficult to implement due to human behavior. The document proposes a program called Waste Watchers to encourage source reduction among university students.
This document discusses the integration of culture and environment. It defines integration as joining or mixing with different groups while maintaining one's own culture. Culture is the sum of learned behaviors shared by a society. Environment refers to surrounding circumstances and conditions. Cultural integration occurs when people adopt aspects of another culture while maintaining their own, such as immigrants keeping familiar cultural practices at home. Integration also involves introducing elements of one's culture to a new environment, like food, music or religion. The document then outlines various approaches to studying culture, including anthropological, ethnographic, archaeological, and examining aspects like language, aesthetics, education, religion, attitudes and social organization. It concludes by mentioning cultural diffusion and providing examples.
This study analyzed the municipal solid waste management practices in the Mirpur area of Dhaka City, Bangladesh using GIS. It found that about 353.34 tons of solid waste is generated per day in the study area, with most waste coming from residential sources. Currently, 41 waste collection bins collect about 57.43% of the waste, with the rest illegally dumped. 15 illegal dumping sites were identified. The study used GIS to propose optimizing the number and locations of waste collection bins to improve waste collection efficiency to 93.68%. GIS was found to be an efficient tool for studying appropriate dumping site selection and routing to facilitate waste management decision making.
Decades to Accumulate, Seconds to fall A Case Study on Meethotamulla Garbage ...ijtsrd
This investigation presents a case study on one of Sri Lanka's most devastating man made environmental catastrophes. Three decades ago, a marshland paddy field was converted into a dumping site for municipal garbage. With the increasing population and urbanization, the country lacked a more suitable method for waste disposal. The continued practice resulted in a large mountain of solid waste. Experts suggest that physical characteristics, instability of the bottom layers and increase in the water table caused the collapse. Mountainous shaped dump has been growing in size and reached ~50 m in height and was occupying ~40 acers. The extent of the area has not undergone any significant change. Spreading chemicals, intense rain and heavy garbage loading has contributed to the collapse. Residents did not come across any signs of danger prior to the incident. Chathumani D | Deepthi Wickrama Singhe | Isuru Gunarathna ""Decades to Accumulate, Seconds to fall: A Case Study on Meethotamulla Garbage Dump Collapse in Sri Lanka"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23080.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/23080/decades-to-accumulate-seconds-to-fall-a-case-study-on-meethotamulla-garbage-dump-collapse-in-sri-lanka/chathumani-d
Indiscriminate solid waste dioposal in bauchi causes and impacts on the commu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on indiscriminate solid waste disposal in Bauchi, Nigeria. The study found that the area generates 286 metric tonnes of solid waste daily but only 111 metric tonnes is collected, with 205 illegal dump sites. Issues like lack of storage, long distances to collection centers, poor attitudes towards environmental health, availability of open spaces, and weak waste disposal laws contribute to the problem. The paper recommends immediately removing existing waste, providing more collection centers, increasing community involvement, raising environmental awareness, and enforcing waste management laws to reduce indiscriminate disposal and restore environmental health.
Soil erosion which is now one of the impacts of climate change due to increased precipitation events across the globe needs adaptations for adjusting to the actual and expected change in its occurrence more than mechanical/engineering measures for the management of the phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to conduct an in-depth review of adaptation strategies to soil erosion. The research made a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, news articles, conference papers, books and publicly available materials on adaptations to soil erosion. From the review, most authors have a unity of opinion on adaptive strategies to soil erosion, including the use of mulching, cover cropping, reduced tillage, contour bonds, tree planting, wood logs and ploughing across the slope as they have been found to increase soil yield and reduce soil loss as well as its accompanying adverse impacts. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) enhancement of the existing adaptive measures; (2) a shift from rain-fed agriculture to dry season farming; (3) training the affected people on adopting the adaptive measures which are currently ignored in most communities; and (4) encouragement of the participation of land holders through grants in soil erosion management based on the adaptive techniques.
Incorporates brief details and steps to prevent numerous environmental issues persisting in today's world (such as various pollution, global warming, over population, waste disposal etc.)
Plastics, the costs to societyand the environmentPatrickTanz
This document summarizes a report about the costs of plastic to society, the environment, and the economy. It finds that the lifetime cost of plastic produced in 2019 will be at least $3.7 trillion, more than the GDP of India. This cost is much higher than the market price paid for plastic, which fails to account for costs across the plastic lifecycle like greenhouse gas emissions, waste management, and environmental damage from plastic pollution. Without action, the lifetime costs of plastic produced in 2040 could reach over $7 trillion due to expected increases in plastic production. The report calls for governments and industries to take urgent action through policies, regulations, and international agreements to address the plastic crisis and internalize the true costs of plastic
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of human activities on water quality in Kaduna, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from 8 groundwater and 4 surface water sources and analyzed for various physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The results showed that many parameters exceeded regulatory limits, including electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, coliform bacteria, and lead levels. Contamination was highest near domestic, industrial, and agricultural areas. Surface water generally contained more trace elements while groundwater sources exceeded limits for more physicochemical parameters. The results indicate that human activities are negatively impacting water quality in Kaduna.
Urban solid waste management in ghana an assessment of zoomlion’s approach to...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed Zoomlion's approach to solid waste management in Wa Municipality, Ghana. The study used interviews and surveys to examine waste collection methods. It found that the majority of households (45%) and businesses (76.7%) used communal waste containers for collection. However, 32.2% of households also used improper methods like burning or dumping. The study recommended integrating composting of organic waste and moving toward a holistic waste management system.
Waste is Wealth: depending on how it is managed and utilized.Dr. Joshua Zake
This is a policy brief highlighting key issues and respective policy and practice change recommendations to advance sustainable waste management along the generation chain in Uganda.
Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
A multivariate analysis of factors influencing green space provision in resid...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes factors influencing green space provision in residential neighborhoods in Sub-Saharan African cities. It examines data collected from four residential neighborhoods in Lagos, Nigeria regarding perceived factors affecting green space provision. Explanatory factor analysis identified four main factors: 1) Physical and natural factors related to environment (e.g. density, surrounding area, land availability). 2) Factors related to planning authorities (e.g. tools, staffing, qualifications). 3) Governmental factors. 4) Political factors. The study concludes effective policy and collaboration between decision-makers is needed for better green space provision and care.
Land cover transition and fragmentation of River Ogba catchment in Benin City...Glory Enaruvbe
This study examined variation in the intensity of land cover transition and the pattern of habitat fragmentation
of River Ogba catchment. Landsat images of 1988, 2002 and 2016 were classified into five categories: low
density urban, high density urban, mixed vegetation, agriculture and dense forest using maximum likelihood
classifier. Intensity analysis approach and landscape metrics were used to analyze the changes and fragmentation
of the land cover. Number of patches, largest patch Index, area-weighted shape index and Euclidean nearest
neighbour were computed. The results show that although mixed vegetation accounted for the largest land cover
category in 1988 and 2002, low density urban dominated the study area in 2016. Intensity analysis of land cover
change in the study area indicates a rising trend. The urban fringe is observed to be highly dynamic zone and this
is primarily driven by changes in agriculture, low density urban and mixed vegetation. The implications of rapid
land cover transition and fragmentation in River Ogba catchment, and especially in the urban fringe, include
threat to biodiversity, food supply and deteriorating environmental conditions. This study provides necessary
insights for developing sustainable strategies for urban landscape planning, administration and governance.
Experts profiling on a healthier built environment: Lowering the threat of cl...AgboolaPaul3
There are indications that climate change and its
consequences are already creating threats to the built environment in Nigeria. These
environmental threats have negative implications for healthy, well-being, and urban
sustainability. This empirical study aim to identify how climate change has influenced the
built environment in Nigeria’s South-Western region, considering the following objectives:
to explore the reasons for climate change in South-western, Nigeria, to determine the
consequences of environmental issues on inhabitant health in South-western, Nigeria; and
to critically determine the key measures of climate change mitigation and adaptation to
enhance the environmental sustainability of the Southwestern region of Nigeria.
The topic caters to information needs of waste disposal and landfill. The universal generation of waste has negative consequences on human activities. The study enables understanding of different types of waste and their consequences on human health and environment. . The main purpose of this study is to detail the risk of waste disposal for groundwater quality and entails the information required for assessment of risks. The initial section details about classification of waste and then after, explains storage, treatment and disposal of waste. It has also covered the factors governing contamination of groundwater by disposal of waste for understanding the major concerns of waste composition, leachate production and migration. The final section of study includes assessment of groundwater contamination related to waste sites. The increasing proportion of waste has to control in future and therefore, it is important to study significant aspects of waste disposal and landfill.
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
The document discusses the background and importance of the study. It notes that as populations grow, waste and pollution increase which impacts the environment and climate change. Improper waste disposal leads to health and environmental issues. Recycling helps reduce waste and pollution while conserving resources. Mobile technologies and games can increase environmental awareness and encourage pro-recycling behavior. A survey found residents in Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro improperly dispose of waste and have limited recycling knowledge. To address this, the researchers aim to create a mobile recycling game called "Scrap builder" to educate users on waste management and recycling in a fun way.
This document summarizes a study on the physicochemical properties of soil affected by municipal solid waste (MSW) in a densely populated tropical region of Onitsha, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from three locations - an uncontaminated control area 15 meters from two disposal sites, the crest formation at one site, and the basin formation at another. The samples were analyzed for properties like pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, heavy metals, and cation exchange capacity. Results showed increases in these parameters with depth. pH, nitrogen, zinc and iron were higher at the crest, while lead was higher at the basin. Aggregate stability decreased significantly at the basin compared to the control. Calculated values for tested parameters at
Ecological approaches in planning for sustainable cities A review of the lite...GJESM Publication
Rapid urbanization has brought environmentally, socially, and economically great challenges to cities
and societies. To build a sustainable city, these challenges need to be faced efficiently and successfully. This paper focuses on the environmental issues and investigates the ecological approaches for planning sustainable cities through a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. The review focuses on several differing aspects of sustainable city formation. The paper provides insights on the interaction between the natural environment and human activities by identifying environmental effects resulting from this interaction; provides an introduction to the concept of sustainable urban development by underlining the important role of ecological planning in achieving sustainable cities; introduces the notion of urban ecosystems by establishing principles for the management of their sustainability; describes urban
ecosystem sustainability assessment by introducing a review of current assessment methods, and; offers an outline of indexing urban environmental sustainability. The paper concludes with a summary of the findings.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Urbanization is increasing rapidly around the world and having significant impacts on the environment. By 2050, 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized. This rapid urban growth is causing problems like deforestation, air and water pollution, solid waste accumulation, and loss of agricultural land. Developing countries face more severe environmental impacts due to poor urban planning and inadequate infrastructure to handle the negative effects of urbanization. While urbanization enables economic growth, it also threatens the natural environment if not managed carefully through long-term planning and public-private partnerships that prioritize environmentally friendly development.
In the sense of landfill management, the general premise of pretreatment technologies is that treating the waste before final disposal will reduce the volume of waste being landfilled and enhance or accelerate the stabilization of the waste, reducing the long-term disadvantageous effects on the environment. Landfill making, Dozer For Landfill, Municipal solid waste landfill in India.
Solid Waste Management in Lebanon: Challenges and RecommendationsPremier Publishers
Successful waste management plans require accurate data about the nature and composition of waste. Despite the high content of organic (52%) and recyclable (37 %) materials in waste stream, only 8% and 15% of solid waste are recycled and composted respectively. Unfortunately, 48% of the waste are disposed in sanitary landfills. Dumping of waste and open burning is predominant outside Beirut and Mount Lebanon. Adequate treatment is unavailable for wastes produced by slaughterhouses, industrial premises and healthcare centers. Corruption, lack of human resources and suitable facilities and inadequate technical skills are responsible for inefficient municipal solid waste management. This paper aims at determining the current practices of municipalities in terms of segregation, collection, treatment and final disposal of solid waste. It also considers key policy challenges and recommendations for improving the municipal solid waste management system.
Generation of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An In...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Energy production, waste disposal, and pollution minimization are key problems that must be addressed for sustainable cities of the environment. Waste management has become a major concern worldwide, and incineration is now being used increasingly to treat waste that cannot be recycled economically. The total heat content of non- municipal waste varies from countries to countries. The tonnage of generation in Nigeria is expected to soar over the next few years and the exploitation of this renewable energy locked up in urban solid municipal waste into grid energy can be taken advantage off.The heat generated from this incinerated plant can be used to generate electricity which will reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and the use of generator which in turn reduces pollution disposal of this waste is incinerated plant for the production of electricity. Hence, this paper intends to review the nonmunicipal waste potential in Nigeria, evaluate its environment and economic cost, and energy content of municipal solid waste deposits in Nigeria.
Solid Waste Disposal Attitude in Sango Ota, Ogun State: Implication for Susta...Premier Publishers
Solid waste disposal attitude is multidimensional and a complex issue that is prominent in urban areas. It is a global phenomenon confronting both developed and developing countries Sango Ota in Ogun State Nigeria has become an industrial region that attracts other activities and increases in population responsible for high volume of solid waste generation. In this paper, the current disposal means, waste collection method, resident attitude role of government in recent time will be achieved through the use of a questionnaire. Congestion, environmental pollution and health hazard was found to be the significant consequence of improper solid waste disposal with high Wald value and sig. value<0.05 level of significance. Majority of the respondents who chose burning, roadside dumping and flood/canal dumping were of the opinion that payment for either government/private waste collection in their area is expensive (51.1%) compared to other means of disposal. The implication of the findings for waste disposal attitude in achieving sustainable city development in Nigeria tackling solid waste problem in urban cities through public awareness, attitudinal change in achieving waste reduction, provision of collection point within neighbourhood and provision of accessibility to each dwelling with adequate drainage system.
Residents’ perception on environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on residents' perceptions of the environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study administered questionnaires to over 1,600 residents across low, medium, and high residential areas. Six indices were developed to measure perceptions on various environmental effects. Results showed residents strongly agreed that waste from the enterprises makes areas dirty and litters streets. Noise, odors from waste, and shops blocking drainage were also issues. Correlation analysis found the physical, behavioral, environmental, land use, and economic characteristics of the enterprises all impacted the environment. The paper recommends policies and legislation for better waste management to promote more sustainable cities.
Residents’ perception on environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises ...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes residents' perceptions of the environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises in Ibadan, Nigeria. A survey of over 1,600 residents found that the highest levels of agreement were with the statements that informal enterprise waste makes the environment dirty (average rating of 4.14) and litters the streets (4.12). Residents also perceived that the enterprises generate high noise levels (3.85) and deface the environment (3.90). The results indicate various environmental issues related to waste management and aesthetics. The document recommends policies and legislation to promote proper waste management from the informal sector and sustainability in Nigerian cities.
Similar to An appraisal of solid waste generation and management in jalingo city, nigeria. (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
Call8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessing➑➌➋➑➒➎➑➑➊➍
Satta Matka Kalyan Main Mumbai Fastest Results
Satta Matka ❋ Sattamatka ❋ New Mumbai Ratan Satta Matka ❋ Fast Matka ❋ Milan Market ❋ Kalyan Matka Results ❋ Satta Game ❋ Matka Game ❋ Satta Matka ❋ Kalyan Satta Matka ❋ Mumbai Main ❋ Online Matka Results ❋ Satta Matka Tips ❋ Milan Chart ❋ Satta Matka Boss❋ New Star Day ❋ Satta King ❋ Live Satta Matka Results ❋ Satta Matka Company ❋ Indian Matka ❋ Satta Matka 143❋ Kalyan Night Matka..
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Top 10 Free Accounting and Bookkeeping Apps for Small BusinessesYourLegal Accounting
Maintaining a proper record of your money is important for any business whether it is small or large. It helps you stay one step ahead in the financial race and be aware of your earnings and any tax obligations.
However, managing finances without an entire accounting staff can be challenging for small businesses.
Accounting apps can help with that! They resemble your private money manager.
They organize all of your transactions automatically as soon as you link them to your corporate bank account. Additionally, they are compatible with your phone, allowing you to monitor your finances from anywhere. Cool, right?
Thus, we’ll be looking at several fantastic accounting apps in this blog that will help you develop your business and save time.
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
years in a row, the Labrador Retriever has dropped to second place
in the American Kennel Club's annual survey of the country's most
popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
color choices.”
The Steadfast and Reliable Bull: Taurus Zodiac Signmy Pandit
Explore the steadfast and reliable nature of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights that define the determined and practical Taurus, and learn how their grounded nature makes them the anchor of the zodiac.
Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainabilitysssourabhsharma
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
An appraisal of solid waste generation and management in jalingo city, nigeria.
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.9, 2013
20
An Appraisal of Solid Waste Generation and Management in
Jalingo City, Nigeria.
ABD’RAZACK, Nelson T.A1
YUSUF, Agbu. E2
and UTANGE, Jonathan Z3
1. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Environmental Technology, Federal University
of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
2. Taraba State Ministry of Environment, Jalingo. Nigeria
3. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
* E-mail of the corresponding author: isbamat_2@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
Solid waste has become one of the greatest menaces in the world over, but the situation in the developing
countries such as Nigeria has become pathetic. This paper looked at the relationship between the level of waste
generation and management in Jalingo city, Nigeria. The result of the analysis indicated that there is tremendous
growth in the population of the city due to its changing role from a town 1980 to the capital city of Taraba State
in 1996. The National Population Commission of Nigeria put the population of the town as 62,252 in 1991 and
had risen to 1969,509. The volume of waste generated rose from 2,017.35 tonnes monthly in 2000 to about
2,519.01 tonnes monthly in 2008. The management of the waste has been fluctuating over the same period due to
political factor, inadequate manpower, and obsolete equipment, socio-economic and cultural factors. The level of
waste collection reached its peak in 2006 (1,296.17 tonnes) and at its lowest ebb in 2005 (953.75 tonnes). The
analysis of the waste generated indicated that the mean monthly collection is 2,254.98 tonnes and the mean
monthly collection is 1,150.94 tonnes. The regression analysis shows that the F calculated is 1.796 while the F-
table is 3.890. The P-value is 0.183 which indicated that there is no relationship between the level of waste
generation and management in the city. The implication is that the city is fast becoming garbage city as heap of
waste is found round the city. There should be adequate provision of waste management strategies that will
include private sector participation in the management.
Keywords: Solid Waste, Management, Municipal, Environment, Waste Generation.
1. Introduction
The improper management of municipal solid waste is one of the challenging environmental problems facing
urban centres worldwide, particularly in developing countries (APO., 2007; Bruce, 1998). Little attention is
given to waste management practices as it is common to see heaps of waste in the major cities littering the streets,
dumped indiscriminately in drainages, vacant plots and open space especially in the developing world. This has
contributed not only to the spread of communicable diseases in the affected areas; it has effect on flooding and
other environmental problems (Babalola et al, 2010, Wilson et al, 2009). A typical solid waste management
system in developing countries displays an array of problems among which include low collection coverage and
irregular collection services (Nwoke, 2005, Omran et al, 2007). It is fast becoming a difficult task which must be
surmounted by developing countries especially Nigeria if she is to realize the reduction of solid waste in the
cities by 75% as proposed by Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015 (Nwoke, 2005). The growth of
human population couple with increased economic activities has resulted into high rate of solid waste generation,
this call for careful planning and adequate resource allocation to bridge the gap between the rate of waste
generation and that of collection and disposal. The ways to handle and dispose waste varies considerably within
and between cities, regions and nations; therefore, waste is a matter of place and time (Ojemudia and Ojigi,
2006).
The practice of indiscriminate and improper dumping of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is on the increase in
Jalingo in particular and Nigeria in general and it is compounded by a cycle of poverty, population explosion,
decreasing standard of living, poor governance and low level of environmental awareness, and the end product
of it all is the dumping of these waste in any available open space (Rachel, et al, 2009). It has been observed that
because of poor or improper land use planning in some part of many organically developed cities has results into
the creation of informal settlement with narrow streets, which makes it difficult for waste collection trucks to
access such areas (Nabegu, 2010, Swapan, 2008).
Waste are dumped into the drainages that block the free flow of runoff water and this practice gives rise to
flooding and the communities are adversely affected, some people dumped their waste to the road side, thereby
reducing the width of the road and aesthetics of the cities especially in Nigeria. This is evident as one walk
across the nook and the crannies of Nigeria; you find heaps of refuse littering the entire landscape, road sides,
parks, gardens, commercial centres and other land use (Danbuzu, 2011, Imam et al, 2007). Okpala (2000) put the
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.9, 2013
21
city of Port Harcourt know as garden city in the 1980s as garbage city in 1990s.
The uncollected or illegally dumped wastes constitute a starting point for disaster of human health and the
environmental degradation. Apart from the increasing quantities, the waste composition and characterization
evolves, incomes and changing consumption habits have also been affected by globalization (EPA, 2011).
Globalization is seen as an economic transformation, a breakthrough to poverty alleviation and inflation
reduction, it is thus expected to help narrow the gap between and within nation or individuals (Pett, 2000, Swift,
2008). Globalization has been identified as playing a negative role in solid waste management; impacts include
the transfer of globalized or international waste management methods and ideologies together with an increased
volume and variety of waste, resulting from increased flows of goods and services, and changing lifestyle and
consumption pattern (Abd’razack et al, 2013, Eisenberg and Schmidt, 2009, Mukhtar, 2011, Okewole and Afon,
2007).
Many parts of Taraba state especially high activity areas do not benefit from any organized waste management
services, waste are unattended to, waste are either buried, burnt without taking into consideration the
consequences thereof, (UN-Habitat, 2010, Nilson-Djef and McDouglass, 2000, Sanchez et al, 2003). Adefemi
and Awokunmi (2006) emphasized that the reason for the burning of solid waste is economic and affordability
on the part of households, but the act is environmentally unfriendly for the ecosystem. Another reason for solid
waste burning is to lower critical hygienic problems, but its implication is more than mere burning, it causes the
emission of toxic substances to the air such as dioxins and furans a cancer inducing compound is released into
the atmosphere and other ozone depleting and greenhouse gases (Hassan et al, 2010, Sakawi, 2011). In some
areas where the authority does the collection, it is often not regular. The method used for collection,
transportation and final disposal is unsatisfactory. Waste when left unattended to for a long time constitute some
serious health hazards, causes offensive odour, pollute underground water sources and decreases environmental
aesthetics and quality.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are waste that are generated from residential, commercial, industrial, institutional,
construction and demolition process and Municipal services (Rechel et al, 2009). A mixture of these constituents
or types of municipal solid waste are fine dust, metal , glass, paper, cardboard, textiles, putrescible vegetable
materials, plastics, rice husk, tyres, cans, etc. (Furedy, 1990, EPA, 2011). These wastes can be further classified
into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste or grouped into organic and inorganic waste. Organic waste is
referred to waste that are combustible, it contain matters such as animal and vegetative matter, refuse, animal
excreta, tree leaves, sticks, rags etc. The implication is that this class of waste can decay with time and is highly
detrimental to human health and the environment. When the waste comes into contact with stagnant water it
produces an irritating odour, surface and ground water are contaminated, soil contamination and air pollution. It
serves as a breeding ground for insect such as mosquitoes and other dangerous insect that transmit deadly
diseases. Inorganic waste referred to waste that are non-combustible, it contain matters and element such as
plastics, broken glass, tiles, metals, grit etc. These matters cannot decay and therefore stay as long as they
remained solid (Wright, 2004, Byron and Brandshaw, 1991, EPA, 2011).
Jalingo town is located at longitude 8o
00’ N and latitude 10o
30’ E with a total population of about 62,252 in
1991 and 165,987 in 2008 at a growth rate of 4.8% (NPC, 2011). Jalingo is the administrative headquarters of
Jalingo Local Government and Taraba state capital. Historically, the disposal of solid waste did not pose a
significant problem in the town because of the relatively moderate population and the land available for
assimilation of waste was relatively large, the majority of the waste collected are dumped in open spaces (open
dump) and is mostly transferred from one location to the other rather than being treated and disposed of in a
sanitary manner (Mabogunje, 1980).
There has been steady increase in the population of Jalingo town after it was made a state capital in 1991 mainly
due to influx of people from the villages and other parts of the state. The rate of waste generation in the city is
more than what the Ministry of Environment can manage leading to a decline in the handling and management
of solid waste in the city. The mode of solid waste collection in the city shows disparity in collection system, in
the low density areas provision waste bins and drums are done whereas in the high density area there is no such
provisions. Furthermore, the Ministry of Environment often failed as waste bins are not evacuated as at when
due leading to overflowing with waste and some of which are found directly in front of most houses thereby
constituting environmental hazards, the case of the high density area is pathetic as no collection and disposal is
done and the residents found the open spaces as necessity to dump their solid waste whether designated as dump
site or not. This implies that the city presents paradox in waste collection as low density areas are clean and
provided with waste bin whereas in high density areas waste are not collected and no waste bin provided.
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.9, 2013
22
Figure 1: Map of Nigeria showing Taraba State.
Waste is something or any moveable material that is no longer wanted or useful to the owner at a particular point
in time (Agunwamba et al, 1998; Andrew and Julie, 1996, Hammed, 2006). The World Health Organization
defines waste as something which the owner no longer wants at a given time and that it is perceived to be of no
market value. The issue of value cannot be ruled out completely since we still have waste materials which can be
recycled while others can be reused.
Working definition for municipal solid waste simply put is waste generated from household (residential) and
waste of similar nature generated by commercial and industrial premises, by institutions such as schools, care
homes, prisons and public places such as streets, markets, slaughter houses, public toilets, bus stop, parks and
gardens. This working definition include most commercial, business, construction and demolition wastes as
municipal solid waste with the exception of industrial process and other hazardous wastes (UN-Habitat, 2010).
Differences in the wealth of communities and countries degree of urbanization and industrialization, and
intensity of agricultural activities account for the significant differences in waste treatment and disposal
problems faced by developed and developing countries, and between urban and rural areas. Knowledge of the
sources of solid waste along with data on the composition and rates of generation is basis to the design and
operation of the functional element associated with the management of solid waste. To avoid confusion, the term
refuse is often used interchangeably with the term solid waste which is not in use in this context. As a basis for
subsequent discussion, it will be helpful to define the various sources of solid waste that are generated, it is
important to be aware that the definition of solid waste terms and the classification vary greatly in the literature
and in the profession, consequently the use of published data requires considerable care, judgment, and common
sense. The following definitions are intended to serve as a guide and are not meant to be precise in a scientific
sense; types of waste according to their sources are described in detail below (Tchobanoglous et al, 1985,
Adefemi and Awokunmi, 2009, Adebola, 2006).
Residential and commercial solid waste, excluding special and hazardous wastes discussed below, consist of the
organic (combustible) and inorganic (non-combustible) solid waste from residential areas and commercial
establishments. Typically the organic fraction of residential and commercial solid waste consist of materials such
as food waste (also called garbage), paper of all types, textiles, and rubber leather, wood, and yard waste. The
inorganic fractions consist of items such as glass, crockery, tin, cans, aluminum, ferrous metals, and dirt’s. If the
waste components are not separated when discarded, then the mixture of this waste is also known as commingled
residential and commercial municipal solid waste (MSW).
Waste has always been created by mankind since prehistoric times (Udoessien, 1998).waste is a thing of concern
in the world today, the developed and the developing nations of the world are all looking at strategies and
measures in which this menace called waste can be tackled. The situation is better in the developed world some
of these countries have battled with waste for the past forty years and attention now is on higher technology of
handling waste and emphases is also place on the resource in waste management for national development
(Cunningham and Cunningham, 2008). The worst of it all is the developing countries and to be more specific
Nigeria.
4. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.9, 2013
23
Waste is everyone’s business, since we have the ability to alter and modify the environment, all these activities
involves the production of waste (Danbuzu, 2011).waste can be in different forms, it can be gaseous, liquid or
solid, the concern about solid waste gives us a moment of thought to consider the extra ordinary natural world
that we inherited and that we hope to pass on to further generation in a good or perhaps even better condition
than when we arrived (Cunningham and Cunningham, 2008, Danbuzu, 2011). Waste creation by man is
inevitable as far as the manipulation of the environment continue, the worries of environmentalist is the quality
and the toxic level posed by the waste we produce (Danbuzu, 2011, Adewole, 2009). As a result of our daily
activities to survive, we produce waste in millions of tons annually (Hammed, 2006, NBS, 2011). It must be
reemphasized that the volume of solid waste generated does not invariably measure the degree to which the
environment will be polluted. Thus, if the waste can be evacuated and disposed of satisfactorily and as fast as it
is generated, there would be no accumulation and hence no insult, abuse and pollution. It is when evacuation
and disposal perpetually lag behind the rate of generation that solid waste becomes an environmental nuisance.
The summary of waste generated in Jalingo is thus presented in table 1 thus:
Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Waste in Jalingo City
Sources of
waste
Typical facilities, activities or location where
wastes are generated.
Types of solid waste
Residential Single family and multi-family dwellings Low,
medium and high-rise apartment.
food waste, rubbish, Ashes, special waste
Commercial Store, Restaurants, Market, Office Buildings,
Hotels, Motels, Schools, Print Shops, Auto
Repair Workshops, Medical facilities.
Food wastes, rubbish, ashes, paper.
Special waste Streets, alleys, parks, vacant lots, playgrounds,
beaches, highways, recreational areas.
Street sweepings, roadside litter, rubbish
and other special waste.
Source: Adapted from Tchobanoglous, et al 1985.
2 Methodology:
The survey uses secondary data; the first stage of data collection was obtained from Taraba State Ministry of
Environment, the agency responsible for the management of solid waste in the state as a whole. There are also
collections of data from other sources which include physical observation, interview with the staff of the
ministry. Other sources of information of this paper include journal papers, reports (especially the state report on
waste generation and management), books and internet materials. There was survey of the solid waste collection
points in the town and the dump site whether officially located or organically derived by the people due to their
need. The name and location of both legal and illegal dumpsites were recorded which was coded into excel for
manipulation for assessment. There was only data for monthly collection from 2000 to 2008.
The data collected include the areas of waste collection points, the personnel of the ministry charged with
responsibility of collecting the waste. The equipment and management style employed in the collection process.
The disposal methods, number of vehicles and disposal area. The analysis also involves the collection of
population data and estimation of the waste generated in the city.
Data analysis was carried out using SPSS for the correlation of rate of collection of waste and level of
management of the waste in the city. The correlation also uses Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to show the
relationship between waste collection and management.
Based on research by (Ogwueleka, 2009) that it is on average of 0.48 kg of solid waste generated per person per
day was used in the research. This data was analyzed using ANOVA and simple regression analysis. This
involve the estimation of the waste generated, the waste collected by the responsible agency and determining if
there is significant relationship between the waste generated and waste collected in the city. The analysis was
presented in tabular form.
3 Result
The result of the research is to compare if there is a significant differences between the amount of solid waste
generated and collected in Jalingo between year 2000 and 2008. This was done by simple regression analysis and
ANOVA to determine if there are differences or not in the survey.
The analysis of the research indicated that by considering the solid waste generated was a function of population
and lifestyle. Ogwueleka (2009) has proved that the rate of solid waste generation in the Northern Nigeria is 0.48
kg per person per day and that was used to determine the amount of waste generated monthly and annually.
Though there maybe variation due to peculiarity of specific cities in the solid waste generation, this was not put
into consideration because of dearth of adequate data on solid waste generation in the city of Jalingo. The
Northern Nigeria value was adopted because of territorial location and the characteristic of the Northern
5. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.9, 2013
24
Nigerian people which have similar socio-cultural, political and economic characteristics. Taking the standard of
this weight of solid waste in the city with the population, it implies that the mean solid waste generated in
Jalingo ranges between 2,017.35 tonnes in the year 2000 and 2,519.01 tonnes in 2008. This implies that as the
year roll by and population increases due to urbanization, the rate of solid waste been generated increases
tremendously. The analysis of the range of the solid waste generated is thus represented in table 2.
Table 2: Regression table for solid waste generated in Jalingo
Year N Mean monthly
Generated
(Tons)
Std. Dev. Std.
error
Sample
Variance
Range 95% CI
Max Min
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
2017.35
2068.17
2122.05
2186.44
2252.95
2310.38
2375.51
2442.99
2519.01
44.59
61.22
62.81
64.34
49.80
68.39
71.06
72.31
55.68
308.00
266.68
302.15
277.74
300.29
340.01
381.77
281.43
304.45
1988.59
3748.30
3945.61
4132.23
2479.88
4677.13
5049.01
5229.11
3100.50
132.29
240.00
209.30
215.57
147.73
227.88
237.32
240.95
165.18
2050.42
2107.84
2162.54
2227.52
2289.88
2354.69
2421.32
2489.84
2560.30
1918.13
1903.84
1953.45
2011.95
2142.15
2126.81
2184.00
2248.89
2395.12
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2012
The standard deviation from the analysis indicated that there are little differences in the deviation. It ranges
between 44.59 in the year 2000 and 73.31 in 2007. This implies that the level of waste generated increases with
increase in population.
Waste generation is a factor of population, lifestyle and nature of consumption in a city shows that the situation
in Jalingo is the use of plastics (Polythene bag) that not biodegradable and has contributed to the heap of refuse
in the city. There is also variation in the months of June, July and August because of availability of farm produce
in excess and storage been a problem in Africa. The waste from these farm produces though biodegradable are
not managed well, which make it to litter the city. The rural lifestyle imported to city has not help matter as well.
Also the analysis of waste collected in the city within the same period (between 2000 and 2008) shows that the
mean waste collected ranges between 953.75 tonnes in 2005 and 1267.92 tonnes in 2000. This shows that as the
year roll by the level of waste collection decline due to deterioration in operational efficiency, obsolete
equipment and inadequate manpower to handle waste management in the city despite increase in the population
and level of waste generated. This operational efficiency has been the major bane of waste collection in Nigeria
as the manpower remains the same between the research periods.
Furthermore, the polarization of the process by political class had made the whole activities cumbersome. The
basic procedure of solid waste collection in Jalingo city and all major towns and cities in Taraba State is through
the Ministry of Environments. This agency faces mirage of problems in the collection of solid waste. The solid
waste in the city are not separated or sort out into different types, rather everything is dump together (both
biodegradable and non-biodegradable). This makes the process more tasking. There is no specific waste
management strategy employed in the process of collection of the waste to reduce it such as sorting out of the
waste to different categories. There is no sorting of solid waste to remove the recycle products from the non-
recyclable one. This has been a factor in making the solid waste to become a bane of the society as heap of waste
are seen in every nook and crannies of the city. The analysis of waste collected within the period is shown in
table 3.
Table 3: Regression table for solid waste collected in Jalingo
Year N Mean monthly
collected (Tons)
Std. Dev. Std.
error
Sample
Variance
Range 95% CI
Max Min
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
1267.92
1249.50
1160.92
1031.33
1163.00
953.75
1296.17
1170.75
1065.17
318.71
261.19
341.30
264.90
293.25
341.92
421.30
277.17
321.73
308.00
266.68
302.15
277.74
300.29
340.01
381.77
281.43
304.45
101576.27
68221.36
116483.90
70170.97
85949.91
116906.21
177494.33
76824.21
103573.24
966.00
749.00
987.00
770.00
833.00
868.00
1393.00
784.00
1001.00
1680.00
1561.00
1547.00
1442.00
1354.00
1484.00
2100.00
1533.00
1414.00
14.00
12.00
60.00
72.00
21.00
16.00
07.00
49.00
13.00
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2012
The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the waste generated and collected in Jalingo city between year 2000 and
6. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.9, 2013
25
2008 as shown in table 3 indicated that the F calculated value ranges between 0.006 and 1.779 are less than the F
table value (critical value) of 4.844 at 0.05 alpha levels. This implies that the null hypothesis has to be accepted
and the research hypothesis rejected thus: there is no significant differences between waste generated and waste
collected in Jalingo city over the research period. This is shown in table 3 thus:
Table 4: ANOVA Analysis
Year Sum of Square df Mean Square F Cal. F table P-value
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1117338.92
750435.00
1281322.92
771880.67
945944.00
1285968.25
1952437.67
845066.25
1138645.67
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
166724.76
39229.85
368404.78
487.09
44176.26
129904.38
494939.32
53043.36
211768.20
1.779
0.552
4.035
0.006
0.490
1.124
3.396
0.670
2.285
4.844
4.844
4.844
4.844
4.844
4.844
4.844
4.844
4.844
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2012
Considering the relationship between the wastes generated and collected between these years (2000 and 2008)
shows that the mean waste generated is 2254.98 and the mean of waste collected is 1150.94. The standard
deviations for generated and collected are thus 173.33 and 325.79 with standard error of 324.59 as shown in
table 4. The ANOVA result using simple regression analysis, it shows that the F calculated is 1.796 while the f
critical at 0.05 alpha levels is 3.890. The p-value at the alpha levels is 0.183. This implies that there is no
significant relationship between waste generation and waste collected in Jalingo between the study years as
proved in table 5.
Table 5: Regression Analysis for Solid Waste Generated and Collected in Jalingo between 2000 and 2008
Waste N Mean
monthly
collected
(Tons)
Std. Dev. Std. error Sample
Variance
Range 95% CI
Max. Min
Generated
Collected
108
108
2254.98
1150.94
173.33
325.79
324.59
324.59
30043.18
106141.21
656.46
1687.00
2560.30
2100.00
1903.84
413.00
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2012
Table 6: ANOVA Analysis
Sum of Square df Mean Square F Cal. F table P-value
Regression
Residual
Total
189172.69
1.117E7
1.136E7
1
106
107
189172.69
105357.90
1.796 3.890 0.0013
Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2012
4 Discussion:
The analysis presented above indicated that there is no significant relationship between the level of solid waste
generated and collected in Jalingo city due to several factors: there has been population growth in the city
because of its announcement as state capital in 1991 by president of Nigeria then, the population of Jalingo
before it becomes the state capital was about half of the present population (NPC, 2006). Many people have
migrated to the city after the pronouncement this has changed the waste management from simple method of
dumping of waste along streams and smaller quantity generated to a more complex situation.
Also the lifestyle has changed from ordinary to a complex one as the income of the people increases and lifestyle
also changes, this has brought the consumption of highly processed good to high level compared to consumption
of natural produce before it was made the state capital. The availability of white collar job after the creation of
the state has brought influx of people to the city with many rural populaces bringing the rural lifestyle to bear in
the city whereas the rural way of dumping of waste indiscriminately was then institutionalized. The research by
Ogwueleka (2008) proved that on the average the waste generated by individual is about 0.48kg per person per
day.
Also the solid waste management employed by people in the city does not help matter as waste are been
indiscriminately dump everywhere in the city, whether designated or not. In fact the research shows that there
7. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.9, 2013
26
are about 6 legal dump collection points and about 92 illegal dump sites as people dump their waste to any
available open space and stream channels. The authority responsible for the waste management in the state
(Taraba State Ministry of Environment) have not fared well, they have not collect the waste at the appropriate
time and poor management. The agency uses simple method of management of collection of the waste and
dumping it in the dump site. They have not treats the waste and no sorting of the waste to reduce its size.
The equipment used is obsolete and inadequate. The employment of crude technology in the management does
not help also. The available manpower in the Ministry does not have the capacity to cope with the rate of the
waste generated in the state. There are about 213 line staff for the collection of the waste which is put about
82.59 tonnes per day. The number of vehicles available also proved to be inadequate for the management of the
waste generated. There are about 4 vehicles which have the capacity of 7 tonnes per trip and can only make 2
trips per day. They are often grounded and out of service for days.
5 Conclusion
The result and analysis of solid waste generated and collected in Jalingo city implies that despite the population
increase, changing lifestyle and consumption. The methods, mode of waste collection and manpower responsible
for evacuation of waste in the city have not performed optimally since the turn of the new millennium. The
agency responsible for the management of the waste (Taraba Ministry of Environment) has been deteriorating in
discharge of their duties and the level of politics has not also help matter. There are many bottlenecks to waste
management of waste in Jalingo ranging from ineffective and inefficient management to attitude of the people in
the waste management practice in the city. There is need for implementation of Public Private Partnership in the
municipal Solid Waste handling and management in the city to provide proper collection and disposal of waste
to forestall the outbreak of epidemics which can place burden on health of people in the city.
References:
Abd’razack, N.T.A., Ludin, A.N.M and Umaru, E.T (2013): Ecological Footprint, Lifestyle and Consumption
Pattern in Nigeria. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 13(4) 425-432. ISSN
1818-6769. DOI: 10.5829/idosi/aejaes.2013.13.04.1943 www.idosi.com
Adebola, O.O. (2006): The Roles of Informal Private Sector in Integrated Solid Waste Management in the
Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Lagos, Nigeria. Paper presented at the Solid
Waste, Health and Millennium Development Goals, cwb-WASH workshop, 2006 in Kolkata, India.
Adefemi, S.O. and Awokunmi, E.E (2009): The Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal in Ado–Ekiti,
Metropolis, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Cited in http://www.academijournal.org/AJEST/PDF. Retrieved on 2nd
June
2011
Adewole, T.A. (2009): Waste Management towards Sustainable Development in Nigeria: A case study of Lagos
State. International Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Journal. 4(4). 173-179. [5]
Agunwamba, J.C., Ukpai, O.K. and Onyebueyi, I.C (1998): Solid Waste Management in Onitsha, Nigeria.
Journal of Waste Management Research. 16(1). 23-31.
Andrew, R.W. and Julie, M. (1996): Environmental Science: The Natural Environment and Human Impact. New
York, McGraw Hill international.
APO (2007): Solid Waste Management: Issues and Challenges in Asia. Report of the APO Survey on Solid
Waste Management 2004-05.Published by the Asia Productivity Organization 1-2-10 Hirakawacho Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 102-0093, Japan.
Babalola, A., Ishaku, H.T., Busu, I. and Rafee, M.M. (2010): The Practice and Challenges of Solid Waste
Management in Damaturu, Yobe state.
Bruce, J.H. (1998): Sustainable Development: The Essential Element, Waste Management 4. 32-38.
Byron, K. and Brandshaw, A.D. (1991): The Potential Value of Sewage in Land Reclamation in Alternative use
for Sludge. Hall, J.E (ed). 1-20 Medmenham: Water Research Centre.
Cunningham, W.P. and Cunningham, A. (2008): Environmental Science: A Global Concern. New York,
McGraw Hill international.
Danbuzu, S.A.L. (2011): Composition and Spatial Distribution of Solid Waste Collection Point in Urban
Katsina, Northern Nigeria. An M.sc Land Resource (Development). Research proposal submitted to the
Department of Geography. B. U. K
Eisenberg, R and Schmidt (2009): CRP 3840: Green Cities, Informal Sector Waste Management Practices in
Developing Countries.
Furedy, C. (1990): Social Aspect of Solid Waste Recovery in Asian Cities. Environmental Sanitation Review 30,
2-52.
Hammed, T. (2006): Overview of Solid Waste Management in Nigerian Communities. Cited in
8. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.9, 2013
27
http://ezinearticles.com retrieved on 6th
May 2011.
Hassan, M.N., Chong, T.L., Rahman, M. Sallah, M.N., Zakariah, Z. and Awang, M (2010): Solid Waste
Management in Southeast Asia Countries with attention to Malaysia. Department of Environmental sciences,
Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400 UPM-Serday, Selangor,
Malaysia.
Imam, A., Mohammed, B., Wilson, D.C. and Cheeseman, C.R. (2007): Solid Waste Management in Abuja
Nigeria. l28 (2).
Mabogunje, A.L. (1980): The Development Process: A Spatial Perspective (2nd
edition). London; Unwin
Harman Ltd.
Manaf, A.L., Mohammed, A.S. and Nurllyana, M.Z. (2008): Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia:
Practice and Challenges. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University
of Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia. Cited in
www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman.retrieved on 12th
January 2012.
Mukhtar, M. (2011): The Economics of Waste Scavenging in Kano State. Department of Economics. Bayero
University Kano.
Nabegu, A.B. (2010): Analyses of Municipal Solid Waste in Kano Metropolis. Nigerian.J.Hum. Ecol. 31(2).
111-119.
National Population Commission (NPC) (2009): The National Population and Housing Census of 2006. Priority
Tables. Presidency, Abuja Nigeria.
NEST (1991): Nigeria Threatened Environment: A National Profile, Environmental study/ Action team (NEST).
Ibadan, 1991.
Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (2012): National Population Census: Population Figure 2006. Presidency, Federal
Republic of Nigeria.
National Population Commission (NPC) (2012): National Population Estimate for Jalingo. NPC Publications,
Presidency Abuja Nigeria.
Nilson-Djerf, J. and McDougall, F. (2000): Social Factors in Sustainable Management. Warner Bulletin. 73. 18-
20.
Nwaka, G.I. (2005): The Urban Informal Sector in Nigeria: Towards Economic Development, Environmental
Health and Social Harmony. Global Urban Development Magazine. 1(1).
Ogwueleka, T.Ch (2009): Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Management in Nigeria. Iran. J.Environ,
Health, Sci, Eng. 6(3). 173-180.
Ojemudia, V and Ojigi M.L (2006): Spatial Distribution Mapping and Analysis of Solid Waste Disposal Sites in
Bosso Town Using Geographic Information System. Environmental Technology and Science Journal, 1(1): 86-
94.
Okewole, A. and Afon, A.O (2007): Estimating the Quality of Solid Waste Generation in Oyo State, Nigeria.
25(4), 371-379.
Okpala, D.C.I (2000): Solid Waste Management in Nigerian Cities. Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic
Research Monograph. NISER Ibadan, Nigeria
Omran, A. Mahmood, A. and Aziz, H.A. (2007): Current Practice of Waste Management in Malaysia and its
Disposal.
Petts, J. (2000): Municipal Waste Management: Inequities and the Role Deliberate, Risk Analyses, 20 (6), 821-
832.
Rachel, O.A., Komine, H., Yauhara, K. and Murakami, S (2009): Municipal Solid Waste Management in
Developed and Developing Countries: Japan and Nigeria as case studies. Solid Waste Audit Report. Federal
Capital Territory, Abuja Nigeria 2004.
Sakawi, Z (2011): Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: Solution for Sustainable Waste
Management.
Sanchez, R. M., Maldonado, J.H., and Sheldon, I. (2003). The Role of Scavengers in a Dynamic Model of Solid
Waste Disposal and Recycling in Developing Countries. Paper presented at the first Latin American and
Caribbean Congress on Environment and Resource Economics. Cartagena de India, Colombia.
Swapan, M. S. H (2008). Socio-Economic Aspect of Solid Waste Recovery and Recycling in Bangladesh: A
case study of Khulna City. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Curtin University of Technology.
Swift, M.J., Heal, O.W. and Anderson J.M. (1979). Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers. England.
Tchobanoglous, et al (1985): The Waste Crisis, Landfill, Incinerators and the Search for Sustainable Future.
Oxford: Oxford University press.
Udoessien, E.I. (1998): Pollution in Petroleum and Allied Industry, Uyo: MEF (Nig.) Ltd. 2-5.
UN Habitat. (2010): Solid Waste Management in the World Cities, Water and Sanitation in the World Cities.
9. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.9, 2013
28
United Nation Human Settlement Programme.
Wilson, D.C., Adebisi, O.A, Kaine, C and Cheeseman, C.R. (2009): Building Recycles rates through the
Informal Sector. Waste Management. 29(2).
Wright, R.T. (2004): Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future. (9th
ed). Printed in the United State
of America
10. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ The IISTE
editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a
fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the
world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from
gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available
upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar