This document summarizes a study on the challenges of solid waste management in Sakubva, a high-density suburb of Mutare, Zimbabwe. The study found several challenges: poor refuse collection due to shortages of equipment and proper receptacles; low rates of recycling; and residents resorting to unsustainable waste disposal like burning and dumping due to infrequent council collection. Rapid urbanization is exacerbating the problems. The researchers recommend the council improve collection coverage and frequency, provide more receptacles, increase recycling awareness, and involve the private sector and NGOs more in management.
Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva hig...Premier Publishers
The objectives of the study were to assess the current status on household solid waste management challenges of collection and disposal. The research employed both quantitative (in form of questionnaires) and qualitative (in form of interviews) methodologies. Field visits and observations were done on residential areas and open dumpsites. The research found that there are lots of challenges that are faced by residents and these range from collection, methods of disposal and the involvement of other key stakeholders. The results revealed that the challenges in poor refuse collection were attributed to serious shortage of refuse equipment, and shortage of proper receptacles. Recycling strategies seemed to be nonexistent as revealed by low percentages of residents who practice it. Since council does not collect waste as often as it should, residents dispose waste through the traditional and unsustainable ways such as backyard incinerator, burying, burning and illegal open dumps. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. It was recommended that councils should extend coverage to all areas, increase their refuse collection frequency, provide receptacles to residents and raise awareness campaigns on recycling and sustainable solid waste disposal. There is need for involvement by private sector and NGOs in solid waste management.
Accessibility and utilization of ICT facilities by extension agents and farme...Premier Publishers
This study principally assessed the availability, accessibility and utilization of ICT facilities by Extension Agents and Farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana. A sample size of 180 respondents consisting of ninety (90) Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs) and ninety (90) farmers were interviewed and the results analyzed. Simple random and stratified sampling techniques were used in selecting respondents. The data were analyzed using appropriate descriptive statistics. The results of the study revealed that phone and radio were the most available, accessible and commonly used ICTs by AEAs and farmers for extension service delivery in the Northern Region of Ghana. The result of the study also indicated a direct relationship between the level of education of AEAs and the use of ICTs in providing extension service to farmers. This relationship calls for the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) to put into action its existing ICT policy which includes training of AEAs in the use of ICTs. The study recommended that AEAs should be given phone card units to ensure its effective utilization.
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva hig...Premier Publishers
The objectives of the study were to assess the current status on household solid waste management challenges of collection and disposal. The research employed both quantitative (in form of questionnaires) and qualitative (in form of interviews) methodologies. Field visits and observations were done on residential areas and open dumpsites. The research found that there are lots of challenges that are faced by residents and these range from collection, methods of disposal and the involvement of other key stakeholders. The results revealed that the challenges in poor refuse collection were attributed to serious shortage of refuse equipment, and shortage of proper receptacles. Recycling strategies seemed to be nonexistent as revealed by low percentages of residents who practice it. Since council does not collect waste as often as it should, residents dispose waste through the traditional and unsustainable ways such as backyard incinerator, burying, burning and illegal open dumps. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. It was recommended that councils should extend coverage to all areas, increase their refuse collection frequency, provide receptacles to residents and raise awareness campaigns on recycling and sustainable solid waste disposal. There is need for involvement by private sector and NGOs in solid waste management.
Accessibility and utilization of ICT facilities by extension agents and farme...Premier Publishers
This study principally assessed the availability, accessibility and utilization of ICT facilities by Extension Agents and Farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana. A sample size of 180 respondents consisting of ninety (90) Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs) and ninety (90) farmers were interviewed and the results analyzed. Simple random and stratified sampling techniques were used in selecting respondents. The data were analyzed using appropriate descriptive statistics. The results of the study revealed that phone and radio were the most available, accessible and commonly used ICTs by AEAs and farmers for extension service delivery in the Northern Region of Ghana. The result of the study also indicated a direct relationship between the level of education of AEAs and the use of ICTs in providing extension service to farmers. This relationship calls for the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) to put into action its existing ICT policy which includes training of AEAs in the use of ICTs. The study recommended that AEAs should be given phone card units to ensure its effective utilization.
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
Environmental issues due to improper plastic disposal in indian citieseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Zero Waste Management for Schools: A module prepared by Prof. Liwayway Memije...Liwayway Memije-Cruz
RATIONALE: ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT
One of the more serious problems that our country and our university in particular encounter nowadays is pollution which is due to improper handling and disposal of solid wastes. This problem occurs not only in urban areas where population density is high and human activities are continuous and intense but is also felt in the regional and rural areas.
In Metro Manila, the population density is 14,440 persons per square kilometer, 63 times more than the national average. Per capita waste production daily is estimated at 0.66 kg. More than half a kilo of trash per person per day is a lot. The volume of daily wastes weights in a little over 6,000 tons. Only 85% of these wastes are collected. Uncollected wastes pile up and fester in street corners and marketplaces, vacant lots and other open (often unauthorized) dumpsites. Ubiquitous scavengers light into these waste piles to pick whatever they can salvage from the junk. These waste materials are the breeding ground of flies, mosquitoes, rats, and other manner of pests and disease-carrying organisms.
An irreducible amount of waste also finds its way into bodies of water, into ditches, storm drains, and sewer mains. This does not only contaminate and pollute our waters; come the rainy season, garbage plugs up the city’ sewerage and flood waters rise-causing untold damages to life and property. Common sense tells us that the most cost-effective way of managing waste is to do something at the source generation, that is, at home, at the office or at the institutional level.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Assessment of Solid Waste Management among Households in Kaptembwa Location i...paperpublications3
Abstract: Solid waste disposal remains one of the major challenges of urbanization in developed and developing countries. The sanitary state of an area, particularly the sub-urban areas is influenced by waste handling practices by the residents and the measures put in place for safe waste collection and disposal. The objective of this study was to assess disposal mechanisms of solid waste among households in Kaptembwa location in Nakuru West Sub-County. The research adopted social inquiry design where a structured questionnaire was administered to household heads, oral interviews and focus group discussions were also conducted. The unit of analysis was the household selected in four estates. The study population was 400 households and a sample size of 200 households. The selection of the household units for data collection was based on simple random sampling. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software (version 17) and results presented by descriptive statistics (graphs and tables). Inferential statistics was also used to show the relationships between independent and dependent variables. The findings and recommendations of this study provide information not only to the Kaptembwa residents but also residents living in low income of urban and peri-urban areas to adopt best practices in solid waste management to improve environmental quality and enhance the health status by reducing the incidence of disease outbreaks. This can be achieved by the implementation of some key research recommendations which includes use of smart shopping to avoid the excess use of polythene bags, proper sorting and storage of waste, using improvised storage receptacles such as disposable cartons and dust bins as well as engaging the Community Based Organization (CBO) dealing with waste collection, transportation and disposal.
Green waste includes grass clippings, leaves, tree limbs, Christmas trees, and organic materials. Green waste management practices protect the environment and residents from the detrimental health effects of pollution and climate change. Serious treatment of the environmental issues associated with the dumping of the green wastes is in progress worldwide. This paper provides a short introduction to the green waste disposal. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Nana K. Ampah | Sarhan M. Musa "Green Waste Disposal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21359.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/21359/green-waste-disposal/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Weekly Wetlands Sustainability Report - (June 5) NET Africa (www.netafrica.be)NET Africa
NET Africa launches the weekly wetlands sustainability report to raise awareness about the holistic value of wetlands as well as the importance of improving environmental management and auditing. Each week the wetlands sustainability report will feature different aspects of the value of wetlands across Africa, focusing on a wide range of environmental, social, cultural, economic, political and sustainable issues.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
Impact of Solid Waste Management Practices on Environmental Protection Case o...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This Solid waste management practices are essential component of environmental infrastructure in human settlements; its poor management can lead to health problem and environmental destruction in general, this study was conducted in Kicukiro district. The data were collected on the sample of 97 households and some authorities through questionnaires, and interview and were analyzed using SPSS Version 20 (statistical tools) and this helped in generating tables and performing descriptive statistics like percentages, frequency, and mean. The results obtained revealed that that in terms of waste segregation is explained excluding solid wastes from liquid wastes considering the mean of 2.73 which was interpreted as high mean. Those results influenced the grand mean to become 2.04 which is interpreted as low mean. This means that waste segregation practices is not efficiently done in households located in Kicukiro. It was revealed that transportation of wastes is characterized by the short time of loading wastes considering the mean of 2.91 which is interpreted as high mean. The findings revealed that the environmental protection in Kicukiro District is characterized by the following: little harmful materials (plastic packages) in the soils considering the mean of 3.18. This showed that there is link between solid waste management practices and environmental protection in Kicukiro District. For proper practices of waste management which is positive but only for waste transportation to have a significant relationship with environmental protection considering the correlation coefficient of 0.259 and the p-value or Sig.(2-tailed) of 0.010 which is below the p-alpha of 0.05. It is recommended that Kicukiro District has to launch a sustained, education and communication campaign informing residents on the importance of managing waste properly and its importance to their health, the environment and cleanliness of the city or use another waste reduction strategy in order to encourage recyclable production of goods to allow access to recyclable products.
Environmental Education for Sustainable Development - DENR-EMB-VIIRehne Gibb Larena
Rachelle Ybañez of DENR EMB 7 discussed the agency’s efforts for Environmental Education for Sustainable Development which is outlined in RA 9512. RA 9512, the Environmental Education and Awareness Act is intended to impose the value of conservation, protection, and the rehabilitation of natural resources to the general public. The goal is to develop sustainable communities in schools, cities, and companies and provide education to both the formal and informal sectors. An important aspect of the program is to integrate climate change in LGU’s CLUPs and other plans with the involvement of the academe and the private sector.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Environmental issues due to improper plastic disposal in indian citieseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Zero Waste Management for Schools: A module prepared by Prof. Liwayway Memije...Liwayway Memije-Cruz
RATIONALE: ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT
One of the more serious problems that our country and our university in particular encounter nowadays is pollution which is due to improper handling and disposal of solid wastes. This problem occurs not only in urban areas where population density is high and human activities are continuous and intense but is also felt in the regional and rural areas.
In Metro Manila, the population density is 14,440 persons per square kilometer, 63 times more than the national average. Per capita waste production daily is estimated at 0.66 kg. More than half a kilo of trash per person per day is a lot. The volume of daily wastes weights in a little over 6,000 tons. Only 85% of these wastes are collected. Uncollected wastes pile up and fester in street corners and marketplaces, vacant lots and other open (often unauthorized) dumpsites. Ubiquitous scavengers light into these waste piles to pick whatever they can salvage from the junk. These waste materials are the breeding ground of flies, mosquitoes, rats, and other manner of pests and disease-carrying organisms.
An irreducible amount of waste also finds its way into bodies of water, into ditches, storm drains, and sewer mains. This does not only contaminate and pollute our waters; come the rainy season, garbage plugs up the city’ sewerage and flood waters rise-causing untold damages to life and property. Common sense tells us that the most cost-effective way of managing waste is to do something at the source generation, that is, at home, at the office or at the institutional level.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Assessment of Solid Waste Management among Households in Kaptembwa Location i...paperpublications3
Abstract: Solid waste disposal remains one of the major challenges of urbanization in developed and developing countries. The sanitary state of an area, particularly the sub-urban areas is influenced by waste handling practices by the residents and the measures put in place for safe waste collection and disposal. The objective of this study was to assess disposal mechanisms of solid waste among households in Kaptembwa location in Nakuru West Sub-County. The research adopted social inquiry design where a structured questionnaire was administered to household heads, oral interviews and focus group discussions were also conducted. The unit of analysis was the household selected in four estates. The study population was 400 households and a sample size of 200 households. The selection of the household units for data collection was based on simple random sampling. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software (version 17) and results presented by descriptive statistics (graphs and tables). Inferential statistics was also used to show the relationships between independent and dependent variables. The findings and recommendations of this study provide information not only to the Kaptembwa residents but also residents living in low income of urban and peri-urban areas to adopt best practices in solid waste management to improve environmental quality and enhance the health status by reducing the incidence of disease outbreaks. This can be achieved by the implementation of some key research recommendations which includes use of smart shopping to avoid the excess use of polythene bags, proper sorting and storage of waste, using improvised storage receptacles such as disposable cartons and dust bins as well as engaging the Community Based Organization (CBO) dealing with waste collection, transportation and disposal.
Green waste includes grass clippings, leaves, tree limbs, Christmas trees, and organic materials. Green waste management practices protect the environment and residents from the detrimental health effects of pollution and climate change. Serious treatment of the environmental issues associated with the dumping of the green wastes is in progress worldwide. This paper provides a short introduction to the green waste disposal. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Nana K. Ampah | Sarhan M. Musa "Green Waste Disposal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21359.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/21359/green-waste-disposal/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Weekly Wetlands Sustainability Report - (June 5) NET Africa (www.netafrica.be)NET Africa
NET Africa launches the weekly wetlands sustainability report to raise awareness about the holistic value of wetlands as well as the importance of improving environmental management and auditing. Each week the wetlands sustainability report will feature different aspects of the value of wetlands across Africa, focusing on a wide range of environmental, social, cultural, economic, political and sustainable issues.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
Impact of Solid Waste Management Practices on Environmental Protection Case o...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This Solid waste management practices are essential component of environmental infrastructure in human settlements; its poor management can lead to health problem and environmental destruction in general, this study was conducted in Kicukiro district. The data were collected on the sample of 97 households and some authorities through questionnaires, and interview and were analyzed using SPSS Version 20 (statistical tools) and this helped in generating tables and performing descriptive statistics like percentages, frequency, and mean. The results obtained revealed that that in terms of waste segregation is explained excluding solid wastes from liquid wastes considering the mean of 2.73 which was interpreted as high mean. Those results influenced the grand mean to become 2.04 which is interpreted as low mean. This means that waste segregation practices is not efficiently done in households located in Kicukiro. It was revealed that transportation of wastes is characterized by the short time of loading wastes considering the mean of 2.91 which is interpreted as high mean. The findings revealed that the environmental protection in Kicukiro District is characterized by the following: little harmful materials (plastic packages) in the soils considering the mean of 3.18. This showed that there is link between solid waste management practices and environmental protection in Kicukiro District. For proper practices of waste management which is positive but only for waste transportation to have a significant relationship with environmental protection considering the correlation coefficient of 0.259 and the p-value or Sig.(2-tailed) of 0.010 which is below the p-alpha of 0.05. It is recommended that Kicukiro District has to launch a sustained, education and communication campaign informing residents on the importance of managing waste properly and its importance to their health, the environment and cleanliness of the city or use another waste reduction strategy in order to encourage recyclable production of goods to allow access to recyclable products.
Environmental Education for Sustainable Development - DENR-EMB-VIIRehne Gibb Larena
Rachelle Ybañez of DENR EMB 7 discussed the agency’s efforts for Environmental Education for Sustainable Development which is outlined in RA 9512. RA 9512, the Environmental Education and Awareness Act is intended to impose the value of conservation, protection, and the rehabilitation of natural resources to the general public. The goal is to develop sustainable communities in schools, cities, and companies and provide education to both the formal and informal sectors. An important aspect of the program is to integrate climate change in LGU’s CLUPs and other plans with the involvement of the academe and the private sector.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Poor solid waste management practices can affect the environment and people’s health in a number of ways. Therefore, limiting these negative consequences may be achieved by establishing effective solid waste management systems. The primary objective of the study was to identify the mechanisms behind solid waste management practices in Monrovia, Liberia. Information was acquired from 400 (female: 294; male: 106) participants from four important districts of the city using a questionnaire. A simple random sampling approach was used to collect data. The results showed that leftover food accounted for 47.79% of the solid waste generated, with plastic (28.25%), paper (18.2%), metal (1.51%), and miscellaneous materials (4.16%) respectively. On average, each person created 0.3 kg of solid waste daily. 384 respondents or 96% of those surveyed, confessed to never having separated recyclables from garbage. 384 of the collection, or 89%, are done by children.
Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
Mulugeta Bantigegn, Achenef Motbainor and Teferi Mekonnon,“Onsite Proper Solid Waste Handling Practices and Associated Factors Among Condominium Residents in Debre-Markos Town, East Gojjam Zone, North West Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), Volume 01, Issue 06, pp. 01-11, 2020. https://uijrt.com/articles/v1i6/UIJRTV1I60001.pdf
Solid Waste Disposal Attitude in Sango Ota, Ogun State: Implication for Susta...Premier Publishers
Solid waste disposal attitude is multidimensional and a complex issue that is prominent in urban areas. It is a global phenomenon confronting both developed and developing countries Sango Ota in Ogun State Nigeria has become an industrial region that attracts other activities and increases in population responsible for high volume of solid waste generation. In this paper, the current disposal means, waste collection method, resident attitude role of government in recent time will be achieved through the use of a questionnaire. Congestion, environmental pollution and health hazard was found to be the significant consequence of improper solid waste disposal with high Wald value and sig. value<0.05 level of significance. Majority of the respondents who chose burning, roadside dumping and flood/canal dumping were of the opinion that payment for either government/private waste collection in their area is expensive (51.1%) compared to other means of disposal. The implication of the findings for waste disposal attitude in achieving sustainable city development in Nigeria tackling solid waste problem in urban cities through public awareness, attitudinal change in achieving waste reduction, provision of collection point within neighbourhood and provision of accessibility to each dwelling with adequate drainage system.
This study investigates the municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Vang Vieng district, Vientiane province, Lao PDR toward circular economy. The research focus was placed on (i) current status, (ii) opportunities and challenges, and (iii) solutions to realize circular economy (CE) in MSW management. Different methods were employed, including literature review, semi-interviews, sampling, SWOT, and TOWS matrix. It was found that 43.33 tons/day of MSW is generated in Vang Vieng. Of which, the MSW amounts derived from the urban, rural, and public areas account for 50.11 %, 35.52 %, and 14.37 %, respectively. The MSW collection and recycling rates are 34.62 % and 11.54 %, correspondingly. Open dumping at a landfill is the main pathway for MSW disposal in Vang Vieng. The limitations to be addressed include (1) lack of proper awareness of solid waste management, (2) insufficiency in collection service, recycling facilities, and disposal technologies, and (3) unpopularity of the CE in the district. Contrarily, there are opportunities for applying CE in MSW management, namely (1) Vang Vieng has a specific governmental organization in charge of MSW management to keep the city clean and tidy, (2) the private sector plays an increasingly active role in MSW management, and (3) local people start to use cloth bags and glassware to minimize the MSW quantity. Finally, key solutions are proposed including (i) enhancement of the MSW separation, recycling, and transportation, (ii) promotion of the community based MSW management, and (iii) promulgation and enforcement of the MSW recycling incentive policies.
Survey of Household Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization in Malaysia...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Effective solid waste management (SWM) is very crucial in every nation as it determines the sustainability of the environment and ensures the health of the society. This study examines households' awareness on household solid waste management and their opinion on the services provided by a solid waste management concessionaire in one of the regions in Malaysia. A survey on 398 respondents among households finds that the awareness on the privatization of SWM is acceptable and a majority of them are ignorant about the frequency of waste collection. However, the respondents' knowledge on waste and their understanding on the health consequences of waste are relatively good. The main problem expressed by respondents with respect to waste disposal is that collection schedules are not adhered to by the collectors. Disorderly disposal of rubbish is also perceived to be a problem, and a majority of the respondents believe that lack of awareness, knowledge and enforcement are the major causes of the problem. As far as waste minimization is concerned, respondents feel that the facilities and services provided are not adequate. Other than using the waste collection service, the households rarely practice other means of waste minimization such as to reuse, recycle, and compost. The role of regulators and concessionaires in educating the community so that the latter can play their role effectively is very crucial.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HOUSEHOLDS: A case of Sekondi-Takoradi, GhanaPremier Publishers
Population and waste generation is increasing exponentially in the city of Sekondi-Takoradi. The city is growing at a rate of 3.2%. A recent oil industry, booming economic activities and rural-urban drift has increased demand for housing and waste infrastructure. The resulting waste from households outstrips waste bins and collection trucks. Wastes overflows at various collection points within the metropolis. The type of waste disposed indicates that residents now consuming various sorts of packaged food items compared to the previous habits of cooking raw vegetables. The complexity of waste is becoming difficult for the existing systems to accommodate. It is seen that households rely heavily on communal collection bins to dispose their waste. More than 36% of all collection is done with communal bins, which is less efficient compared to kerbside systems. The waste is usually abrasive, with a lot of sand, silt and gravel which wears sliding parts of compaction vehicles and machines. This discourages investors from deploying kerbside compaction trucks for waste collection. The results of this research highlights several instances of uncollected waste, overflowing of bins and unsightly conditions which are threats to public health of the people of the metropolis.
Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfou...ijtsrd
Increasingly, sustainable waste management has emerged as a major concern both in terms of environmental protection and sustainable management of urban spaces. Over the years, it has been observed that, the volume of waste generated in urban spaces in Cameroon far exceeds the capacity of local councils to manage. Mfoundi council, like the majority councils in Cameroon, has outsourced the collection and disposal of solid waste to the private waste collection company. However, decline in waste collection rates, rising cost associated with solid waste retrieval and disposal continue to exacerbate the challenge local councils experience with regards to urban waste disposal and management. From the foregoing, this study seeks to critically examine the sustainability of the policy, and practices of Municipal Solid Waste Management MSWM systems adopted in the Mfoundi Division. This study adopted a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative approaches using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussion as main instruments of data collection. The non probability purposive sampling was used due to time and cost constraints The findings of this study revealed that, the council waste management approach does not meet the demands of the population. Poor collection and transportation facilities, insufficient waste collection frequency, low levels of household awareness of good solid waste management practices lack of awareness on waste reuse and recycling are some of the major challenges identified by the study. Thus, people have been left with little or no choice but to dump waste in open spaces, water bodies, drainage channels, deposit along roadsides and streets. The study recommends the following, adopting a community participative approach for efficient waste management, introduction of a waste reuse recycling and reduction plan, intensive sensitization to educate the population on proper waste management practices waste separation via mass campaigns, finally the state should compel brewery and water companies to put in place an avenue to collect the plastic bottles sold to the population. Fofack Abanda Blondelle "Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfoundi Division, Yaounde Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38451.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/38451/local-governance-and-sustainability-in-municipal-waste-management-in-the-mfoundi-division-yaounde-cameroon/fofack-abanda-blondelle
Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awa...ijtsrd
This study set out to examine challenges faced by the media in their attempt to play their roles in public awareness on waste management in Buea and Douala in the Southwest and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. The study was supported by the Agenda Setting Theory 1972 by McCombs and Shaw, Knowledge Gap Theory 1970 by Philip Tichenor, George Donohue and Claire Olien, and the Transtheoretical Model also called the Stages of Change Model developed by Prochaska and Diclemente, 1970 . It employed a concurrent nested mixed method combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in a survey design. The estimated sample size comprised of 415 community members involved in the study conveniently. As for other stakeholders, notably, Community Leaders, Media Houses, Waste Disposal Companies and Municipal Councils, they were sampled purposively and conveniently. The study was stratified between French and English speaking Cameroon. Data were collected using a semi structured questionnaire and analyzed based on frequency, proportions and the process of thematic analysis. The qualitative approach was substantiated by the positivism paradigm considering qualitative interpretation as the dominant theoretical perspective. The main challenge was poor or no audience, that is people not interested in news related to waste management, environment, hygiene and sanitation and inadequate coverage. They suggested as response measures adequate sensitization and education of the communities on waste management more attractive slots and time, programmes or mechanisms to gain the attention of people. It was recommended that social media, community radio and television should be further used to create awareness on issues concerning waste disposal and management, and helping media to be adequately equipped. Agbor Vivan Ada | Mpoche Kizitus Nformi | Atenga Thomas Ireneé | Nana Célestin "Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awareness on Waste Management in Buea and Douala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63429.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/63429/challenges-faced-by-the-media-in-an-attempt-to-play-their-roles-in-public-awareness-on-waste-management-in-buea-and-douala/agbor-vivan-ada
Assessment of Existing Solid Waste management Practices and Challenges: The C...mowlid hassan hirsi
Solid waste is one of the most common challenges faced by many different countries. However, developing countries are suffering more than the developed countries when it comes to managing solid waste management. Jig-jiga City, like other cities in developing countries, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The study concerns about the Assessment of the current solid waste management and practices and challenges. The survey was conducted in 03 from commercial areas and 06 from residential area with total sample size of 298 households. Different sampling methods were employed to select the study units including: stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. Though the bulk of the data collected were qualitative in nature, it was also supported by quantitative information collected through survey and secondary sources. The study discovered that there is low performance of SWM in the city mainly due to: lack of properly designed collection system and time schedule, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, open burning of refuse, poor condition of the final dumpsite and less awareness creation among community which encouraged illegal dumping are the technical problem identified. Insufficient budget and funds as well as lack of promotion on waste reduction, recycling, absence of waste recovery, practice of energy option, waste separation and composting are among the management challenges facing the city. Social problems encountered include: lack of public awareness, unwillingness to pay, ill dumping manner (often around residence and any open spaces) and improper outlook for waste workers. Incompetence of organizations in terms of equipment required for operation and man power /staff qualifications, training and human resource developments and unreliable service are the institutional challenge that the city encountered in the sector. Finally, the study forwarded some important recommendations towards improving the waste management practice.
1. What are the current challenges of waste management in our towns/municipals/cities today?
2. What are the possible measures that can be put forward to overcome the above challenges?
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
Characterization and quantization of solid waste in ganga villages of haridwarIJARIIT
One of the most emerging challenges of the modern world of rapid urbanization is management and disposal of solid
waste. Solid waste is generated from each and every household of the society so it is one of the most important aspects to
consider for the management and disposal factors of generated waste. About 47% of world’s population (3.31 billion) and
68.84% (0.83308 billion) of India’s population resides in rural areas. The results showed that average daily per capita of
household waste and cattle waste generation is 0.18, 18 kg/cap-day respectively. The main portion of household solid waste is
organic and bio-degradable which is around 75% and remaining fraction comprise of paper, polythene, plastics, textiles,
rubber, glass, metal and inert are 6.62, 2.45, 0.89, 2.57, 0.32, 0.42, 0.41 and 5.26 in percentage respectively. The bulk density of
household and cattle waste is 310.33 kg/m3, 805.076 kg/m3 respectively. The physical composition of household waste is
moisture content, ash content, organic content is 83%, 31%, and 69% respectively and chemical characteristics (food and
organic fraction) of the generated waste including the amount of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus is 1.74, 0.34, and 0.7 %
respectively. Heavy metals in the waste were found to be in a very trace amount, so no further treatment is required.
As the above results show that the bigger part of the solid waste generated in studied areas is organic and bio-degradable
and most suitable techniques for this type of waste are composting and bio-methanation. For further treatment, this waste can
be composted and used as fertilizer in agricultural fields and another way to deal with this waste is installation of bio-gas plant
in which methane can be produced and the remaining slurry can be converted in to nutrient rich compost for agricultural
purpose to minimize the chemical fertilizer application especially in the agricultural field nearby the river. Finally, 100% of
the solid waste has been utilized and its useful by-products are bio-gas and fertilizer generation, creating a win-win situation.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
Mutetwa et al. 143
In most countries the population is increasing hence
causing many people to migrate to urban areas. Most
urban areas especially in the sub-Saharan Africa, half of
the solid waste generated is not collected. Waste in
developing countries is rarely recycled but thrown in
dump sites. This has posed serious health and
environmental impacts. In low income countries, the
situation is worse. Many cities and towns in developing
countries are not adequately meeting their refuse
collection obligations due to financial constraints (Mohee
and Simelane, 2015; Senkoro, 2003). There is an
observation that residents have resorted to illegal
dumping of some solid waste in open spaces (Tevera et
al., 2002). Researchers have carried out many
researches to answer the question why there are
variations of solid waste generation from place to place in
quality of waste generated and quantity. Manyanhaire
and Sango (2009) discovered that in Zambia, Chirundu
and Marondera in Zimbabwe 15.62% to 72% of waste
generated was vegetative components. In Zimbabwe’s
cities and towns, solid waste management has reached
crisis levels as there is now mismatch between planning
and policy implementations and this is worsened by some
financial problems experienced (Matowu and Tevera,
2002). It is estimated that each person produces over 1-
1.5 kg of garbage a day and this accumulation of waste
can lead to severe environmental degradation (Camille,
et al, 2012).
There are several key issues in developing countries on
solid waste. Policies are required for long term planning
which is realistic. Policies usually are made because of
the arousal of solid waste problems. In developing
countries there are limited resources in waste collection
and inadequate storage facilities. No proper solid waste
disposal facilities are available in developing countries
(Government of Zimbabwe, 2007;Mangizvo,
2010;Muchandiona, 2013). The use of technology has
been of much help in developing countries on waste
disposal but inappropriate technological facilities are
being used as well as the equipment. Developing
countries do lack enough funds and end up using the
equipment which will not be suitable for a certain task.
Scavenging process is also a key issue in developing
people are found searching through refuse for useful
material. This process allows waste to stay in
environments as this result in improper waste disposal.
There is also knowledge which is insufficient on basic
principles of waste management.
In most urban cities of Zimbabwe the issue of solid waste
management including refuse collection and disposal has
been a controversial issue in the environment. Litter has
become a common site along highways and in many
urban and peri-urban communities in Zimbabwe. Waste
management has collapsed, and this has triggered
chaotic and rampant waste dumping, putting the health of
residents at great risk (Makwara and Magudu, 2013).
Zimbabwe’s most solid waste generators often dispose
uncollected waste at illegal dumping sites. In less
economically developed countries most households do
not recycle waste but simply find their way to the
dumpsite (Akkucuk, 2015). Sakubva in Mutare amongst
other Zimbabwean cities has had disease outbreaks as a
result of improper refuse management.
The objectives of the study are to investigate the
challenges of solid waste management by assessing the
frequency of solid waste collection in Sakubva. It also
looks at the systems which are being used by residents in
solid waste disposal. The study is going to establish the
challenges on solid waste management being faced by
Sakubva residential suburb which hinders sustainable
development of the environment. For the concept of
sustainable development to be understood, discussions
concentrating on environmental impacts of solid waste
should be raised in academic circles. This study allows
the residents to give their own views on the management
of waste within their environment to attain sustainable
development and healthy environments. Through this
research, there is a high chance of influencing the
residents in terms of understanding that they have a
significant role when it comes to solid waste
management. Residents will also be able to understand
that they have a huge responsibility when it comes to
solid waste disposal in the environment. They will
understand that it is not only the city council and
municipality’s responsibility in solid waste disposal. The
information will be used by city fathers at large in policy
formulation on maintaining environmental sustainability
for a safe environment. This research brings out the
necessity of participation in the management of solid
waste in many cities as it incorporates all stakeholders in
the management of solid waste. These stakeholders
include the Mutare city council, NGOs, Environmental
Management Agency (EMA), ZINWA and other
responsible organizations in solid waste management.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Site Description and Experimental Design
The research was conducted in Mutare District in
Manicaland, located South-Eastern of Zimbabwe. Mutare
is the third largest city in the country. It is also the capital
of the Manicaland Province. It is the border city between
Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The city has a tropical
location but it has a temperate climate due to being
located in a mountainous area. The study area has a
variable climate from wet to semi-arid. The mean annual
temperature of the area is 19⁰C and the mean annual
rainfall is 818mm.
3. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 144
Figure 1. Map of Zimbabwe showing Districts of Manicaland Province and Mutare (Source, Google Maps
accessed March 6, 2016)
Table 1. Summary of sampling procedure
Section of
Suburb
Number of
houses
Sample size (%) Sample size Sample
interval
Chineta 188 5 9 21
Mawonde 426 5 21 20
Mazhambe 200 5 10 19
Muchena 400 5 20 20
Total 1294 20 60 80
N=60
There are more than 20 suburbs in Mutare having low,
medium and high density suburbs. Sakubva is the oldest
high density suburb in Mutare and it is characterized by
high population growth and overcrowding. It was
established in 1934 and it has a population density of
nearly 209 people per square kilometer (Sigauke, 2007).
The research design was based on the description of the
challenges of solid waste management in Sakubva high
density suburb of Mutare. This method was also used to
evaluate the disposal systems of solid waste, residents’
perceptions on current solid waste management by
Mutare city and the frequency of solid waste collection in
Sakubva.
The stratified sampling method was used in the research.
The 39 sections in Sakubva with a total housing stock of
5 327. were taken as stratas. Four stratas were selected
using convenience sampling determined by high rates of
illegal waste dumping, high population density and the
number of houses. The areas selected were Chineta,
Mawonde, Mazhambe, and Muchena. Deliberate
sampling or convenience sampling method was very
useful. The research used a sample size of 5% of the
number of houses in the section were the investigation
was conducted. Systematic sampling was then used to
determine the households to issue copies of a
questionnaire. Sampling interval (SI) was obtained by
dividing the population (P) by the sample size (n) (SI=
P/n). Every nth household unit from the sampling frame
was selected. Table 1 above summarizes the sampling
procedure.
The units of measurement were residents, vendors and
the Mutare city council. Two structured questionnaires
were developed and elicited responses from interviewees
provided the data required in the study.
Two types of questionnaires were constructed by the
researcher for the different groups including the residents
and the city council. The questionnaires collected data
through face to face interviews with residents of the
Mutare two suburbs and the city fathers. The
questionnaires were written in English and during
administering them on respondents, translation to Shona
was done when and where necessary.
4. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
Mutetwa et al. 145
Figure 2: Gender distribution of the respondents
Table 2: Age groups of respondents.
Measure of Central Tendency Age group (years)
Mean 25-34
Mode 25-34
Minimum <15
Maximum 50-64
Data Types and Data Sources
In this research study, both qualitative and quantitative
data collection methods were implemented. Quantitative
data was gathered through the use of close ended
questionnaires and the qualitative data through open
ended questions. Open ended questions allowed the
perceptions of residents on the current solid waste
management by Mutare city.
The study used both primary and secondary data.
Primary data was obtained from the use of
questionnaires which were administered to various
residents of Sakubva high density. It was also obtained
from the city council responsible with the collection of
solid waste in Mutare urban. Observations were also
used on some of the solid waste disposal systems used
by the residents of Sakubva suburb. The information
collected includes the systems used by residents in
disposing waste as well as what they think and suggest in
terms of solid waste management of the suburb. The city
council provided information on the frequency of waste
collection in the suburb including the equipment they use
in the collection of solid waste in the suburb.
Sources of secondary data used were published
textbooks and journals on solid waste collection and
disposal. This information on solid waste management
was collected from the use of the internet, the city council
and the library.
Data Analysis and Presentation
In this research the Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) was used for data entry and analysis.
Data presentation analysis consists of examining,
categorizing, tabulating or otherwise re-combining the
evidence, to address the initial propositions of a study.
Quantitative data was presented using descriptive
statistics like percentages, means, tabulation, and
frequency distribution. Graphs, tables and photographs
will be used to present the outputs.
RESULTS
Data Obtained From Residents
Demographic and Socio-economic characteristics of
respondents
Gender distribution: Figure 2 shows the gender
distribution of the sample respondents in percentages of
the sample population of Sakubva residents. This
categorical variable is important in explaining decision
making patterns in waste disposal at household level.
Gender is a significant part of the study since most of the
household chores are done by ladies and they are the
ones who generate much of the waste. Of the 60
respondents, 53.3% were male and 46.7% were female.
Age group of respondents: The age frequency
distribution of the respondents from the sample
population is shown in Table 2. The age of the
respondents ranged from <15years to 64years. Most of
the participants (36.7%) were in the age group 25-
34years followed by 16-24years age group (23.3%).
53.3%
46.7%
Male Female
5. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 146
Table 3. Demographic and Socio-economic characteristics of respondents.
Variable Category Frequency(n=60) Percentage (%)
Marital status Never married
Married
27
33
45.00
55.00
Education
qualification
Below Grade7/Standard 6
Grade 7/Standard 6
O-Level
A-Level
Tertiary Certificate/Diploma
University degree
3
8
24
13
6
6
5.00
13.33
40.00
21.67
10.00
10.00
Employment
status
Employed formally
Self-employed informally
Unemployed but looking for work
Student
19
17
15
9
31.67
28.33
25.00
15.00
Tenure status Owner/Purchaser
Tenant
Lodger
Tied accommodation
19
16
16
9
31.67
26.67
26.67
15.00
Figure 3. Response of residents on frequency of waste collection
Marital status: Table 4 shows the marital status
distribution of sample respondents in percentages of the
sample population of Sakubva residents. The sample
constituted respondents who were never married
(45.0%), married (55.0%).
Education qualification: The majority of the
respondents (40.0%) went through the formal education
up to O-Level while 21.67% attained A-Level certificate. A
13.33% of the respondents attained Grade7 or Standard
5/6 while 10.00% attained a tertiary certificate/dilploma
the same as those with University degrees (Table 3).
Employment status: Data pertaining to employment
status of the respondents is show in Table 3. The
employment status is important since it affects income
and the ability to pay extra for the waste disposal when
council fails. Most of the respondents are formally
employed (31.67%) while the least percentage (15.00%)
of the respondents are students. A total of 28.33% of the
respondents were self-employed informally while the
remainder proportion of the respondents (25.00%) was
unemployed but looking for work.
Accommodation status: Data pertaining to
accommodation status revealed that most of the
respondents (31.67%) own or have purchased the house
they stay in, 26.67% are lodgers same as tenants while
remainder (15.00%) use tied accommodation (Table 4).
Solid waste collection by Council
Frequency of waste collection: Data pertaining to
council’s schedule on solid waste collection is shown in
Figure 3. Most of the respondents (35.0%) reported that
waste collection is irregular while those who reported no
collection of waste were 21.7%. The proportion of the
sample population who reported that waste collection
was only 8.3%.
23.3%
11.7%
35.0%
21.7%
8.3%
Once a week
Twice a week
Irregularly
Not collected
Everyday
6. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
Mutetwa et al. 147
Figure 4: Type of solid waste generated at household level
Table 4. Methods used in solid waste disposal.
Method Frequency
(n=60)
Percentages
(%)
Open dumping
Burying
Composting
Burning
Illegal dumping
Collection by Council
30
27
29
36
29
34
50.0
45.0
48.3
60.0
48.3
56.7
Type of waste and Systems used by residents in solid
waste disposal
The assessment did not attempt to quantify the amount of
waste generated by each household but rather sought to
find out the type of waste generated per household
(Figure 4). This study revealed that all of the households
surveyed generate plastic and food wastes. Of the 60
households surveyed those who produce
paper/cardboard waste constitutes 47.0% while those
who generate glass wastes are 28.0%. Other waste
generated is shown in Figure 4.
Almost every household produce plastic waste probably
because to a larger extent packaging of goods from
shops, supermarkets and even butcheries predominately
use plastic. From bread to margarine, meats, beverages,
mealie meal etc plastic packages eventually ends up in
trash cans at household level. On the other hand, every
household cook some food and waste is generated in
form of leftovers of too much food prepared. Waste is
also generated from uncookable and/or unpreferred parts
of the food being prepared which have to be cutoff and
disposed during preparing a meal. Perishable food which
is not cooked in time also contributes this waste. Like
plastic, paper is used in packages as a result after
serving its purpose at the house it become waste. As for
the other waste generated, the different activities that
happen at the houses determine the type of waste being
produced. At some households there are welding or
carpentry activities which take place thus translating to
metals and wood waste produced respectively. A lot of
construction has resulted in builder’s rubble generation
alongside with some electrical cables. Some of the
electricals are coming from broken down household
appliances such as stoves, geysers, DVD players, radios
and electric irons, which are thrown away.
Methods used in solid waste disposal by Sakubva
residents are shown in Table 4. Burying is the least
practised method (see, Plate1). Of the 60 sample
residents only 45.0% dispose their waste by digging pits
either in their yard or on open spaces and bury
household waste.
Other commonly practised method of disposal of waste at
household level in Sabvuka is through illegal dumping of
waste and 48.3% of the residents use this method (see,
Plate 1). Thirty-four out of the 60 (56.7%) households
surveyed effectively dispose waste generated at their
houses through the council when it comes to collect solid
waste from the residents. However, investigation
100%
28%
47%
25%
100%
5%
10%
3% 2%
13%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
7. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 148
Source, Photo by Author, 2016)
Plate 1. Open dump
Source, Photo by Author, 2016
Plate 2. Vegetable garden fertilized by compost manure
revealed that the most frequently practised method of
waste disposal by Sakubva residents is burning of waste.
Although these methods are the least desired, the
residents attributed the use of these methods to the delay
by council to collect waste and/or non-collection at all.
Residents who are using improper receptacles are
illegally dumping their solid waste as their receptacles fill
up before the one week period. Placestargeted mostly by
illegal dumpers include vacant land, open spaces,
unfenced housing stands awaiting development, storm
water drains, market places, intersections of busy streets,
road verges and areas of high waste generation with
inadequate or no waste containers like informal
settlements that sustain high population densities. These
illegal open dumping often occurs mostly, but not
exclusively, at night as a way of reducing chances of
apprehension by municipal police officers. Respondents
however, suggested that local authorities should earmark
certain areas within the communities as legal sites for
solid waste collection for waste to be picked up by local
authorities. These could be properly managed by
providing for waste separation, fencing the area, and
regularly disinfecting waste to reduce disease. This could
reduce the costs of door to door collection of refuse and
organize waste recovery and recycling in a safer manner.
Composting is a marginally used method of waste
disposal by residents. Only 48.3% of the residents
compost some of their waste. In theory composting could
reduce environmental pollution and provide fertilizers
which can be used in lawns and backyard vegetable
gardens (see, Plate 2). This compost fertilizer also could
help improve agricultural production and improve soil
structure which means it offers a longer term advantage
over other non-compost mineral-based fertilizers. In
practice, composting is not a widely employed
technology. In spite of such initiatives, the quantity
8. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
Mutetwa et al. 149
Figure 5. Distribution of respondents regarding waste recycling
Table 5. Benefits from recycling solid waste.
Benefit Frequency (n=21) Percentage (%)
Monetary
Reduced waste
Aesthetic (beauty appearance)
No benefit
4
21
14
5
19.0
100.0
66.7
23.8
currently being disposed of through composting is
negligible owing to lack of markets for compost in the
suburb. This is also attributed to the fact that urban
agriculture is not vigorously pursued in the town and
volumes of compostable waste generated at household
level is low.
Usually solid waste segregation enables easier recovery
of waste at source and promotes recycling as the waste
is already sorted out and volume reduced. Segregation is
also vital in the management of hazardous waste from
households, for instance disposal of batteries. only 36.7%
of the residents separate waste at household level. This
is normally done to recover some of the waste in form of
plastic bags and plastic containers for reuse. Some of the
respondents indicated that they separate household
waste to facilitate for composting as well. Low levels of
waste segregation were generally reported by
households and cited various barriers to segregation of
waste. Residents reported that waste segregation makes
a mess around the house, takes too much room, takes
much time and is too inconvenient among other reasons
as well. Most of these barriers seem related to the
inconvenience of doing this, indicating that encouraging
this practice would need some incentives, to create
awareness of the benefits of waste segregation, facilitate
the practice, such as with receptacles and collection, and
support its implementation through promotion by public
health inspectors.
Although being the most promising method for
conservation of natural resources only 48.3% of the
residents recycle waste generated in their houses (Figure
5). The materials recycled largely comprise both paper
and plastic bags and containers, and soap. On the other
hand, because the recycling industry is still in its infancy
compared to the manufacturing, the compensation for
recyclable materials fluctuates a lot making it a less
attractive venture for these residents.
When the residents were asked further about the benefits
they derive from recycling, their responses as follows
(Table 6).
Perceptions on Solid waste Collection and disposal
The waste management system of Sakubva suburb of
Mutare involves generation, storage, collection and
disposal. The residents reported a high level of
dissatisfaction with the council when it comes to solid
waste collection and disposal. More than 85.0% of the
respondents have reported a poor to very poor
performance by the council in this regard (Figure 7).
Households reported that they do not get support for
accessing bins and have to buy these themselves.
TARSC, (2010) also reported similar findings for Mutare
residents in a study they conducted. One in eight
households had access to bins as these are usually
65.0%
48.3%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
No (n=39) Yes (n=21)
9. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 150
Figure 6. Residents’ responses on quality of solid waste disposal by council
Figure 7. Residents’ responses on quality of solid waste disposal by civic organizations and NGOs
obtained when the civic organizations and NGOs do their
clean-up campaigns in the area while a very small
proportion indicated they get bins elsewhere (Figure 8).
Slightly above 30.0% of the households rated satisfactory
to excellent the quality of solid waste disposal done by
civic organizations and NGOs. The significance of the
private sector was poorly rated as most of the residents
reported that they have not seen any private players
(more than 65.0% - Don’t know) in solid waste disposal in
their area (Figure 9). This could be a reflection of the
council not being proactive in looking for partners to
collaborate with in solid waste management or the
partners are just not interested in waste disposal.
Majority of the respondents use black plastic paper bins
and hard plastic bins for waste collection at household
level (see, Plate 3). However, the council does not
provide these receptacles to the residents. Some of the
receptacles used include sacks, cardboard boxes,
mealie-meal plastics and metal tins. In an earlier study by
Muchandiona, (2013) he found that the coverage of
receptacles for all cities was above 50.0%. Receptacles
are important for successful recycling programs because
they enable separation and sorting of different types of
waste. However, the available receptacles were not even
enough for storing unsorted waste and different types of
solid waste
Zimbabwe does not have an overall waste act that
provides the essential legal basis for a consolidated
waste management strategy in the country. However,
there is a comprehensive legal framework that guides
waste management in both urban and rural areas. A
number of Acts of Parliament and regulations deal
directly and indirectly with environmental pollution in
0.0
0.0
13.3
56.7
26.7
3.3
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Excellent
Good
Satifactory
Poor
VeryPoor
Don’t Know
% of total househlds (n=60)
6.7
26.7
20.0
21.7
10.0
15.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Excellent
Good
Satifactory
Poor
VeryPoor
Don’t Know
% of total househlds (n=60)
10. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
Mutetwa et al. 151
(Source, Photo by Author, 2016)
Plate 3. Waste receptacles
Figure 5. Distribution of respondents on knowledge of
legislation
general and waste management in particular. A number
of ministries are involved in the administration of the Acts,
but the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
takes overall responsibility and accountability. In addition
to the Acts of Parliament and policies on waste
management most local authorities have by-laws which
they employ to effectively regulate activities in the areas
under their jurisdiction.
Data obtained by the researcher revealed that out of the
60 respondents 83.3% of the respondents were not
aware of the regulations that governs solid waste
disposal (Figure 5). However, all the respondents who
are aware of the regulatory legislation to do with solid
waste disposal none of them gave mention of any act
suggesting that they only head of the existence of these
regulations but do not know what it says.
Efficiency Levels Of Council’s Solid Waste
Management
Solid waste collection and disposal system
The frequency and regularity of waste collection vary
greatly in the town of Mutare. The refuse collection
schedule shows that solid waste is collected daily in
Sakubva. However, the senior hygiene officer reported
that some of the schedules are not being met as the
council is suffering from a lot challenges. Where no
benefit from any formal waste collection service reaches
the residents the communities experience high levels of
illegal dumping and land pollution from the use of
unsustainable practices as a way of disposing waste.
These findings also concur with Masocha (2004) who
reported that residents resort to illegal dumping and to
16.7%
83.3%
Aware of legislation Not aware of legislation
11. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 152
Table 6. Refuse equipment for solid waste management.
Equipment Functional No-functional Ideal
Refuse compactor
Front-end-loader
Tractor and trailer
Dozer
Landfill compactor
Skip bins
Skip trucks
Weighbridge
Incinerator
Tipper trucks
1
1
1
1
0
10
0
0
1
1
2
1
-
1
0
20
0
0
0
3
3
1
2
1
1
30
2
1
1
5
Table 7. Household to Staff ratio and staff break down proportions for urban councils
(Source, Muchandiona, 2013)
burning of refuse when the council failed to collect refuse.
Burning is not allowed as it causes further environmental
pollution. The report by the senior hygiene officer is in
agreement with Bartone, (2000) who argued that to
improve solid waste management, there is need to
enforce laws against illegal dumping and use the crude
dumping system to dispose of their solid waste. This is
whereby waste is tipped into a dump, which has very little
on-site management. Open waste dumps are prime
breeding sites for houseflies, rodents, mosquitoes, and
other vectors of communicable diseases, such as fever,
dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera and malaria (Musademba
et al., 2011). Illegal dumping is a criminal offence which
can attract a fine from the Environmental Management
Authority but residents dump their refuse at night. This
has forced residents to use cardboard boxes and mealie-
meal plastics which quickly filled up and overspill
resulting in illegal burning and open space dumping. The
use of plastic papers for bins has proved to be ineffective
in solid waste management. Although they are cheap and
easily available to the residents and light to lift up, they
are not strong to hold waste or scrap metal and bottle
12. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
Mutetwa et al. 153
hence tear off easily. Plastic container/bins are the best
option for household solid waste because of their
durability.
The municipal crew when they collect the waste from
residents they take it to the landfill. The estimated
quantity of waste collected per day is 30truckloads of
5.88 tonnes waste. Thus on average the crew collects
1.500 tonnes of waste per month according the hygiene
officer. At the landfill bulldozers and front-end loaders are
used to manage the waste by spreading it. Since not all
waste is collected from the residents when it should, the
efficiency of council is not at its best. This was reported to
be attributed to poor performance of the town system,
weak financial resource, which forces the municipal to
rely on inadequate vehicles and fail to invest in solid
waste infrastructure. In another study by Muchandiona
(2013), he noted that the collection efficiency of municipal
solid waste for Mutare urban council was 90.0%.
However, the mean for the Zimbabwean urban councils
of 63.9%, was low when compared to the mean for the
world cities of 89.0% (UN Habitat, 2010). This shows that
Zimbabwean urban councils were operating below the
performance of international cities.
3.2.2 Major constraints
Since 1998, when the national economy started to falter,
the Municipality of Mutare has encountered a number of
challenges including shortages of fuel, equipment,
inadequate funds and insufficient labor force, which
hamper efficient delivery solid waste management
service. The prevailing unstable macro-economic
environment characterized by critical shortages of foreign
currency and political instability has resulted in poor
performance of the municipal waste management
systems throughout the country.
Shortage of adequate refuse trucks
There is lack of adequate and appropriate refuse trucks,
which suit the high density nature of the waste produced
in the suburb. The municipal has over time failed to
achieve satisfactory waste collection level, which are met
in other areas partly because of its reliance on
inadequate trucks. The shortage of adequate vehicles
also results in over use of those trucks that are currently
functional resulting in high wear and tear, which are
major causes of frequent breakdowns.
Table 6 presents the results of the refuse equipment.
Serious shortage of landfill equipment against the ideal
number of landfill equipment is also leading to poor
sanitary disposal of waste. The reason why the councils
use open dumpsites and fail to bury refuse on daily basis
in open dumpsites could be attributed to lack of landfill
equipment. Mudzengerere and Chigwenya (2012) and
Muchandiona, (2013) have also reported that this is a
problem facing other towns in the country. Blight and
Mbande (1996) also highlighted the issue of equipment
shortage and the use of old and inappropriate machinery
which is inefficiency in the management of waste in many
cities in developing countries. With these shortages,
there was need to engage private players to assist in the
collection of refuse.
Inadequate human resource
The critical shortage of sufficient personnel is also a
major hindrance to the provision of a sustainable solid
waste management system in the town. Although at the
managerial level, the municipal has adequate skilled
personnel who have relevant professional qualifications,
the number of staff at the operational level is grossly
inadequate. Currently, people who are employed in the
waste management division of the council are 112
against a requirement of 225 people and only 4people
work at the municipal dump.
A study was done by Muchandiona, (2013) on the
adequacy of manpower for solid waste management in
the Zimbabwe.Table 8 presents four parameters;
Households to Staff Ratio, Top management to Total staff
Ratio, Middle management to Total staff Ratio and
Labourers to Total staff Ratio.
The mean Households to Staff ratio for the 22 urban
councils was 911 and ranged from 208 to 7,690 as
shown in Table 7. The wide range was due to Epworth
which had only 6 workers to deal with solid waste
management. The reason why Epworth had few workers
was that it was not collecting refuse in residential areas.
According to (Henderson, 2005) the international
standard for Household to Staff ratio is between 150 to
200. Comparing the international standards with the
Zimbabwean performance range of 208 to 7690, it
showed that Zimbabwe had a serious shortage of refuse
manpower. Similar studies in South Africa by DEAT
(2007) revealed that the average Household to Staff ratio
was 273. Comparing the South African average with the
Zimbabwean average of 911, it showed that South Africa
has a higher number of manpower than Zimbabwe.
Shortage of manpower in Zimbabwe was as a result
financial constrains. Table 7 also shows that the mean
ratio of Top management/ Total refuse staff is 6% and
ranged from 0 to 25%. Cities and municipalities had low
top management to staffing ratio in the range of 0.3 to
3%. High Top management to Total staff ratio was
common for urban towns. According to (Henderson,
2005) the optimum refuse staff break down is 10% Top
management to Total staff ratio. Comparing the
international best practice with the Zimbabwean Top
management to Total refuse ratio of 6% it shows that
Zimbabwean urban councils did not have adequate top
management man power. Table 8 also showed that the
average Middle management to Total staff ratio is 4%
13. Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva high density suburb
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 154
and Laborers to Total refuse staff is 90%. According to
Henderson (2005) the optimum staff breakdown is 25%
for Middle management and 65% for Laborers. All the
urban councils failed to reach the optimum international
best practice of 25% for Middle management to Total
refuse staff. The Laborers to Total refuse staff have an
average of 90% for Zimbabwean urban councils which
were above the international best practice. This implied
that the composition of manpower in Zimbabwe had a
bias towards laborers than the managerial level.
Impact Of Solid Waste To Council
Available literature (Kungnulskiti, 1990; Nath et al., 1991;
Satterthwaite, 1993; Hunt, 1996;Khan and Mudassir,
1996; Eerd, 1997) shows that the direct handling of
wastes can result in various infections and diseases and
the worst affected are waste workers. In Zimbabwe as
elsewhere in the developing world, it is difficult to quantify
the health impacts of solid waste disposal because to
date few studies have attempted to directly link disease
outbreaks to unsanitary waste disposal. Nonetheless,
some studies (e.g. Tevera et al., 2002) have highlighted
that the failure by urban authorities to properly dispose of
tonnes of solid waste undermine public health and the
urban poor are the most vulnerable. In this study, the
council has managed to get some economic benefits of
USD$102,000.00 for the month of February 2016 alone.
This suggests if solid waste disposal can be managed
proficiently it can generate lots of monies for the council
and also those who may want to participate as well.
Social benefits derived from solid waste management
include improvement of quality of life, reduced disease
vectors and suppressing and preventing of disease
outbreaks among others.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study revealed that solid waste quantities are ever
increasing, but the problem faced by Mutare City Council
to render effective and consistent solid waste collection
and disposal services in Sakubva remains unabated. The
main challenge identified included lack of cooperation
and awareness by some residents, financial constraints,
and poor enforcement of laws by the authorities. The
study which was carried out in Zimbabwe on challenges
of solid waste management systems came up with the
following conclusions:
Frequency of solid waste collection in residential
areas of Sakubva high density suburb: Poor refuse
coverage and collection in Sakubva was caused by
inadequate equipment as the existing equipment was far
from reaching the optimum levels. Inadequate human
resources in the management of waste is also a major
contributor of poor refuse collection services, as the
figures were far from international best practices. Poor
refuse coverage and Collection efficiency was also poor
because of lack of proper receptacles.
Systems used by residents in solid waste disposal:
The disposal of solid waste was far from being
environmentally sustainable and most residents were
using illegal open dumps, burning and burying of waste.
Challenges in recycling were as a result of no separation
of waste at source as evidenced by a critical shortage of
receptacles, recycling reduce waste.
Perception of residents on the current solid waste
management by Mutare City: Council is not collecting
waste as often as it should resulting in illegal dumps.
Communication between council and residents is poor.
Recommendations
1. The councils should increase equipment to meet
the capacity of solid waste collection and disposal.
2. Councils should increase refuse human
resources to optimum levels.
3. Councils should increase the number of proper
receptacles to cover all areas.
4. Council should encourage recycling, through
supplying residents with adequate receptacles, public
campaigns and involving users in the planning and
collection of waste.
5. Council is encouraged to promote reuse, recycle,
compost, or recover materials for use as direct or indirect
inputs to new products
6. Council should improve interaction with residents
so that their efforts of waste management are clearly
understood by residents. This can be done by increasing
the visibility of the Public Health officers visiting the
residents
7. Council to increase residents’ participation in
solid waste management.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Our gratitude also goes to the Mr and Mrs Mafume for
funding this research. We wish to extend many thanks to
Mr T. Masaka for his assistance in the development of
this paper.
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management techniques for sustainability, IGI Global,
U.S.A.
Bartone CR (2000), Strategies for Improving Municipal
Solid Waste Management: Lessons from a Decade of
WorldBank lending. Regional Conference ‘Partnership
in Municipal Solid Waste Management, Cairo, 10-12
April 2000. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.