The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Municipal solid waste landfill site selection in the Sekondi-Takoradi metropo...Premier Publishers
One of the threats to global environmental health is waste generation. Growth in population as well as rise in the quantity of municipal solid waste generated has made it difficult to locate appropriate site for waste disposal in most urban areas. Land filling is now accepted as the most widely used method for addressing this problem in all countries of the world. However, appropriate site selection for land filling is a problem in waste management and therefore needs to be addressed. This research sought to identify a suitable landfill site for waste disposal in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana. To achieve this, Geographical Information System (GIS), Fuzzy Logic and Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE) were applied in order to display and rank candidate sites. The analysis was limited to criteria that were selected and relevant to the area under investigation. The results obtained provide clear areas for landfill sites in the study area and finally arrives at suitable areas.
Background: Ecological Footprint assessment helps to identify what activities are having the biggest impact on nature and opens up possibilities to reduce our impact and live within the means of ‘one planet’. It provides measurement of collective consumption of the population whether they are exceeding the earth’s ecological limits or not. The introduction of ecological footprint has been very necessary for the context of Bangladesh especially in Dhaka, where the unplanned consumption pattern of the population is producing a very unsustainable situation. Objective: This study intends to introduce this new concept through calculating the Ecological Footprint Account (usually 90% of it consists with Carbon Footprint/Emission Account) of the prestigious residential area Dhanmondi, which is one of the major resource consuming area of Dhaka city. Method: A blending of ‘component’ and ‘direct’ method has been used. Questionnaire survey (in 240 HH) has been conducted to gather information about the consumption pattern for different components (i.e. energy, food, service etc.) in the households for the year 2011. Biocapacity of Dhanmondi RA is also measured from the bioproductive lands available within the area. Following the generated results, sustainability analysis has been done. Results: An enormous gap between demand (1.19 global hectare/person) and supply (0.02 global hectare/person) of natural resources has been observed from the scrutiny. Conclusion: Natural gas consumption for domestic purpose has been found as the main motive behind the high footprint figure compared to the national average followed by Electricity, Food and Transportation. Biocapacity has been discovered as very petite amount because of unplanned urban agglomeration.
Municipal solid waste landfill site selection in the Sekondi-Takoradi metropo...Premier Publishers
One of the threats to global environmental health is waste generation. Growth in population as well as rise in the quantity of municipal solid waste generated has made it difficult to locate appropriate site for waste disposal in most urban areas. Land filling is now accepted as the most widely used method for addressing this problem in all countries of the world. However, appropriate site selection for land filling is a problem in waste management and therefore needs to be addressed. This research sought to identify a suitable landfill site for waste disposal in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana. To achieve this, Geographical Information System (GIS), Fuzzy Logic and Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE) were applied in order to display and rank candidate sites. The analysis was limited to criteria that were selected and relevant to the area under investigation. The results obtained provide clear areas for landfill sites in the study area and finally arrives at suitable areas.
Background: Ecological Footprint assessment helps to identify what activities are having the biggest impact on nature and opens up possibilities to reduce our impact and live within the means of ‘one planet’. It provides measurement of collective consumption of the population whether they are exceeding the earth’s ecological limits or not. The introduction of ecological footprint has been very necessary for the context of Bangladesh especially in Dhaka, where the unplanned consumption pattern of the population is producing a very unsustainable situation. Objective: This study intends to introduce this new concept through calculating the Ecological Footprint Account (usually 90% of it consists with Carbon Footprint/Emission Account) of the prestigious residential area Dhanmondi, which is one of the major resource consuming area of Dhaka city. Method: A blending of ‘component’ and ‘direct’ method has been used. Questionnaire survey (in 240 HH) has been conducted to gather information about the consumption pattern for different components (i.e. energy, food, service etc.) in the households for the year 2011. Biocapacity of Dhanmondi RA is also measured from the bioproductive lands available within the area. Following the generated results, sustainability analysis has been done. Results: An enormous gap between demand (1.19 global hectare/person) and supply (0.02 global hectare/person) of natural resources has been observed from the scrutiny. Conclusion: Natural gas consumption for domestic purpose has been found as the main motive behind the high footprint figure compared to the national average followed by Electricity, Food and Transportation. Biocapacity has been discovered as very petite amount because of unplanned urban agglomeration.
Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Y...ijtsrd
Waste management is an international sensation, rising population, industrialization and urbanization are accountable to produce a tremendous amount of waste. Todays daily waste generation rate is about 760,000 tons. By 2025, this rate will be increased to about 1.8 million tons per day. These approximations are conservative the real values are probably double of this amount. 1 The estimated municipal solid waste generation by 8 Municipal Corporations and 9 Municipal Councils in Mumbai Metropolitan Region MMR cumulatively generate more than 10,000 metric tons of solid waste per day. Due to growth in population, industrialization and urbanization, the generation of solid waste has increased frighteningly. There is a high need for systematic management of municipal solid waste and for that understanding of characteristics play a vital role in it. In these research paper characteristics of Deonar dumping, yard has been studied on pre monsoon and post monsoon bases and encounter that, it contained some amount of organic and recyclable part, which if managed well, will reduce the load on dumping yard considerably. Dabhi Jagrutiben | Abhay Shelar ""Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Yard in Mumbai Region, Maharashtra, India"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23333.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/23333/analytical-study-of-municipal-solid-waste-characteristics-at-deonar-dumping-yard-in-mumbai-region-maharashtra-india/dabhi-jagrutiben
Modeling the environmental impacts of landlfiling and incineration waste mana...eSAT Journals
Abstract Improper solid wastes management poses environmental risks to both humans and plants. Landfilling and Incineration are two identified prominent means of waste disposal, and they both have residual pollution impacts on the environment. This study assessed the environmental impacts of these waste disposal methods from the waste dumps of Odo-Oba, Ogo Oluwa Local Government Area, Nigeria. Field Survey, questionnaire interviews, and measurement of trace gases emitted from the dumps were carried out. Wastes were sorted, weighed and characterized. Two Scenarios of Landfilling and Incineration were formulated and the field data were modeled with GaBi6 software to determine the environmental impact of the waste. Findings show that the present method of waste management in Odo-Oba area is inadequate as there is no landfill and open burning of indiscriminate dumps is in practice. The waste generated is majorly of agricultural products of about 43% composition. Others in decreasing magnitude include nylon, metals, paper, plastic, textiles, ashes and demolition respectively. The per capita waste generation per day within the agricultural market is 0.92kg per day while that of the selected residential houses is 0.31kg per day. Wastes are usually burnt on daily basis, leading to emission of certain trace gases of which methane is of the highest concentration of 619 ppm. For landfilling model, paper contributes the highest in Global Warming Potential and Eutrophication Potential whereas biodegradable materials and plastic materials dominate in Acidification Potential and Ozone Depletion Potential respectively. Glass and metal has the least noticeable impacts. From incineration model, plastic materials contribute the highest environmental impact in Acidification Potential, Global Warming Potential and Eutrophication Potential while metals have the least influence in all cases, aside the Ozone Depletion Potential having glass materials. The landfill model thus poses lesser environmental threat and its sanitary type is therefore recommended for use in the study area. Keywords: Environmental impact indices, GaBi6 tool, Life Cycle Assessment, Landfilling, Incineration
Addressing the Challenge of Climate Change and Environmental Degradation; A C...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation underscores the challenge of climate change and environmental degradation in respect to sustainable livelihoods, economic development and transformation. It underpins some actions and initiatives taken at the global and national levels to address the issues and suggests practical actions and recommendations for reflection for implementation going forward to advance climate change adaptation, environmental restoration & sustainable management.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of age and seasonal variations on leachate characteristics of municipa...eSAT Journals
Abstract The paper discusses the effect of age and seasonal variations on leachate characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill site of Ludhiana City, Punjab (India). Leachate samples were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters to estimate its pollution potential. MSW landfill site is non-engineered low lying open dump. It has neither any bottom liner nor any leachate collection and treatment system. Therefore, all the leachate generated finds its paths into the surrounding environment. The landfill site is not equipped with any leachate collectors. Leachate samples were collected from the base of solid waste heaps where the leachate was drained out by gravity. It has been found that leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While, heavy metals concentration was in trace amount as the waste is domestic in nature. The data presented in this study indicated that with the passage of time and with seasonal variations particularly during rainy season values of various parameters increased, reason being with time the solid waste material degraded and the waste constituents percolated down along with rainwater. Thus, the age and seasonal variations has a significant effect on leachate composition. Indiscriminate dumping of MSW without proper solid waste management practices should be stopped or some remedial measures were required to be adopted to prevent contamination. Index Terms: Municipal solid waste, Landfill, Leachate, Organic and Inorganic constituents
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HOUSEHOLDS: A case of Sekondi-Takoradi, GhanaPremier Publishers
Population and waste generation is increasing exponentially in the city of Sekondi-Takoradi. The city is growing at a rate of 3.2%. A recent oil industry, booming economic activities and rural-urban drift has increased demand for housing and waste infrastructure. The resulting waste from households outstrips waste bins and collection trucks. Wastes overflows at various collection points within the metropolis. The type of waste disposed indicates that residents now consuming various sorts of packaged food items compared to the previous habits of cooking raw vegetables. The complexity of waste is becoming difficult for the existing systems to accommodate. It is seen that households rely heavily on communal collection bins to dispose their waste. More than 36% of all collection is done with communal bins, which is less efficient compared to kerbside systems. The waste is usually abrasive, with a lot of sand, silt and gravel which wears sliding parts of compaction vehicles and machines. This discourages investors from deploying kerbside compaction trucks for waste collection. The results of this research highlights several instances of uncollected waste, overflowing of bins and unsightly conditions which are threats to public health of the people of the metropolis.
National Forestry Policy Review; key emerging issues for Reflection and consi...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was prepared and delivered during a workshop that involved Members of Parliament on the Natural Resources and Climate Change Committee of Parliament. The workshop was organized by the Ecological Christian Organization. The objective of the workshop was to create awareness among the Honorable members of Parliament about the ongoing review of the National Forestry Policy, (a process coordinated by the Forest Sector Support Department in the Ministry of Water and Environment). Furthermore, to get their general feedback and specific inputs into the review process with due consideration of the various emerging issues in the Forestry sector over the last 18 years since the forestry policy and legal framework came into force in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Thus, the presentation raised various emerging issues in this respect for consideration during the review process and also suggested recommendation on how the Honorable Members of Parliament should proactively engage in the process to ensure that resultant policy framework adequately addresses the emerging issues and also stands the taste of time.
Challenges to the Incorporation of Environmental Sustainability Issues into C...irjes
A study was conducted with the aim of exploring the challenges affecting the incorporation of
environmental sustainability issues into construction procurement at the local government level of Ghana. The
research specifically studied nineteen (19) out of the twenty-two (22) district assemblies in the western region of
Ghana, examined their construction procurement system and their challenges in incorporating environmental
sustainability issues into their construction contracts. A literature review focused on the construction
procurement process pertaining at the district level, questionnaires were used in the study. The study discovered
that though the respondents were aware of the impact of construction procurement activities on the environment
they do not pay attention to addressing these issues through the procurement processes. The study also noted
that the major external challenges to incorporation of environmental sustainability issues into construction
procurement are lack of government guidance, lack of knowledge in the industry, limiting standards and
contractors desire for lower prices. The study identified four major internal challenges to the incorporation of
environmental issues into construction procurement as: lack of roadmap or strategy, lack of knowledge and
skills, weak processes, and lack of understanding of how to insert environmental issues into contracts. The study
concluded that government need to expedite efforts to review the current procurement documents in order to
provide a roadmap to incorporate environmental sustainability issues into the public procurement system. The
study increased awareness on the importanceof working out a strategy to promote environmental sustainability
issues through public procurement management.
Certification in Uganda: Opportunities for forestry policy and law review pro...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was prepared and delivered during an interactive session in a training workshop on, ‘Forest Certification Module,‘ organized by the Ecological Christian Organization at Esella Country Resort Hotel, 17th July 2020. The presentation focus on, ‘Certification in Uganda: Opportunities for forestry policy and law review process.’ Thus, it highlights the emerging issues in respect to forest certification in Uganda and suggests recommendation of how these should be addressed in the ongoing review of the national forestry policy and legal framework in Uganda. This process is currently spearheaded and coordinated by the Forestry Sector Support Department (FSSD) of the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE).
Key outcomes of the Technology Needs Assessment for the Forestry Sub-sector.Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was prepared and delivered at the launch event for the Climate Technology Needs Assessment Report for Uganda. The event was organized by the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology at the Hilton Garden Inn, Kampala on 21st March 2021. It presents the key outcomes of the Technology Needs Assessment for the Forestry sub sector in Uganda.
Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change Adaptation in the Forestry Sec...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was prepared and delivered during the 3rd Water and Environment Week, 2020 - organized by the Water Resources Institute - Ministry of Water and Environment and Partners in the period 16-18th September 2020. This events involved key stakeholders in the Water and Environment Sector for purposes of networking, information exchange and policy dialogue of key issues in the sector. Further information about UWEWK is available at: http://envalert.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Call-for-Abstracts-UWEWK-2020.pdf
The presentation gives the highlights of the Uganda Technology Needs Assessment Process, with a focus on the Forestry sector. Thus, it the prioritized technologies for advancing climate change adaptation in the forestry sub-sector in Uganda.
The role of Environmental Alert (EA), Networks and CSO partners and how they ...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation underpins the roles of the Environment and Natural Resources Civil Society Organizations (ENR-CSOs) in Uganda regarding effective implementation of the The role of Environmental Alert (EA), Networks and CSO partners and how they will contribute to successful implementation of the, ´Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate Smart Development (IFPA-CD)’ Project.´ Thus, it also presents possible communication and coordination mechanisms mechanisms and strategies to advance meaningful poarticipation of the ENR-CSOs in project implementation.
ENR-CSOs annual performance Report, 2019/20, Septemeber 2020.Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was delivered to key Water and Environment Sector stakeholders during the Ministry of Water and Environment Sector Performance Review/Validation Meeting
2020. The presentation provides highlights of the consolidated annual performance and contribution of the Environment and Natural Resources Civil Society Organizations contributions to the Water and Environment sector in Uganda. It also presents some of the key recommendations for consideration by the duty bearers and stakeholders towards addressing the Water and Environment sector challenges.
We briefly present the current state of municipal solid waste management in China, the trends, and the challenges encountered in solving the issue of increasing waste production in urban area.
The impact of innovation on travel and tourism industries (World Travel Marke...Brian Solis
From the impact of Pokemon Go on Silicon Valley to artificial intelligence, futurist Brian Solis talks to Mathew Parsons of World Travel Market about the future of travel, tourism and hospitality.
Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Y...ijtsrd
Waste management is an international sensation, rising population, industrialization and urbanization are accountable to produce a tremendous amount of waste. Todays daily waste generation rate is about 760,000 tons. By 2025, this rate will be increased to about 1.8 million tons per day. These approximations are conservative the real values are probably double of this amount. 1 The estimated municipal solid waste generation by 8 Municipal Corporations and 9 Municipal Councils in Mumbai Metropolitan Region MMR cumulatively generate more than 10,000 metric tons of solid waste per day. Due to growth in population, industrialization and urbanization, the generation of solid waste has increased frighteningly. There is a high need for systematic management of municipal solid waste and for that understanding of characteristics play a vital role in it. In these research paper characteristics of Deonar dumping, yard has been studied on pre monsoon and post monsoon bases and encounter that, it contained some amount of organic and recyclable part, which if managed well, will reduce the load on dumping yard considerably. Dabhi Jagrutiben | Abhay Shelar ""Analytical Study of Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics at Deonar Dumping Yard in Mumbai Region, Maharashtra, India"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23333.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/23333/analytical-study-of-municipal-solid-waste-characteristics-at-deonar-dumping-yard-in-mumbai-region-maharashtra-india/dabhi-jagrutiben
Modeling the environmental impacts of landlfiling and incineration waste mana...eSAT Journals
Abstract Improper solid wastes management poses environmental risks to both humans and plants. Landfilling and Incineration are two identified prominent means of waste disposal, and they both have residual pollution impacts on the environment. This study assessed the environmental impacts of these waste disposal methods from the waste dumps of Odo-Oba, Ogo Oluwa Local Government Area, Nigeria. Field Survey, questionnaire interviews, and measurement of trace gases emitted from the dumps were carried out. Wastes were sorted, weighed and characterized. Two Scenarios of Landfilling and Incineration were formulated and the field data were modeled with GaBi6 software to determine the environmental impact of the waste. Findings show that the present method of waste management in Odo-Oba area is inadequate as there is no landfill and open burning of indiscriminate dumps is in practice. The waste generated is majorly of agricultural products of about 43% composition. Others in decreasing magnitude include nylon, metals, paper, plastic, textiles, ashes and demolition respectively. The per capita waste generation per day within the agricultural market is 0.92kg per day while that of the selected residential houses is 0.31kg per day. Wastes are usually burnt on daily basis, leading to emission of certain trace gases of which methane is of the highest concentration of 619 ppm. For landfilling model, paper contributes the highest in Global Warming Potential and Eutrophication Potential whereas biodegradable materials and plastic materials dominate in Acidification Potential and Ozone Depletion Potential respectively. Glass and metal has the least noticeable impacts. From incineration model, plastic materials contribute the highest environmental impact in Acidification Potential, Global Warming Potential and Eutrophication Potential while metals have the least influence in all cases, aside the Ozone Depletion Potential having glass materials. The landfill model thus poses lesser environmental threat and its sanitary type is therefore recommended for use in the study area. Keywords: Environmental impact indices, GaBi6 tool, Life Cycle Assessment, Landfilling, Incineration
Addressing the Challenge of Climate Change and Environmental Degradation; A C...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation underscores the challenge of climate change and environmental degradation in respect to sustainable livelihoods, economic development and transformation. It underpins some actions and initiatives taken at the global and national levels to address the issues and suggests practical actions and recommendations for reflection for implementation going forward to advance climate change adaptation, environmental restoration & sustainable management.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of age and seasonal variations on leachate characteristics of municipa...eSAT Journals
Abstract The paper discusses the effect of age and seasonal variations on leachate characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill site of Ludhiana City, Punjab (India). Leachate samples were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters to estimate its pollution potential. MSW landfill site is non-engineered low lying open dump. It has neither any bottom liner nor any leachate collection and treatment system. Therefore, all the leachate generated finds its paths into the surrounding environment. The landfill site is not equipped with any leachate collectors. Leachate samples were collected from the base of solid waste heaps where the leachate was drained out by gravity. It has been found that leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While, heavy metals concentration was in trace amount as the waste is domestic in nature. The data presented in this study indicated that with the passage of time and with seasonal variations particularly during rainy season values of various parameters increased, reason being with time the solid waste material degraded and the waste constituents percolated down along with rainwater. Thus, the age and seasonal variations has a significant effect on leachate composition. Indiscriminate dumping of MSW without proper solid waste management practices should be stopped or some remedial measures were required to be adopted to prevent contamination. Index Terms: Municipal solid waste, Landfill, Leachate, Organic and Inorganic constituents
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HOUSEHOLDS: A case of Sekondi-Takoradi, GhanaPremier Publishers
Population and waste generation is increasing exponentially in the city of Sekondi-Takoradi. The city is growing at a rate of 3.2%. A recent oil industry, booming economic activities and rural-urban drift has increased demand for housing and waste infrastructure. The resulting waste from households outstrips waste bins and collection trucks. Wastes overflows at various collection points within the metropolis. The type of waste disposed indicates that residents now consuming various sorts of packaged food items compared to the previous habits of cooking raw vegetables. The complexity of waste is becoming difficult for the existing systems to accommodate. It is seen that households rely heavily on communal collection bins to dispose their waste. More than 36% of all collection is done with communal bins, which is less efficient compared to kerbside systems. The waste is usually abrasive, with a lot of sand, silt and gravel which wears sliding parts of compaction vehicles and machines. This discourages investors from deploying kerbside compaction trucks for waste collection. The results of this research highlights several instances of uncollected waste, overflowing of bins and unsightly conditions which are threats to public health of the people of the metropolis.
National Forestry Policy Review; key emerging issues for Reflection and consi...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was prepared and delivered during a workshop that involved Members of Parliament on the Natural Resources and Climate Change Committee of Parliament. The workshop was organized by the Ecological Christian Organization. The objective of the workshop was to create awareness among the Honorable members of Parliament about the ongoing review of the National Forestry Policy, (a process coordinated by the Forest Sector Support Department in the Ministry of Water and Environment). Furthermore, to get their general feedback and specific inputs into the review process with due consideration of the various emerging issues in the Forestry sector over the last 18 years since the forestry policy and legal framework came into force in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Thus, the presentation raised various emerging issues in this respect for consideration during the review process and also suggested recommendation on how the Honorable Members of Parliament should proactively engage in the process to ensure that resultant policy framework adequately addresses the emerging issues and also stands the taste of time.
Challenges to the Incorporation of Environmental Sustainability Issues into C...irjes
A study was conducted with the aim of exploring the challenges affecting the incorporation of
environmental sustainability issues into construction procurement at the local government level of Ghana. The
research specifically studied nineteen (19) out of the twenty-two (22) district assemblies in the western region of
Ghana, examined their construction procurement system and their challenges in incorporating environmental
sustainability issues into their construction contracts. A literature review focused on the construction
procurement process pertaining at the district level, questionnaires were used in the study. The study discovered
that though the respondents were aware of the impact of construction procurement activities on the environment
they do not pay attention to addressing these issues through the procurement processes. The study also noted
that the major external challenges to incorporation of environmental sustainability issues into construction
procurement are lack of government guidance, lack of knowledge in the industry, limiting standards and
contractors desire for lower prices. The study identified four major internal challenges to the incorporation of
environmental issues into construction procurement as: lack of roadmap or strategy, lack of knowledge and
skills, weak processes, and lack of understanding of how to insert environmental issues into contracts. The study
concluded that government need to expedite efforts to review the current procurement documents in order to
provide a roadmap to incorporate environmental sustainability issues into the public procurement system. The
study increased awareness on the importanceof working out a strategy to promote environmental sustainability
issues through public procurement management.
Certification in Uganda: Opportunities for forestry policy and law review pro...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was prepared and delivered during an interactive session in a training workshop on, ‘Forest Certification Module,‘ organized by the Ecological Christian Organization at Esella Country Resort Hotel, 17th July 2020. The presentation focus on, ‘Certification in Uganda: Opportunities for forestry policy and law review process.’ Thus, it highlights the emerging issues in respect to forest certification in Uganda and suggests recommendation of how these should be addressed in the ongoing review of the national forestry policy and legal framework in Uganda. This process is currently spearheaded and coordinated by the Forestry Sector Support Department (FSSD) of the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE).
Key outcomes of the Technology Needs Assessment for the Forestry Sub-sector.Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was prepared and delivered at the launch event for the Climate Technology Needs Assessment Report for Uganda. The event was organized by the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology at the Hilton Garden Inn, Kampala on 21st March 2021. It presents the key outcomes of the Technology Needs Assessment for the Forestry sub sector in Uganda.
Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change Adaptation in the Forestry Sec...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was prepared and delivered during the 3rd Water and Environment Week, 2020 - organized by the Water Resources Institute - Ministry of Water and Environment and Partners in the period 16-18th September 2020. This events involved key stakeholders in the Water and Environment Sector for purposes of networking, information exchange and policy dialogue of key issues in the sector. Further information about UWEWK is available at: http://envalert.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Call-for-Abstracts-UWEWK-2020.pdf
The presentation gives the highlights of the Uganda Technology Needs Assessment Process, with a focus on the Forestry sector. Thus, it the prioritized technologies for advancing climate change adaptation in the forestry sub-sector in Uganda.
The role of Environmental Alert (EA), Networks and CSO partners and how they ...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation underpins the roles of the Environment and Natural Resources Civil Society Organizations (ENR-CSOs) in Uganda regarding effective implementation of the The role of Environmental Alert (EA), Networks and CSO partners and how they will contribute to successful implementation of the, ´Investing in Forests and Protected Areas for Climate Smart Development (IFPA-CD)’ Project.´ Thus, it also presents possible communication and coordination mechanisms mechanisms and strategies to advance meaningful poarticipation of the ENR-CSOs in project implementation.
ENR-CSOs annual performance Report, 2019/20, Septemeber 2020.Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was delivered to key Water and Environment Sector stakeholders during the Ministry of Water and Environment Sector Performance Review/Validation Meeting
2020. The presentation provides highlights of the consolidated annual performance and contribution of the Environment and Natural Resources Civil Society Organizations contributions to the Water and Environment sector in Uganda. It also presents some of the key recommendations for consideration by the duty bearers and stakeholders towards addressing the Water and Environment sector challenges.
We briefly present the current state of municipal solid waste management in China, the trends, and the challenges encountered in solving the issue of increasing waste production in urban area.
The impact of innovation on travel and tourism industries (World Travel Marke...Brian Solis
From the impact of Pokemon Go on Silicon Valley to artificial intelligence, futurist Brian Solis talks to Mathew Parsons of World Travel Market about the future of travel, tourism and hospitality.
Gave a talk at StartCon about the future of Growth. I touch on viral marketing / referral marketing, fake news and social media, and marketplaces. Finally, the slides go through future technology platforms and how things might evolve there.
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsBarry Feldman
If your B2B blogging goals include earning social media shares and backlinks to boost your search rankings, this infographic lists the size best approaches.
Each technological age has been marked by a shift in how the industrial platform enables companies to rethink their business processes and create wealth. In the talk I argue that we are limiting our view of what this next industrial/digital age can offer because of how we read, measure and through that perceive the world (how we cherry pick data). Companies are locked in metrics and quantitative measures, data that can fit into a spreadsheet. And by that they see the digital transformation merely as an efficiency tool to the fossil fuel age. But we need to stretch further…
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Solid Waste Disposal Attitude in Sango Ota, Ogun State: Implication for Susta...Premier Publishers
Solid waste disposal attitude is multidimensional and a complex issue that is prominent in urban areas. It is a global phenomenon confronting both developed and developing countries Sango Ota in Ogun State Nigeria has become an industrial region that attracts other activities and increases in population responsible for high volume of solid waste generation. In this paper, the current disposal means, waste collection method, resident attitude role of government in recent time will be achieved through the use of a questionnaire. Congestion, environmental pollution and health hazard was found to be the significant consequence of improper solid waste disposal with high Wald value and sig. value<0.05 level of significance. Majority of the respondents who chose burning, roadside dumping and flood/canal dumping were of the opinion that payment for either government/private waste collection in their area is expensive (51.1%) compared to other means of disposal. The implication of the findings for waste disposal attitude in achieving sustainable city development in Nigeria tackling solid waste problem in urban cities through public awareness, attitudinal change in achieving waste reduction, provision of collection point within neighbourhood and provision of accessibility to each dwelling with adequate drainage system.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Impact of Solid Waste Management Practices on Environmental Protection Case o...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This Solid waste management practices are essential component of environmental infrastructure in human settlements; its poor management can lead to health problem and environmental destruction in general, this study was conducted in Kicukiro district. The data were collected on the sample of 97 households and some authorities through questionnaires, and interview and were analyzed using SPSS Version 20 (statistical tools) and this helped in generating tables and performing descriptive statistics like percentages, frequency, and mean. The results obtained revealed that that in terms of waste segregation is explained excluding solid wastes from liquid wastes considering the mean of 2.73 which was interpreted as high mean. Those results influenced the grand mean to become 2.04 which is interpreted as low mean. This means that waste segregation practices is not efficiently done in households located in Kicukiro. It was revealed that transportation of wastes is characterized by the short time of loading wastes considering the mean of 2.91 which is interpreted as high mean. The findings revealed that the environmental protection in Kicukiro District is characterized by the following: little harmful materials (plastic packages) in the soils considering the mean of 3.18. This showed that there is link between solid waste management practices and environmental protection in Kicukiro District. For proper practices of waste management which is positive but only for waste transportation to have a significant relationship with environmental protection considering the correlation coefficient of 0.259 and the p-value or Sig.(2-tailed) of 0.010 which is below the p-alpha of 0.05. It is recommended that Kicukiro District has to launch a sustained, education and communication campaign informing residents on the importance of managing waste properly and its importance to their health, the environment and cleanliness of the city or use another waste reduction strategy in order to encourage recyclable production of goods to allow access to recyclable products.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfou...ijtsrd
Increasingly, sustainable waste management has emerged as a major concern both in terms of environmental protection and sustainable management of urban spaces. Over the years, it has been observed that, the volume of waste generated in urban spaces in Cameroon far exceeds the capacity of local councils to manage. Mfoundi council, like the majority councils in Cameroon, has outsourced the collection and disposal of solid waste to the private waste collection company. However, decline in waste collection rates, rising cost associated with solid waste retrieval and disposal continue to exacerbate the challenge local councils experience with regards to urban waste disposal and management. From the foregoing, this study seeks to critically examine the sustainability of the policy, and practices of Municipal Solid Waste Management MSWM systems adopted in the Mfoundi Division. This study adopted a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative approaches using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussion as main instruments of data collection. The non probability purposive sampling was used due to time and cost constraints The findings of this study revealed that, the council waste management approach does not meet the demands of the population. Poor collection and transportation facilities, insufficient waste collection frequency, low levels of household awareness of good solid waste management practices lack of awareness on waste reuse and recycling are some of the major challenges identified by the study. Thus, people have been left with little or no choice but to dump waste in open spaces, water bodies, drainage channels, deposit along roadsides and streets. The study recommends the following, adopting a community participative approach for efficient waste management, introduction of a waste reuse recycling and reduction plan, intensive sensitization to educate the population on proper waste management practices waste separation via mass campaigns, finally the state should compel brewery and water companies to put in place an avenue to collect the plastic bottles sold to the population. Fofack Abanda Blondelle "Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfoundi Division, Yaounde Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38451.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/38451/local-governance-and-sustainability-in-municipal-waste-management-in-the-mfoundi-division-yaounde-cameroon/fofack-abanda-blondelle
Challenges of solid waste management in Zimbabwe: a case study of Sakubva hig...Premier Publishers
The objectives of the study were to assess the current status on household solid waste management challenges of collection and disposal. The research employed both quantitative (in form of questionnaires) and qualitative (in form of interviews) methodologies. Field visits and observations were done on residential areas and open dumpsites. The research found that there are lots of challenges that are faced by residents and these range from collection, methods of disposal and the involvement of other key stakeholders. The results revealed that the challenges in poor refuse collection were attributed to serious shortage of refuse equipment, and shortage of proper receptacles. Recycling strategies seemed to be nonexistent as revealed by low percentages of residents who practice it. Since council does not collect waste as often as it should, residents dispose waste through the traditional and unsustainable ways such as backyard incinerator, burying, burning and illegal open dumps. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. It was recommended that councils should extend coverage to all areas, increase their refuse collection frequency, provide receptacles to residents and raise awareness campaigns on recycling and sustainable solid waste disposal. There is need for involvement by private sector and NGOs in solid waste management.
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 9 ||Pages|| 19-31||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 19
Geo-Information for Urban Waste Disposal and Management:
The Case Study of Owo LGA, Ondo State, Nigeria
*1
Dr. Michael Ajide Oyinloye and 2
Modebola-Fadimine Funmilayo Tokunbo
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Environmental Technology,
Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------
Management of waste is a global environmental issue that requires special attention for the maintenance of
quality environment. It has been observed that amount, size, nature and complexity of waste generated by man
are profoundly influenced by the level of urbanization and intensity of socio-economical development in a given
settlement. The problem associated with its management ranges from waste generation, collection,
transportation, treatment and disposal. The study involves a kind of multi-criteria evaluation method by using
geographical information technology as a practical instrument to determine the most suitable sites of landfill
location in Owo Local Government Area of Ondo state. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) 2002
and updated 2012 were used to map the most suitable site for waste disposal in Owo LGA. The result indicates
that sites were found within the study area. The most suitable sites in the study area are located at 200metre
buffer to surface water and 100metre to major and minor roads. The selected areas have 2500metres buffer
zone distance from urban areas (built up areas). The study purposes acceptable landfill sites for solid waste
disposal in the study area. The results achieved in this study will help policy and decision makers to take
appropriate decision in considering sanitary landfill sites.
KEYWORDS: Solid waste disposal, GIS, landfill, Landsat.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 31,August, 2013 Date of Acceptance: 20, September 2013
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Solid waste management is becoming a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas
of many developing countries. The situation in Africa, particularly cities is severe. The public sector in many
countries is unable to deliver services effectively, regulation of the private sector is limited and illegal dumping
of domestic and industrial waste is a common practice. In general, solid waste is a low priority in these
countries. As a result, many limited funds are provided to the solid waste management sector by the
governments, and the level of services required for protection of public health and the environment are not
attained. The problem is acute at the local government level where the local taxation system is inadequately
developed and therefore, the financial basis for public services including solid waste management is weak
(Alexandra, 1993). Improper solid waste management leads to substantial negative environment impacts such as
pollution of air, soil and water, and generation of greenhouse gases from landfills and health and safety
problems such as diseases spread by insects and rodents attracted by garbage heaps, and diseases associated with
different forms of pollution. Municipal authorities charged with the responsibility of providing municipal solid
waste management services have found it increasingly difficult to play this role (Bartome, 1995).One
environmental feature associated with rapid urbanization in Nigeria has been the rising volume of solid waste
generated in the urban areas that has to be managed in a way that is not detrimental to urban population. As a
result, the objective of solid waste management is to collect, transport, treat and finally dispose the waste in a
hygienic and aesthetically acceptable manner at the lowest possible cost (Onokerhoraye, 1995). Before an
effective management of solid waste can be carried out, an inventory of the current solid waste generation
composition and rate should be known. Although comprehensive studies of the nature of solid wastes in
Nigerian cities have not been undertaken, there is evidence that the volume has been quite high in the major
urban cities. At the same time, their composition has been changing (Onokerhoraye, 1995).
The problem of solid waste disposal, especially in the urban centers has become one of the most
intractable environment problems facing urban management in Nigeria at present. There has been a phenomenal
increase in the volume and range of solid wastes generated daily in the urban centers of the country largely due
to the increasingly rate of population growth, urbanization, industrialization and general economic development
(Onokerhoraye, 1995).
2. Geo-Information For Urban Waste…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 20
In the future, Nigeria wants to achieve not less than 80% reduction in the volume of municipal solid
waste generated at all levels. It also wants to ensure environmentally sound management with an increasing
population and rising land values, Nigeria needs to minimize wastes generated to reduce the volume of waste
destined for disposal. The country also needs to promote basic sanitation; ensure environmentally sound
management of municipal solid waste; eliminate litter on Nigerian streets and secure a quality of environment
for all Nigerians adequate for their health and well being (Onibokun and Kumuyi, 1999). Rapid population
growth impinges urban solid waste generation in two ways: Direct and Indirect. The direct arises from the
growth in urban population itself as a result of its own excess of birth over death. This direct effect is a more
important factor which accounts for 50-80% of the growth in volume and magnitude of solid waste (Olanrewaju
2009). The indirect impingement of rapid population growth on solid waste generation occurs through the effect
of massive rural-urban migration. The influx of rural dwellers into cities and their eating habits affect the
volume, type and disposal generated (Ajayi, 2002). The municipal service that has seemed to fail most strikingly
is waste collection and disposal. The service is frequently inadequate with a proponent proportion of refuse
generated remaining uncollected and with large particularly low income areas receiving little or no attention. In
most towns, the services is unreliable, irregular and inefficient (Oghawa, 2000). The ineffectiveness of
contemporary municipal solid waste management practices which culminates in a number of health and
environmental problems has prompted the need to find effective and pragmatic solutions to waste management
problems in our cities (Bartone, 1995). Waste disposal by landfill remains the way in which almost all waste in
Africa and other developing countries is currently disposed. Consequently, landfills and the provision of landfill
airspace remain essential elements in most waste management systems and strategies (Kao et al, 1997).
.
The integrated waste management approach recognizes the above situation, so that the final step in the
hierarchy is thus endorsed, provided appropriate standards are ensured to protect the environment, public health
and quality of life. Proper landfill site selection is the fundamental step in sound waste disposal and the
protection of environment, public and quality of life (McGraw et al, 1999). Geographic Information System is a
tool that can be used to help solve spatial problems associated with the waste management process. The
capability of GIS to provide, capture, manage, manipulate, analyze, modulate and display spatially referenced
data for solving complex planning and management problems makes it relevant in a wide range of waste related
areas. The use of a GIS- based framework can be incredibly useful in locating the most appropriate site for a
number of operations to ensure the quality of the location selected in a cost effective and timely manner
(Javaheri et al, 2006).The aim of this paper therefore is to explore the utility of GIS as a tool to determine the
optimum and most suitable location for siting of landfill facility in Owo Local Government Area of Ondo State
with a view to checking indiscriminate waste disposal. The aim of this paper will be achieved with the following
objectives:
[1] Identification of the methods of collection and disposal of solid waste in the study area.
[2] To identify the types and composition of solid waste generated in the study area.
[3] To determine criteria for locating the most suitable landfill site in the study area.
II. THE STUDY AREA
The study area is Owo; headquarter of Owo Local Government of Ondo State. It lies on latitude
7⁰11´N of the equator and longitude 5⁰33´E of the Greenwich Meridian. Owo Local Government is one of the
18 Local Government Areas of Ondo State. It is bounded by Emure-Ise- Orun Local Government Area of Ekiti
State to the North, Akure and Idanre to the East and South respectively, while Ose Local Government forms the
border to the West and part of the South. River Ogbese and Ose form the natural boundaries between Owo and a
few of these neighbouring Local Government Areas. The establishments of Federal Medical Centre, the State
(Rufus Giwa) Polytechnic, the State Technical and Achievers University has contributed to a rapid increase in
population and by 1991, the population had risen to 157,181 (NPC, 1991) and to a projected population of
253,061 by the year 2012 (NPC, 2006) (See map 1a, 1b and 1c).
3. Geo-Information For Urban Waste…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 21
Ose
Idanre
Ilaje
Odigbo
Irele
Owo
Ese Odo
Okitipupa
Ondo West
Akure North
Ondo East
Akure South
Akoko South-West
Ifedore
Akoko North-East
Akoko North-West
Akoko South-East
Ile-Oluji /Okeigbo
Administrative Map
Akoko North-East
Akoko North-West
Akoko South-East
Akoko South-West
Akure North
Akure South
Ese Odo
Idanre
Ifedore
Ilaje
Ile-Oluji /Okeigbo
Irele
Odigbo
Okitipupa
Ondo East
Ondo West
Ose
Owo
0 600 Kilometers
N
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
Uso
Owo
Iyere
Ipele
Ilale
Isuada
Ipenme
Alamurin
Emure-Ile
IPELE
EMURE/USO
ISAIPEN
IDASEN/ISUADA/OBT/UP
IDASEN/ISUADA/OBT/IP
IJEBU 2
IYERE
IJEBU 1
IGBOROKO 1
IGBOROKO 2
EHINOGBE
ILORO
Wards
EHINOGBE
EMURE/USO
IDASEN/ISUADA/OBT/IP
IDASEN/ISUADA/OBT/UP
IGBOROKO 1
IGBOROKO 2
IJEBU 1
IJEBU 2
ILORO
IPELE
ISAIPEN
IYERE
Minor roads.shp
Major roads.shp
Lgaowo.
Secondary roads.
$ Major town
10000 0 10000 Meters
N
OWO WARD MAP
LEGEND
Figure 1a: Map of Nigeria Showing Ondo State
Figure 1c: Map of Owo Local Government showing the Eleven (11) wards
III. DATA ACUISITION AND METHOD
This study was interested in locating the most suitable site for waste disposal in Owo Local
Government Area of Ondo State. It also seeks to use the capabilities of GIS and Remote Sensing (RS) to locate
most suitable site of waste disposal in the study area. To achieve this, two satellite imageries were used namely;
Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat ETM+
) of the year 2002 and updated 2012 respectively. The
landuse/ landcover serves as a constraint map digitized to different classes of land which are: the built up areas,
open space, bareland/cultivated area, rock-out crop and vegetation from the required images maps, Triangulated
Irregular Network (TIN) and the most suitable site for landfill was generated. Criteria used to determine the
most suitable site for landfills have been identified. The criteria were both constraints and factors for ideal siting
of landfills. The constraints were related to roads, open water, residential areas, permeability and soil type, land
use/landcover and distance to transportation routes. These criteria were re defined according to the existing and
available data. The questionnaire method was used to generate attribute data to further enhance our information
on the study area. In administering the questionnaire, the stratified sampling technique was used. In doing this,
the local government was divided into wards as seen in table 1. Five percent (5%) of the total households in the
study area were administered questionnaire to 295 (16.4%) in Ehinogbe, 162 (8.9%) in Igboroko 1, 171 (9.5%)
in Igboroko 2, 15 (0.8%), in Ijebu 1, 49 (2.7%) in Ijebu 2, 159 (8.5%) in Iloro, 164 (9,1%) in Ipele, 207 (11.5%)
in Isaipen, 258 (16.7%) in Emure/Uso based on the housing and population density.
Figure 1b: Map of Administrative Map of Ondo
State Showing Owo LGA
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Table 1: Owo Local Government Wards
Ward name No of
H/Hold
5 % of
H/Hold
No of
Building
5% of
Building
Interval Per
building
%
Admin
EHIOGBE 5891 295 1410 70 5 16.3
IGBOROKO 1 3241 162 723 36 4 8.9
IGBOROKO 2 3412 171 1076 54 6 9.5
IJEBU1 304 15 450 22 30 0.8
IJEBU 2 973 49 1104 55 22 2.7
ILORO 3189 159 801 40 5 8.8
IPELE 3276 164 1035 52 6 9.1
ISAIPEN 4137 207 2152 107 10 11.5
IDASEN/ISUADA
/
5164 258 1476 74 6 14.3
IYERE 2370 118 878 44 7 6.5
EMURE/USO 4194 210 1121 56 5 16.7
TOTAL 36,151 1,802 12,226 610 100%
The data collected using this medium was processed using the statistics package for social scientists software.
Results obtained were presented in form of tables and graphs among others. The area covered by the
questionnaire include demographic and socio-economic questions specifically focused on the age, marital
status, religion, income, occupation, type of building, household sizes, type of waste generated, waste disposals
methods, frequency of waste collection and facilities for waste collections and disposal. All these questions
were carefully analysed and considered to GIS analysis to arrive at our conclusion on the most suitable site for
land fill in the study area.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSION
The most suitable sites for landfill as shown by the GIS outputs and the results of the questionnaires
administered. The following multi-criteria are taken into consideration in the final suitability map. They are
land-use/ land-cover type, distance to surface waters, proximity to urban areas; distance to transport route,
geology and soil type of the study area. The landuse/land cover map of the study area was shown in figure 2.
Over 50% of the land use is for vegetation while over 30% is used as bareland or cultivation only about 10% is
used as built-up area.
Owolulc2012
BARELAND/CULTIVATION
BUILTUP_AREA
ROCK_OUTCROP
VEGETATION
Builtup Area2012
BUILUP_AREA
OPEN_SPACE
10 0 10 20 Kilometers
N
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
760000 760000
780000 780000
800000 800000
LEGEND
Figure 2: Landuse/Landcover Map of Owo LGA
The built-up area of the study area was buffered by 2500 meters and the purpose is to create adequate
setback between dwelling or residential areas and the landfill site to avoid any form of pollution. Those areas
outside the buffered zone are potential areas for the siting of the landfill because as they are out of the restricted
areas (see figure 3).
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Owo LG Boundary
Buffer 2 of Builtup Area2012
Builtup Area2012
BUILUP_AREA
OPEN_SPACE
10 0 10 20 Kilometers
N
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
760000 760000
780000 780000
800000 800000
LEGEND
Figure 3: Buffered Built-Up Area Map of Owo
All the categories of roads in the Owo LGA were buffered by 100 meters. The choice of 100 meters buffer is to
give adequate consideration to aesthetics and safety and this is generally acceptable in the study area (see figure
4). Also, the power line passing through Owo LGA from Benin was also buffered by 100 meters.
Owo LG Road Network
Fed._Road
Minor_Road
Power_Line
State_r
Owo LG Boundary
Owo LG Road Network Buffer
10 0 10 20 30 Kilometers
N
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
760000 760000
780000 780000
800000 800000
LEGEND
Figure 4: Buffered Road Network Map of Owo LGA
Figure 5 shows streams and rivers that constitute the drainage system of an area were buffered at a distance of
200 meters in order to mitigate conflicts relating to the contamination of sources of water supply. This becomes
imperative in order to guard against health problems, noise complaints, odour complaints, decreased property
values and animal – perpetrated mischief due to scavenging creatures.
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Owo LG River
Owo LG Boundary
Buffer of Owo LG River
10 0 10 20 Kilometers
N
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
760000 760000
780000 780000
800000 800000
LEGEND
Figure 5: Buffered Drainage Map of Owo LGA
Figure 6 shows the three (3) major geological characteristics in Owo LGA. These 3 are the Migmatite which is
a coarsely crystalline rock composed of a mixture of bands of metamorphic and igneous rocks, the Granite
Gneiss which is a metamorphic rock formed at high pressures and temperatures and is made up of feldspar,
mica and at least 20% of quartz and the third is the Quartzite Schist which also a metamorphic rock composed
mainly of quartz formed by the action of heat and pressure on sandstone, the quartzite schist is a rock that splits
into layers whose minerals have aligned themselves in one direction .One constant characteristic of the 3
geological types is that they all contain fracture, meaning that they allow water percolation.
Owo Geological Map
Granite Gneiss
Migmatite
Quartzitte Schist
Undefined Granite Gn
Undefined Quartzite
Owo LG Boundary
LEGEND
10 0 10 20 30 Kilometers
N
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
760000 760000
780000 780000
800000 800000
Figure 6: Geological Map of Owo
In figure 7 shows the buffered built-up area was overlaid on the buffered drainage map, this is to screen out
unsuitable areas and leave areas that could be suitable for the landfill site.
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Owo LG Boundary
Buffer of Owo LG River
Buffer of Builtup Area2012
10 0 10 20 Kilometers
N
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
760000 760000
780000 780000
800000 800000
LEGEND
Figure 7: Map of Owo LGA Showing Overlay of built up and Drainage
Figure 8 shows the overlay analysis of the buffered built-up map overlaid on the landuse/land cover map. The
purpose of this analysis is to determine the available area that can be used as a landfill site, bearing in mind that
areas covered by the buffer are unsuitable, area covered with rock-out crop are unsuitable and areas housing the
forest reserves are also unsuitable, that leaves us with whatever areas left being the potential suitable areas for
the landfill site.
Owolulc2012
BARELAND/CULTIVATION
BUILTUP_AREA
ROCK_OUTCROP
VEGETATION
Builtup Area2012
BUILUP_AREA
OPEN_SPACE
Owo LG Boundary
Owo LG Road Network Buffer
Buffer of Builtup Area2012
10 0 10 20 Kilometers
N
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
760000 760000
780000 780000
800000 800000
LEGEND
Figure 8: Map of Owo LGA Showing buffered build up overlaid on the land use/landcover
A spatial and attribute query was then performed on the erased map for areas covering 99 hectares and above.
After the query, five (5) areas in figure 9 were identified as having more than 99 hectares. The reason for
choosing areas covering 99 hectares or above is to ensure continuity. More often than not, it is observed that
when a sanitary landfill site is used up to its capacity it is abandoned and a new site is the sought.
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Builteraseconvrt1
BARELAND/CULTIVATION
ROCK_OUTCROP
VEGETATION
Owo LG Boundary
Potential suit sites gr99hec
10 0 10 20 30 Kilometers
N
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
760000 760000
780000 780000
800000 800000
LEGEND
Figure 9: Potential Suitable Site 2: Landuse/Landcover Showing Potential Suitable Sites ≥ 99 Hectares
The five area having over 99 hectares of land were separated using unique colours and their corresponding land
area were identified. The site at Emure covers an area of 369.223 hectares, the site at Ijebu covers 137.204
hectares, the site at Ipele covers 120.847 hectares, the site at Idasen covers 112.455 hectares while the site at
Uso covers 99.967 hectares. Figure 10 shows a vivid illustration of the area of the various potential site as well
as where they are located.
$
$
$
$
$
Us o
Emure
Ijebu
Ipele
Idasen
Potential suit sites gr99hec
99.967
112.455
120.847
137.204
369.223
Ow o LG Boundary
Settlements.shp
$ Emure
$ Idasen
$ Ijebu
$ Ipele
$ Uso
0 20 Kilometers
N
LEGEND
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
780000 780000
800000 800000
Figure 10: Map of Owo LGA Showing Potential Suitable Sites for the Landfill Site
Figure 11 shows the road network map overlaid on the potential suitable sites to show the route connectivity in
order to identify the site with the most routes. It is pertinent to state here that accessibility is key to site
selection, the site that would eventually be chosen as the most suitable site for the landfill must be very
accessible; this would ensure that wastes collected would eventually be easily transported to its final destination.
Figure 11 is a pictorial view of how the road network in the study area links the various sites to further help the
researcher in identifying the best site.
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OWO LGA TIN
Breaklines
Hard
Soft
Elevation Range
352 - 396
308 - 352
264 - 308
220 - 264
176 - 220
132 - 176
88 - 132
44 - 88
0 - 44
20 0 20 Kilometers
N
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
780000 780000
800000 800000
LEGEND
$
$
$
$
$
Us o
Emure
Ijebu
Ipele
Idasen
Potential suit sites gr99hec
99.967
112.455
120.847
137.204
369.223
Ow o LG Boundary
Settlements.shp
$ Emure
$ Idasen
$ Ijebu
$ Ipele
$ Uso
Ow o LG Road Network
Fed._Road
Minor_Road
Power_Line
State_r
0 20 Kilometers
N
LEGEND
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
780000 780000
800000 800000
Figure 11: Potential Suitable Site Showing Route Connectivity.
Figure 12 shows the triangulated irregular network map (TIN). It was derived from the contour map of the study
area using surface analysis in Arcview 3.3. The map shows the elevation of the area. Areas with elevation range
of 150m to 300m are suitable areas while those below or above it are unsuitable. This is because sanitary landfill
site ought to be sited on low to moderate relief, gentle to moderate slope or uniform slope while steep slope
should be avoided even in areas of low relief. Areas with abrupt changes in relief and steep slopes are erosion-
prone and make moving equipment difficult to operate. There is also possibility of mass movement of materials
down slope in such terrain.
Figure 12: Triangulated Irregular Network Map of the Study Area (TIN)
Figure 13 is the overlaid analysis of figure 10 and figure 12, where the five (5) Potential suitable sites are
overlaid on the elevation map (TIN). From figure 13 it can be observed that the area with 369.223 hectares, falls
within the suitable area (Emure), however, potential suitable sites located at Ijebu, Ipele and Idasen fall within
the forest reserve area making them unsuitable, that leaves suitable sites located at Uso and Emure. The suitable
site in Uso falls within an unstable relief with elevation ranging between (44-220m).
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$
$
$
$
$
Uso
Emure
Ijebu
Ipele
Idasen
Owotin1
Breaklines
Hard
Soft
Elevation Range
352 - 396
308 - 352
264 - 308
220 - 264
176 - 220
132 - 176
88 - 132
44 - 88
0 - 44
Potential suit sites gr99hec
99.967
112.455
120.847
137.204
369.223
Settlements.shp
$ Emure
$ Idasen
$ Ijebu
$ Ipele
$ Uso
0 20 Kilometers
N
LEGEND
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
780000 780000
800000 800000
Figure 13: Map Showing Overlay Analysis of Potential Suitable sites and Triangulated Irregular Network
(TIN)
The last suitable site being Emure, is considered the most suitable site for the siting of the sanitary land fill site
in the study area as shown in figure 14
$
$
$
$
$
Uso
Emure
Ijebu
Ipele
Idasen
Potential suit sites gr99hec
Most Suitable
Suitable
Owo LG Boundary
Settlements
$ Emure
$ Idasen
$ Ijebu
$ Ipele
$ Uso
0 20 Kilometers
N
LEGEND
760000
760000
780000
780000
800000
800000
780000 780000
800000 800000
Figure 14: Map of Owo LGA Showing the Most Suitable Landfill Site
The variables that are responsible for urban waste disposal include: type of building; household sizes; type of
solid waste; solid waste disposal methods; solid waste collector; and frequency of solid waste collection (see
tables 2-6).
Table 2 shows that 797 respondents (44.2%) live in face-to face buildings, 427 (23.7%) live in traditional
courtyards, 513 (28.5%) live in flats while 65 (3.6%) were located in other types of building such as self contain
apartments, commercial buildings, market stalls etc.
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Table 2 Type of Building use
Type of Building Frequency Percentage
Face To Face 797 44.2
Traditional Courtyard 427 23.7
Flat 513 28.5
Others 65 3.6
Total 1802 100.0
The number of household sizes per building also determines to a large extent the volume of refuse generated.
Table 3 shows that 43.6% of the respondents have a household size of 3-5 persons, while 26.3% have household
size of 6-9. However, 22.7% have household size of less than 3 and 7.4% of the respondents have household
size of above 10 person
Table 3 Household Sizes
Household Size Frequency Percentage
Less than 3 409 22.7
3-5 786 43.6
6-9 474 26.3
10+ 133 7.4
Total 1802 100.0
Table 4 shows that the most common solid waste generated in the study area are organic waste constituting
44.9%, while garbage waste constitutes 40.2% and inorganic waste making up 14.9% of the total respondents.
This result buttresses the fact that Owo LGA is primarily an agrarian region
Table 4 Type of Solid Waste Generated
Table 5 shows that 715 respondents out of the 1802 respondents (39.7%) result to open dumping of their waste
while 900 (49.9%) dispose their waste by open burning and 187 (10.4%) have their waste collected by the
municipal waste collector (Local Government) epileptically. The result shows that a large a large percentage of
those serviced by the vehicles of the Waste Management Authority are resident in the core areas with some at
the new inner centres while majority of residents that burn refuse within their compounds or dump in bush or
vacant plots reside at the periphery where the services of the authority is not extended to.
Table 5 Solid Waste Disposal Methods
Solid Waste Disposal Methods Frequency Percentage
Open Dumping 715 39.7
Open Burning 900 49.9
Municipal Solid Waste Collection 187 10.4
Total 1802 100.0
Table 6 shows the frequency of waste evacuation from premises by the Waste Management Authority. 26.2% is
evacuated daily, 66.5% weekly and 7.2% fortnight. The fact still remains that the evacuation of these wastes are
not regular as they only specified the time without actually carry out their duty as expected.
Solid Waste Generated Frequency Percentage
Organic Waste 809 44.9
Inorganic Waste 268 14.9
Garbage 725 40.2
Total 1802 100.0
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Table 6 Frequency of Solid Waste Collection
Frequency of Solid Waste Collection Frequency Percentage
Daily 473 26.2
Weekly 1199 66.5
Fortnightly 130 7.2
Total 1802 100.0
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The study shows that various items ranging from leaves, food remnants , clothes, paper, plastic of
different forms, metal scrap etc are generated in Owo LGA and that these waste products are mostly stored in
dustbins, polythene bags, baskets or plastic containers. The only method adopted in the management of solid
waste in the study area is the collection and disposal method. The study also revealed that Ondo state Waste
Management Authority which was established with the purpose of riding the state of refuses plastron the sole
responsibility for the management of waste within study area with no involvement of private operators. Waste is
collected by the vehicles of waste Management Authority on pre-arranged days while areas not serviced
disposes their refuse either by burning, dumping or vacant plots, dumping in canals, gutters and dumping on
roadsides. Over the years, people suffered from various diseases arising from waste disposal problems.
The study shows that there is no proper means of identifying all sources of waste generated and the
actual volume of waste generated and the area on a daily basis. Lack of data has made this difficult and the
culture of data gathering and processing is yet to entrench the system.GIS could effectively be used as a
management and an analysis tool that facilitates planning processes. In this study, GIS was used to locate the
most suitable landfill sites in Owo LGA by creating maps according to scientific criteria and standards. Also by
superimposed the two thematic maps, the result was the most suitable location for a landfill site taking all the
mentioned criteria and standards into consideration. The site located to the city centre with a total area of
369.223hectares mapped as the most suitable site. From the results, the following recommendations were made.
For a proper waste disposal system to be maintained in a city, the government and the community must work
hand in hand. The capacity of our municipal authorities to manage wastes in our cities should be increased so as
to reduce the problem of environmental pollution in and around our cities. Since the soil is not good for siting of
a sanitary landfill, synthetic material should be used to pre-lay the sanitary landfill in order to prevent the
percolation of leachates (wastewater) into groundwater. This will help in preventing the pollution of
groundwater. Incinerators can be built at the landfill site to destroy the waste collected. Adequate infrastructure
such as loading trucks, waste disposal bin at strategic places should be provided. It is also very important to
boost the capacity of the local government staff in charge of collecting the waste by employing more workers to
cover the whole local government. It is quite obvious that the government cannot do it alone; the private
organisations and firms should be encouraged and given the necessary incentives to engage in the collection of
the solid waste in the Local Government Area so as to put an end to indiscriminate waste disposal. GIS
technology is a powerful tool that aids facility siting process should be used and taught by both government
waste management and private agencies for sustainable landfill siting of waste disposal sites.
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