The study was conducted to find out the content of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in some selected vegetables grown in and around Nashik city, Maharashtra state (India). Vegetable samples from four different sites were collected and digested by using tri-acid digestion method. Concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. Vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area were most contaminated while vegetables grown in rural area were least contaminated. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of lead in 35% vegetable samples collected from industrial area were more than maximum permitted limit. The high concentration of cadmium was found in onion and coriander, while lead content was recorded high in spinach and cauliflower. Arsenic concentration in 25% samples collected from industrial area was more than maximum permitted limit. Copper concentration in most of the vegetable sample was within permissible limit; only two out of forty samples have high concentration of copper. The results of the study showed that consumers are at greater risk of purchasing these fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
Heavy metal contamination of soil is one of the most important environmental ...Ahmed Madni
This document discusses various heavy metal removal processes from soil and wastewater. It describes techniques for soil remediation including immobilization, soil washing, phytoremediation, and electroremediation. For wastewater treatment, it outlines chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation/flocculation, and flotation. The key advantages and disadvantages of each technique are provided.
This study examined the effects of vehicle pollution on the growth, yield, and heavy metal content of spinach, squash, and turnip plants grown at different distances from a road with high traffic density. Two field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons. The study found that vegetative growth, yield, and nutrient levels decreased with decreasing distance from the road, while heavy metal levels of lead and cadmium increased. Washing the edible parts of the crops reduced heavy metal content by 10-30%, with washing being more effective at removing lead than cadmium. Leafy spinach contained higher heavy metal levels than the other crops. The results suggest cultivating vegetables at least 80 meters from roads and washing produce to reduce heavy metal consumption
Phytochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Gongronema Latifolium, Talinum Tri...Scientific Review SR
This document analyzes the heavy metal content and phytochemical composition of three edible plant species (Gongronema latifolium, Talinum triangulare, and Amaranthus hybridus) grown in southern Nigeria. Soil and plant samples were collected from five locations and analyzed for heavy metals (Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Hg) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The plants were also analyzed for phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and steroids. The results showed zinc had the highest concentration in soil samples, while mercury was lowest. Lead concentration in some plant samples exceeded
This document discusses heavy metal pollution of soil in China. It covers the definition of heavy metals, the current state of soil heavy metal pollution, characteristics of heavy metal pollution including persistence and bioaccumulation, sources of heavy metal pollution from atmospheric deposition, wastewater, waste and agricultural chemicals, hazards of heavy metal pollution to soil resources, human health and agriculture, methods to control pollution including engineering, biological and chemical approaches, and agricultural and ecological restoration methods to remediate contaminated soil.
Biological indicators like lichens can be used to monitor environmental conditions over time. Lichens are especially good indicators of air pollution levels as different lichen species have varying sensitivities. In polluted areas, fruticose lichens which are the most sensitive will disappear first, followed by foliose lichens, while crustose lichens are the most resistant. Studies tracking changes in lichen populations can determine how air pollution levels have changed in a given location.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
Heavy metal contamination of soil is one of the most important environmental ...Ahmed Madni
This document discusses various heavy metal removal processes from soil and wastewater. It describes techniques for soil remediation including immobilization, soil washing, phytoremediation, and electroremediation. For wastewater treatment, it outlines chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation/flocculation, and flotation. The key advantages and disadvantages of each technique are provided.
This study examined the effects of vehicle pollution on the growth, yield, and heavy metal content of spinach, squash, and turnip plants grown at different distances from a road with high traffic density. Two field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons. The study found that vegetative growth, yield, and nutrient levels decreased with decreasing distance from the road, while heavy metal levels of lead and cadmium increased. Washing the edible parts of the crops reduced heavy metal content by 10-30%, with washing being more effective at removing lead than cadmium. Leafy spinach contained higher heavy metal levels than the other crops. The results suggest cultivating vegetables at least 80 meters from roads and washing produce to reduce heavy metal consumption
Phytochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Gongronema Latifolium, Talinum Tri...Scientific Review SR
This document analyzes the heavy metal content and phytochemical composition of three edible plant species (Gongronema latifolium, Talinum triangulare, and Amaranthus hybridus) grown in southern Nigeria. Soil and plant samples were collected from five locations and analyzed for heavy metals (Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Hg) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The plants were also analyzed for phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and steroids. The results showed zinc had the highest concentration in soil samples, while mercury was lowest. Lead concentration in some plant samples exceeded
This document discusses heavy metal pollution of soil in China. It covers the definition of heavy metals, the current state of soil heavy metal pollution, characteristics of heavy metal pollution including persistence and bioaccumulation, sources of heavy metal pollution from atmospheric deposition, wastewater, waste and agricultural chemicals, hazards of heavy metal pollution to soil resources, human health and agriculture, methods to control pollution including engineering, biological and chemical approaches, and agricultural and ecological restoration methods to remediate contaminated soil.
Biological indicators like lichens can be used to monitor environmental conditions over time. Lichens are especially good indicators of air pollution levels as different lichen species have varying sensitivities. In polluted areas, fruticose lichens which are the most sensitive will disappear first, followed by foliose lichens, while crustose lichens are the most resistant. Studies tracking changes in lichen populations can determine how air pollution levels have changed in a given location.
Rock En Lenguas Originarias. Un Viaje Al Rock Tsotsil De Zinacantáninventionjournals
At the end of the eighties some young native people started playing rock in their own language, however, it was in the second half of the nineties when this genre exploded more clearly in two opposite regions of Mexico. At north, in the state of Sonora, emerged Hamac Caziim (Sacred Fire), who sing in Seri heavy metal rhythms. Meanwhile in the south, in the highlands of Chiapas, appeared Sak Tzevul (Lightning), alternative rock band singing in tsotsil.The following text is focused on the tsotsil rock of Zinacantan, where Lightning emerged and detonated in a movement of young people that began to sing in their native language. The historical construction it emphasizes on the emergence of new ways of being young in the context ofnative people, andthe musical and social transformations that have resulted from the introduction of rock. Resumen: A finales de los ochenta algunos jóvenes de pueblos originarios empezaron a tocar rock en su lengua, no obstante, fue en la segunda parte de los noventacuando este género musical detonóen dos regiones opuestas de México. En el norte, en el estado de Sonora, surgióHamacCaziim (Fuego Sagrado), quienes cantan en Seri a ritmos de heavy metal. Mientras tantoen el sur, en los Altos de Chiapas, aparecióSakTzevul (Relámpago), banda de rock alternativo que canta en tsotsil. El siguiente texto está enfocado en el rock tsotsil deZinacantán, lugar donde surgió Relámpagoy que detonó en un movimiento de jóvenes que empezaron a cantar en su lengua originaria. La construcción históricaenfatiza en la emergencia de nuevas formas de ser jóvenes en el contexto de un pueblo originario,y enlas transformaciones musicales y sociales que han derivado de la introducción del rock
Modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry matte...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and crop performance. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using soil sampled from farmers' fields that was split into sterilized and non-sterilized samples. Seven rates of effluent were applied as treatments. The effluent was found to have high pH, EC, nutrients but low micronutrients and heavy metals. Application of effluent reduced crop dry weight and decreased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen over time. Higher effluent volumes increased pH, EC and exchangeable bases in both soils. The non-sterilized soil showed initial benefits from low effluent volumes but effects eventually matched the steril
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- Application of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) in Wastewater Tre...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for wastewater treatment. Water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic plant that can effectively remove various pollutants like nutrients, heavy metals, dyes, and organic matter from domestic and industrial wastewater through its root systems and other tissues. Studies have found that water hyacinth treatment can reduce parameters like biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and nutrients by 50-90% within 2-4 weeks. Advanced techniques like adding microbial populations or aeration can further increase the removal efficiency of water hyacinth-based wastewater treatment systems.
Shalaby2021 article green_synthesis of recyclable iron nanoparticlesHalaYassinElKassas
This research article describes the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (SP-IONPs) using the microalgae Spirulina platensis for removing cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. The SP-IONPs were characterized using various techniques. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption performance of the SP-IONPs for removing crystal violet and methyl orange dyes under different parameters. The SP-IONPs showed maximum sorption capacities of 256.4 mg/g and 270.2 mg/g for crystal violet and methyl orange, respectively, fitting well with the Langmuir model. The kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetics and thermodynamics showed the process was endothermic. The
Quantification of Heavy Metals using Contamination and Pollution Index in Sel...IJEAB
Many sites in urban cities are used for dumping of domestic, industrial and municipal wastes because of high human population density in the area. Most often, people use these dumpsites for growing of crops without knowing the level of heavy metal contamination in soils of these areas. This study evaluated the quantification and contamination level of heavy metals in some refuse dumpsites in communities of the State Nigeria. Three replicate soil samples were collected from the dumpsites and at 20 m away from the non - dumpsite which do not receive sewage water within the root zone of 0 – 40 cm depth using soil auger sampler. Samples were analysed for soil properties and heavy metal concentrations using standard methods. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) were compared with the permissible limits of other countries. Results showed that in the three studied locations, soil pH at dumpsites were 40 .6%, 39.4% and 38.9% higher than the values in the control sites while soil organic carbon were higher in the dumpsites by 50.1%, 31.3% and 41.1% as compared to the control sites. Cu concentrations at the three locations were below the standard limits of United Kingdom, European Union (EU), USA and WHO. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals passed the contamination stage and therefore will pose negative effect on plant and soil environment. Use of the dumpsite for crop cultivation or as compost materials should be avoided and construction of shallow wells near these areas should be discouraged.
Phytoextraction, also called phytoaccumulation, phytoabsorption, or phytosequestration, refers to the use of plants to absorb, translocate, and store toxic contaminants from soil, sediments, and/or sludge in the root and shoot tissues .
Lead is an extremely difficult soil contaminant to remediate because it is a “soft” Lewis acid that forms strong bonds to both organic and inorganic ligands in soil. For the most part, Pb-contaminated soils are remediated through civil engineering techniques that require the excavation and landfilling of the contaminated soil. Soils that present a leaching hazard in the landfill are either placed in a specially constructed hazardous waste landfill, or treated with stabilizing agents, such as cement, prior to disposal in an industrial landfill.
This thesis examines phytoremediation as a more sustainable alternative to traditional brownfield remediation methods. The author outlines how conventional remediation methods are costly, pose health and environmental risks, and lack public support. Meanwhile, phytoremediation uses plants to break down toxic substances in contaminated sites. While still in development, phytoremediation offers lower costs and greater community acceptance than traditional methods. The author analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of conventional remediation and phytoremediation through a review of literature to argue that phytoremediation provides a more sustainable approach to remediating the growing problem of contaminated brownfield sites.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A heavy metal is toxic when relatively it is dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.
Heavy metal toxicity means excess of required concentration or it is unwanted which were found naturally on the earth, and become concentrated as a result of human caused activities.
Then enter in plant, animal and human tissues via inhalation, diet and manual handling, and can bind to, and interfere with the functioning of vital cellular components.
Heavy metals contamination of Pakistani soil (zohaib Hussain) sp13bty001Zohaib HUSSAIN
The long-term usage of industrial wastewater makes heavy metals to accumulate in soil and increases the absorption and accumulation by the plants. Heavy metal contamination of soil and water caused by industrialization has become a major environmental issue in Pakistan. Therefore, it is important to determine the level of contamination of soil and water close to industrial areas
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
Phytoremediation, an option for tertiary treatment of sewageArvind Kumar
This document discusses using phytoremediation as a tertiary treatment for sewage. Phytoremediation uses plants to remove pollutants from wastewater and soil. It describes how plants and their associated microbes break down and absorb contaminants like heavy metals, nutrients, and organic compounds. The document evaluates phytoremediation systems like constructed wetlands that use aquatic plants for wastewater treatment. Studies show these systems effectively reduce COD, BOD, nutrients and other pollutants in sewage at a lower cost than conventional tertiary methods. The conclusion is that phytoremediation provides a sustainable, inexpensive alternative to traditional wastewater treatment, especially suitable for developing countries.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the Gomati River in Lucknow, India. Water samples were collected from 5 locations along the river and analyzed for physicochemical characteristics, pesticide residues, and heavy metals. The study found contamination with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor pesticides at some locations, as well as various heavy metals. The water quality was determined to be unsafe for human consumption based on the contaminant levels found.
Phytoremediation is a natural process that uses plants to remove contaminants from soil and water. It involves using plants and their associated microorganisms to degrade, extract, and stabilize pollutants in the environment. The document discusses the various methods of phytoremediation including phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytotransformation. It also provides examples of plant species commonly used for different phytoremediation processes and contaminants removed.
The study investigated the effects of different concentrations of lead (Pb) and sewage water on the growth and Pb uptake of two radish varieties. The results showed that total biomass and root diameter were generally not affected by the treatments, except at the highest Pb concentration of 400 mg/L. Pb treatments significantly reduced plant growth and yield for both varieties. Pb uptake in roots and leaves increased with increasing Pb concentration, with the highest levels found in plants treated with 400 mg/L Pb. Plants treated with sewage water showed higher biomass, root weight, and root diameter compared to the control and Pb treatments. The interaction between varieties and treatments was found to be significantly different for various measured parameters
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
The document discusses the effect of chemical composition of plant residues on nitrogen mineralization in soil. It presents findings from several case studies and research papers. The chemical composition of different plant residues like lignin, polyphenols and C:N ratio affects their decomposition rate and impacts nitrogen mineralization. Plant residues high in nitrogen and low in lignin and polyphenols decompose faster, releasing nitrogen for plant uptake. The studies show crop residues and tree leaves with higher lignin and polyphenol content immobilize soil nitrogen during decomposition.
China's National Bureau of Statistics said falling vegetable and egg prices dragged the CPI down by 0.39 percentage points.
On the Comex division of the New York Mercantile Exchange, gold for August delivery rose 0.09% to $1,174.70 a troy ounce. China and India vie as the world's top buyers of gold.
Silver for July delivery gained 0.26% to $16.00 a troy ounce.
But copper for July delivery eased 0.01% to $2.702 a pound as the data pointed to weak demand fromt he world's top buyer of the industrial metal.
Overnight, gold futures ticked up on Monday rebounding from three-month low's at the end of last week, as the dollar retreated from a strong rally on Friday.
This document provides an overview of Awadhi cuisine from the Lucknow region of India. It discusses the history and traditions of Awadhi cooking, including important festivals and customs. It also describes common ingredients, cooking methods like dum style cooking and baghar, and utensils used in Awadhi cuisine such as the deg, kadhai and tandoor. The document aims to introduce readers to the distinctive flavors and dishes of the Awadhi culinary tradition.
Rock En Lenguas Originarias. Un Viaje Al Rock Tsotsil De Zinacantáninventionjournals
At the end of the eighties some young native people started playing rock in their own language, however, it was in the second half of the nineties when this genre exploded more clearly in two opposite regions of Mexico. At north, in the state of Sonora, emerged Hamac Caziim (Sacred Fire), who sing in Seri heavy metal rhythms. Meanwhile in the south, in the highlands of Chiapas, appeared Sak Tzevul (Lightning), alternative rock band singing in tsotsil.The following text is focused on the tsotsil rock of Zinacantan, where Lightning emerged and detonated in a movement of young people that began to sing in their native language. The historical construction it emphasizes on the emergence of new ways of being young in the context ofnative people, andthe musical and social transformations that have resulted from the introduction of rock. Resumen: A finales de los ochenta algunos jóvenes de pueblos originarios empezaron a tocar rock en su lengua, no obstante, fue en la segunda parte de los noventacuando este género musical detonóen dos regiones opuestas de México. En el norte, en el estado de Sonora, surgióHamacCaziim (Fuego Sagrado), quienes cantan en Seri a ritmos de heavy metal. Mientras tantoen el sur, en los Altos de Chiapas, aparecióSakTzevul (Relámpago), banda de rock alternativo que canta en tsotsil. El siguiente texto está enfocado en el rock tsotsil deZinacantán, lugar donde surgió Relámpagoy que detonó en un movimiento de jóvenes que empezaron a cantar en su lengua originaria. La construcción históricaenfatiza en la emergencia de nuevas formas de ser jóvenes en el contexto de un pueblo originario,y enlas transformaciones musicales y sociales que han derivado de la introducción del rock
Modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry matte...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and crop performance. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using soil sampled from farmers' fields that was split into sterilized and non-sterilized samples. Seven rates of effluent were applied as treatments. The effluent was found to have high pH, EC, nutrients but low micronutrients and heavy metals. Application of effluent reduced crop dry weight and decreased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen over time. Higher effluent volumes increased pH, EC and exchangeable bases in both soils. The non-sterilized soil showed initial benefits from low effluent volumes but effects eventually matched the steril
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- Application of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) in Wastewater Tre...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for wastewater treatment. Water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic plant that can effectively remove various pollutants like nutrients, heavy metals, dyes, and organic matter from domestic and industrial wastewater through its root systems and other tissues. Studies have found that water hyacinth treatment can reduce parameters like biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and nutrients by 50-90% within 2-4 weeks. Advanced techniques like adding microbial populations or aeration can further increase the removal efficiency of water hyacinth-based wastewater treatment systems.
Shalaby2021 article green_synthesis of recyclable iron nanoparticlesHalaYassinElKassas
This research article describes the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (SP-IONPs) using the microalgae Spirulina platensis for removing cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. The SP-IONPs were characterized using various techniques. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption performance of the SP-IONPs for removing crystal violet and methyl orange dyes under different parameters. The SP-IONPs showed maximum sorption capacities of 256.4 mg/g and 270.2 mg/g for crystal violet and methyl orange, respectively, fitting well with the Langmuir model. The kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetics and thermodynamics showed the process was endothermic. The
Quantification of Heavy Metals using Contamination and Pollution Index in Sel...IJEAB
Many sites in urban cities are used for dumping of domestic, industrial and municipal wastes because of high human population density in the area. Most often, people use these dumpsites for growing of crops without knowing the level of heavy metal contamination in soils of these areas. This study evaluated the quantification and contamination level of heavy metals in some refuse dumpsites in communities of the State Nigeria. Three replicate soil samples were collected from the dumpsites and at 20 m away from the non - dumpsite which do not receive sewage water within the root zone of 0 – 40 cm depth using soil auger sampler. Samples were analysed for soil properties and heavy metal concentrations using standard methods. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) were compared with the permissible limits of other countries. Results showed that in the three studied locations, soil pH at dumpsites were 40 .6%, 39.4% and 38.9% higher than the values in the control sites while soil organic carbon were higher in the dumpsites by 50.1%, 31.3% and 41.1% as compared to the control sites. Cu concentrations at the three locations were below the standard limits of United Kingdom, European Union (EU), USA and WHO. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals passed the contamination stage and therefore will pose negative effect on plant and soil environment. Use of the dumpsite for crop cultivation or as compost materials should be avoided and construction of shallow wells near these areas should be discouraged.
Phytoextraction, also called phytoaccumulation, phytoabsorption, or phytosequestration, refers to the use of plants to absorb, translocate, and store toxic contaminants from soil, sediments, and/or sludge in the root and shoot tissues .
Lead is an extremely difficult soil contaminant to remediate because it is a “soft” Lewis acid that forms strong bonds to both organic and inorganic ligands in soil. For the most part, Pb-contaminated soils are remediated through civil engineering techniques that require the excavation and landfilling of the contaminated soil. Soils that present a leaching hazard in the landfill are either placed in a specially constructed hazardous waste landfill, or treated with stabilizing agents, such as cement, prior to disposal in an industrial landfill.
This thesis examines phytoremediation as a more sustainable alternative to traditional brownfield remediation methods. The author outlines how conventional remediation methods are costly, pose health and environmental risks, and lack public support. Meanwhile, phytoremediation uses plants to break down toxic substances in contaminated sites. While still in development, phytoremediation offers lower costs and greater community acceptance than traditional methods. The author analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of conventional remediation and phytoremediation through a review of literature to argue that phytoremediation provides a more sustainable approach to remediating the growing problem of contaminated brownfield sites.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A heavy metal is toxic when relatively it is dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.
Heavy metal toxicity means excess of required concentration or it is unwanted which were found naturally on the earth, and become concentrated as a result of human caused activities.
Then enter in plant, animal and human tissues via inhalation, diet and manual handling, and can bind to, and interfere with the functioning of vital cellular components.
Heavy metals contamination of Pakistani soil (zohaib Hussain) sp13bty001Zohaib HUSSAIN
The long-term usage of industrial wastewater makes heavy metals to accumulate in soil and increases the absorption and accumulation by the plants. Heavy metal contamination of soil and water caused by industrialization has become a major environmental issue in Pakistan. Therefore, it is important to determine the level of contamination of soil and water close to industrial areas
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
Phytoremediation, an option for tertiary treatment of sewageArvind Kumar
This document discusses using phytoremediation as a tertiary treatment for sewage. Phytoremediation uses plants to remove pollutants from wastewater and soil. It describes how plants and their associated microbes break down and absorb contaminants like heavy metals, nutrients, and organic compounds. The document evaluates phytoremediation systems like constructed wetlands that use aquatic plants for wastewater treatment. Studies show these systems effectively reduce COD, BOD, nutrients and other pollutants in sewage at a lower cost than conventional tertiary methods. The conclusion is that phytoremediation provides a sustainable, inexpensive alternative to traditional wastewater treatment, especially suitable for developing countries.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the Gomati River in Lucknow, India. Water samples were collected from 5 locations along the river and analyzed for physicochemical characteristics, pesticide residues, and heavy metals. The study found contamination with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor pesticides at some locations, as well as various heavy metals. The water quality was determined to be unsafe for human consumption based on the contaminant levels found.
Phytoremediation is a natural process that uses plants to remove contaminants from soil and water. It involves using plants and their associated microorganisms to degrade, extract, and stabilize pollutants in the environment. The document discusses the various methods of phytoremediation including phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytotransformation. It also provides examples of plant species commonly used for different phytoremediation processes and contaminants removed.
The study investigated the effects of different concentrations of lead (Pb) and sewage water on the growth and Pb uptake of two radish varieties. The results showed that total biomass and root diameter were generally not affected by the treatments, except at the highest Pb concentration of 400 mg/L. Pb treatments significantly reduced plant growth and yield for both varieties. Pb uptake in roots and leaves increased with increasing Pb concentration, with the highest levels found in plants treated with 400 mg/L Pb. Plants treated with sewage water showed higher biomass, root weight, and root diameter compared to the control and Pb treatments. The interaction between varieties and treatments was found to be significantly different for various measured parameters
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
The document discusses the effect of chemical composition of plant residues on nitrogen mineralization in soil. It presents findings from several case studies and research papers. The chemical composition of different plant residues like lignin, polyphenols and C:N ratio affects their decomposition rate and impacts nitrogen mineralization. Plant residues high in nitrogen and low in lignin and polyphenols decompose faster, releasing nitrogen for plant uptake. The studies show crop residues and tree leaves with higher lignin and polyphenol content immobilize soil nitrogen during decomposition.
China's National Bureau of Statistics said falling vegetable and egg prices dragged the CPI down by 0.39 percentage points.
On the Comex division of the New York Mercantile Exchange, gold for August delivery rose 0.09% to $1,174.70 a troy ounce. China and India vie as the world's top buyers of gold.
Silver for July delivery gained 0.26% to $16.00 a troy ounce.
But copper for July delivery eased 0.01% to $2.702 a pound as the data pointed to weak demand fromt he world's top buyer of the industrial metal.
Overnight, gold futures ticked up on Monday rebounding from three-month low's at the end of last week, as the dollar retreated from a strong rally on Friday.
This document provides an overview of Awadhi cuisine from the Lucknow region of India. It discusses the history and traditions of Awadhi cooking, including important festivals and customs. It also describes common ingredients, cooking methods like dum style cooking and baghar, and utensils used in Awadhi cuisine such as the deg, kadhai and tandoor. The document aims to introduce readers to the distinctive flavors and dishes of the Awadhi culinary tradition.
The document provides guidance on designing an efficient kitchen layout and operation. It discusses several key considerations for kitchen design including reducing physical fatigue for employees, minimizing noise and ensuring adequate lighting, temperature control and compliance with safety codes. It also outlines different kitchen layout options and important design factors to consider like costs, equipment needs, space and sanitation. General guidelines are provided for lighting, ventilation, floors, walls, ceilings and storage areas. Industrial catering management models and cafeteria operations are briefly covered.
This document contains a list of 96 topics related to hotel management, food and beverage, and culinary arts. Each topic includes a link to an online slideshow presentation about that topic. The topics cover subjects such as types of cuisine from different regions of India, food safety, kitchen tools, types of wines and spirits, and roles in hotel departments like housekeeping, food and beverage service, and culinary arts.
BSc HOTEL MANAGEMENT FOOD PRODUCTION 1st year notesN SENTHIL KUMAR
This document provides information on food safety and preventing foodborne illness. It discusses the three main types of food hazards: biological, chemical, and physical. Biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Food can become contaminated through improper food handling or cross-contamination. Maintaining good personal hygiene like handwashing and sanitary practices is important for food handlers to prevent spreading germs. Proper preparation, cooking, cooling and storage of foods helps control the growth of harmful bacteria.
http://www.hotelsystem.us
The E-Soft Hotel Management System (HMS) helps to manage & operate small to medium sized hotels. E-Soft Hotel Management System is a user-friendly, uncluttered and compact Hotel Management Software that automates the operation and management of a hotel. Our Hotel Management Software seamlessly integrates Reservations, Front Desk, Housekeeping functions on a single platform. An extensive variety of management reports can be generated from the E-Soft Hotel Management System.
Acids release H+ ions in water and have sour tastes, while bases release OH- ions in water and feel slippery. Strong acids and bases completely ionize in water, while weak acids and bases only partially ionize. Common strong acids include sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, while strong bases include lithium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. When acids and bases are mixed, they neutralize each other through a reaction that produces water and a salt. Indicators change color depending on whether the solution is acidic or basic, and can be used to measure the pH of a solution.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal uptake in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) grown in soil contaminated with sewage water in peri-urban areas near Sargodha City, Pakistan. The study found:
1) Heavy metal levels in soil samples were below permissible limits except for cadmium. Pumpkin accumulated higher levels of chromium, manganese, molybdenum, and cadmium compared to soil.
2) Transfer factors (the ratio of metal concentration in pumpkin to soil) ranged from 0.01 to 71.3, with the highest for chromium.
3) Daily intake of lead, cadmium, manganese, and molybden
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Risk assessment of heavy metal distribution and contaminationAlexander Decker
This study analyzed heavy metal contamination of vegetables irrigated with storm water in Chandigarh, India. Samples of storm water, vegetables irrigated with storm water, and vegetables irrigated with groundwater were collected and analyzed for heavy metals including arsenic, lead, nickel, cadmium, chromium, zinc and cobalt. Heavy metal concentrations were significantly higher in storm water and vegetables irrigated with storm water compared to groundwater. Statistical analysis of storm water found nickel, manganese and cadmium concentrations exceeded safety limits. Over 50% of vegetables irrigated with storm water exceeded safety limits for nickel, cadmium and chromium. The study suggests storm water irrigation leads to heavy metal accumulation in vegetables,
This document summarizes a study on heavy metal contamination in soils and crops in peri-urban areas near four cities in Pakistan (Multan, Kasur, Lahore, and Gujranwala). Soil, plant, and wastewater samples were collected and analyzed. Results found lead and chromium levels above permissible limits in soils from all areas, with highest chromium levels in Kasur. Cadmium levels exceeded limits in all areas, with highest contamination in Multan. Copper exceeded limits in Multan and Gujranwala soils. Crop samples also showed heavy metal accumulation. The dominant fungus found was Aspergillus, indicating resistance to heavy metals. Long-term wastewater irrigation was concluded to be
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal contamination in three leafy vegetables (Telfairia occidentalis, Amaranthus hybridus, and Talinum triangulare) commonly cultivated and consumed in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos, Nigeria. Samples of the vegetables were collected from different sites, dried, digested, and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine concentrations of copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead. The results showed that metal levels in the vegetables were within internationally accepted safety limits, indicating they are safe for local consumption without risk of toxic metal exposure.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
Heavy Metals in Irrigated Crops along Tatsawarki River in Kano, NigeriaIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The current research was conducted to quantify
the heavy metals accumulation in vegetables imported from India
and compared with same vegetables collected from vegetable
market in Pakistan. Green chili, capsicum, tomato and ginger
were selected to analyze their heavy metal contents by atomic
absorption spectrophotometer. Samples were prepared by dry
ash method and wet digestion method to find out the efficient
method for heavy metals analysis. Maximum concentration of
heavy metals detected by dry ash method in Indian vegetables
were of Cu (0.34ppm) in capsicum, Cd (0.0ppm) in capsicum, Cr
(0.22ppm) in Ginger, Pb (0.22ppm) in ginger and Ni (0.14ppm) in
Ginger while in Pakistani vegetables, it were of Cu (0.62ppm) in
Tomato, Cd (0.04ppm) in Capsicum, Cr (0.17ppm) in Tomato, Pb
(0.36ppm) in Ginger. Heavy metal contents determined by wet
digestion method were of Cu (0.57ppm) in Ginger, Cd (0.01ppm)
in capsicum, Cr (0.17ppm) in Ginger, Pb (0.27ppm) in capsicum
while in Pakistani vegetables these were of Cu (0.19ppm) in
Ginger, Cd (0.04ppm) in green chili, Cr (0.09ppm) in Tomato, Pb
(0.25ppm) in Ginger. It was found that the concentrations of
these heavy metals in vegetables of both the countries were within
WHO/FAO permissible limits so at present these are not
hazardous but long term use of these vegetables can magnify
heavy metals contents in human body. For statistical analysis two
factor ANOVA was run, which indicated that almost all the
vegetables had accumulated heavy metals but there was a
difference in the uptake of Indian and Pakistani vegetables.
Assessment of heavy metal contamination in green leafyAlexander Decker
This document analyzes heavy metal contamination in two leafy green vegetables, palak and coriander, grown in five areas of Bangalore, India that receive wastewater. Samples of the vegetables, soil, and water were tested for levels of copper, zinc, lead, chromium, cadmium, and manganese. Results found high levels of lead in both vegetables across all areas, exceeding safe limits. Zinc also exceeded limits in some areas. Chromium and cadmium were detected at some sites. The high metal levels found indicate contamination from automobile exhaust, pesticides, and industrial waste in the wastewater used for irrigation. Cytological studies on the plants showed chromosomal abnormalities, suggesting genetic effects from the
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Trace Metal Analysis in Soil and Plant Samples of Tirupati Region, Andhra Pra...inventionjournals
Rapid economic and industrial development across Tirupati region in recent decades has necessitated massive construction and building works and resulted in the contamination of environmental compartments. In addition to the disposal of untreated domestic wastes from the nearby villages industrial activities are also increasing in this region. In the present context there is a dire need to know the level of environmental contaminants in the environmental compartments such as soil and plants. The present study investigated the concentrations of trace metals in soil and plants around Tirupati region. Our results indicate that the sites are moderately polluted and potential negative biological effects may occur in the vicinity.
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the tolerance potential of different Aspergillus species to heavy metals. Soil samples were collected from agricultural areas irrigated with contaminated water near Kasur, Pakistan. Fungi were isolated from the soil and identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. The tolerance of these fungi was tested by measuring growth in the presence of varying concentrations of chromium and lead. Results showed variation in tolerance levels between fungal isolates, with some being tolerant, moderately tolerant, or sensitive. The soil was also analyzed to determine heavy metal contamination levels.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This study investigated the effects of salinity on the growth, chlorophyll content, and ion accumulation of Nitraria schoberi. Plants were exposed to different levels of salinity (0, 86, 160, 204, and 246 mM NaCl). The first treatment of 86 mM NaCl produced the best growth and highest chlorophyll content. Higher salinity levels decreased growth and increased chlorophyll degradation. Sodium and chloride ion concentrations increased with salinity, while potassium, calcium, and magnesium decreased. Overall, N. schoberi performed best under low salinity of 86 mM NaCl.
Proximate and heavy metals composition of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) frui...IJEAB
Plantain thrives well in waste dumpsites. These wastes usually contaminate the soil with heavy metals which become absorbed by the plants. The risk of heavy metal toxicity in humans is an issue of serious concern globally. Proximate composition of plantain fruits harvested from three randomly selected waste dumpsites in Uyo metropolis, Nigeria were determined using AOAC standard analytical techniques while their heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd and As) concentrations and that of their rhizosphere soil were analysed with Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Proximate analyses results revealed that carbohydrate content was higher in the fruits harvested from the control uncontaminated soil sites (91.61%) than in the fruits harvested from dumpsite soils (87.23%; 87.89%; 88.00%). Dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than the control soil. Lead (Pb) was the highest occurring heavy metal in all the dumpsite soils. Fruits harvested from the dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than those from the control soil. Pb was the only heavy metal whose concentration in the plantain fruits was higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit. This work has established that the selected dumpsite soils have been contaminated with heavy metals which have been absorbed by the plantain cultivated there. Cultivation and consumption of plantain from these dumpsite soils should be discouraged.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commonly Edible Vegetables available in Markets...AI Publications
Vegetables are considered vital given that they supply to humans vitamins, minerals, nutritional fiber, and phytochemicals. This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals in common vegetables, locally available in Akure South LGAs markets for consumers. Samples of vegetables belonging to Amaranthaceae, Malvaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Basellaceae families were procured from local markets of different areas of Akure south LGAs and analyzed for Cu, Pb, Fe, Zn and Mnby Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results indicated that the trace metal content of Telfariaoccidentalis, Corchorusolitorus, Amaranthushybridusand Abelmoschusesculentus from Oja Oba were higher than the other markets. Basellaalba purchased from Isikan possessed the highest metal content. Maximum concentration of Fe was found to be 1.93μg/g in Basellaalba, Zn 0.76 μg/g in Basella alba, Mn 1.12 μg/g in Basella alba, Cu 0.76μg/g in Telfairiaoccidentalis. The overall content of metals appeared to be within the limit laid down for safe human consumption.
Mobility and Distribution of Some Selected Trace Metals in Soil from Dumpsite...ijtsrd
Mobility and distribution of some selected trace metal was carried out using Tessier et al 1979sequential extraction method and the results obtained shows from dumpsite A, samples taken from 0 - 5cm the result ranges from 0.56 - 21.56 , 0.34 - 40.66 , 1.34 - 29.18 , 0.06 to 45.91 and 0.37 - 12.95 for the exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic carbonate and residual fractions respectively. For the samples taken from 10 - 15cm at dumpsite A, the results of the fractions are 0.42 - 13.63 , 0.03 - 18.48 , 1.01 - 25.34 , 0.03 - 35.19 and 0.27 - 9.31 for exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic, carbonate and residual fractions. The results of dumpsite Bare 0.48-27.36 , 0.28-40.07 , 2.93-31.15 , 3.87-42.50 and 0.84-30.67 for exchangeable, Fe-Mn oxide, Organic, carbonate and residual fractions for sample taken from 0-5cm while for samples taken from 10 - 15cm the results show 0.32 - 36.38 , 0.23 - 16.49 , 0.53 - 15.83 , 1.53 - 34.88 and 0.04 - 5.27 for exchangeable Fe - Mn oxide, carbonate and residual fractions respectively. The dumpsite C has the concentration of the various fractions ranging from 0.25 - 18.34 , 2.73 to 15.58, 4.02 - 23.28 , 0.07 - 45.25 and 1.57 - 37.43 for exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic, carbonate and residual for samples taken from 0 - 5cm while for samples taken between 10 - 15cm the concentrations are 0.42 - 12 .62 0.80 - 11.59 , 2.16 - 17.33 , 9.86 - 34.48 and 0.99 - 32.99 respectively. Gube-Ibrahim Mercy Ayinya | Ibrahim Ezekiel Gube "Mobility and Distribution of Some Selected Trace Metals in Soil from Dumpsite in Lafia, Nasarawa State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19106.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/19106/mobility-and-distribution-of-some-selected-trace-metals-in-soil-from-dumpsite-in-lafia-nasarawa-state/gube-ibrahim-mercy-ayinya
Similar to Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nashik City, Maharashtra State, India (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
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Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nashik City, Maharashtra State, India
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 5, Issue 3 (Sep. – Oct. 2013), PP 09-14
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown
in and Around Nashik City, Maharashtra State, India
Kailas R. Labhade
Department of Chemistry, S.V.K.T. Arts, Science and Commerce College, Deolali Camp, Nashik, Maharashtra,
India
Abstract: The study was conducted to find out the content of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper
(Cu) in some selected vegetables grown in and around Nashik city, Maharashtra state (India). Vegetable
samples from four different sites were collected and digested by using tri-acid digestion method. Concentrations
of heavy metals were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed
that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites.
Vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area were most contaminated while vegetables grown in rural
area were least contaminated. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of lead in 35% vegetable
samples collected from industrial area were more than maximum permitted limit. The high concentration of
cadmium was found in onion and coriander, while lead content was recorded high in spinach and cauliflower.
Arsenic concentration in 25% samples collected from industrial area was more than maximum permitted limit.
Copper concentration in most of the vegetable sample was within permissible limit; only two out of forty
samples have high concentration of copper. The results of the study showed that consumers are at greater risk
of purchasing these fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the
Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
Keywords: Heavy Metals, Vegetables, Contamination, Nashik
I. Introduction
Nashik city is situated at the bank of Godavari River in Maharashtra state. Around Nashik there are
numbers of villages having large farming communities. Vegetables and fruits are very important part of the
human diet as they contain proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and trace elements. They contain both
essential and toxic elements in various concentrations. Many researchers have shown that some common
vegetables have ability of accumulating high level of metals from the soil. Distribution of heavy metals in plant
body depends upon their concentration in soil and water as well as plant species and its population. [1, 2] Heavy
metals play very important role in the metabolism and growth of plants and animals. These metals can alter the
metabolism and functions of some essential trace elements, like iron, copper, zinc, calcium selenium and
manganese by competing for the ligands in biological system. [3] Heavy metals are very harmful because of
their non-biodegradable nature and their potential to accumulate in different body parts. [4] Excessive
accumulation of heavy metals can develop systematic health problem in human body. Accumulation of heavy
metals in agricultural soils result in increased metal uptake by crops, this can affect food quality and safety.
According to toxicity studies, these metals can directly damage human beings by affecting mental and
neurological function. [5] Sewage and irrigation with contaminated water is responsible for increased
concentration of metals in the soil and vegetation [6]. Irrigation of crops with industrial and municipal
wastewater is a common practice in periurban area due to its easy availability, disposal problems and scarcity of
fresh water. [4]
Polluted environment in urban agriculture, contaminated food transport and poor sanitary condition are
responsible for food contamination in urban areas. [7] Industrial activities such as metal finishing, paint
pigment, battery manufacturing and traffic emissions are mainly responsible for environmental pollution.
Human activities like urban compost and municipal waste water sludge depositions, use of pesticides and
phosphate fertilizers also contribute in heavy metal pollution [8, 9] Major categories of soil pollutants include
nutrients (fertilizers, sewage sludge), acids, heavy metals, radioactive elements and organic chemicals
(herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and other pesticides). Many of these pollutants are continuously discharged
into the soils through land waste disposal, inputs from the atmosphere and irrigation by municipal waste water
on a daily basis [10, 11]. Use of polluted water in the immediate surroundings of big cities for growing of
vegetables is a common practice. Although this water has rich source of organic matter and plant nutrients, it
also contains sufficient amounts of soluble heavy metal salts. When such water is used for cultivation of crops
for a long period, these heavy metals may accumulate in soil and deterioration it. [12]The present study was
conducted with an aim to compare the heavy metals (lead, cadmium arsenic and copper) level of some
commonly available vegetables from Nashik, Maharashtra State, India
2. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nashik City,
www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
Study area
The study area for the research work is Nashik, Maharashtra State (India). This is one of the fast
growing cities having large farming community. Location of city is between 18.33 degree and 20.53 degree
North latitude and between 73.16 degrees and 75.16 degree East Longitude. Nashik is known as Mini
Maharashtra, as the climate and soil conditions in some parts of Nashik resembles with of Konkan, Western
Maharashtra and Vidarbha Region. Many important rivers including Godavari originate from the Nashik district.
Godavari is popularly known as Ganga of South India. The climate of the Nashik is very pleasant and
comparable with Bangalore and Pune In recent years, increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall is
observed due to industrialization, urbanization, deforestation and global warming. Vegetables and fruits like
grape are very important crops of the Nashik district
For the present study four different sites were selected from the Nashik, Maharashtra. (India)
Site-1 Nashik (Satpur and Ambad) industrial area.
Site-2 Sinnar industrial area.
Site-3 Nandur village (near municipal waste water disposal centre)
Site-4 Dindori (away from industrial and city area)
II. Materials and methods
Sample collection
Fresh vegetable samples were collected in triplicate from four different sites. The sample collected
includes Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Onion (Allium cepa), Cauliflower
(Brassica oleracea botrytis), Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Carrot (Daucus carota).
Sample preparation and treatment
Vegetable samples were brought to the laboratory and washed under clean tap water followed by
double distilled water to eliminate soil and air-born pollutants. The moisture and water droplets were removed
with the help of blotting papers.100 gram of edible portion of all three samples was homogenized, and
immediately oven dried at 110°C until the constant weight was achieved. Fully dry samples were then ground to
fine powder in a manual grinder and kept in clean, dry, stopper glass containers at room temperature. A working
solution of H2SO4 (65%), HClO4 (65%) and HNO3 (70%) with ratio of 1:1:5 was prepared and used for
digestion of the samples. For heavy metal analysis, one gram of dry powder of each sample was digested in 100
ml Pyrex glass beaker by adding 15 ml of aforementioned three-acid mixture and then heated at 80o
C till the
solution became transparent. The resulting solution was cooled and filtered with whatman filter paper. Finally
volume of the extract was made up to 50 ml using double distilled water [13-15]. Analysis of heavy metals was
carried out by using Shimadzu Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Model AA 6300.
III. Results and discussion
Concentration of lead, cadmium, arsenic and copper from randomly collected samples of coriander (
Coriandrum sativum), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), onion (Allium cepa), cauliflower(Brassica oleracea
botrytis), brinjal (Solanum melongena), cabbage(Brassica oleracea), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ),
cucumber(Cucumis sativus) , potato(Solanum tuberosum) and carrot(Daucus carota) form four different sites in
Nashik district were analysed. The study showed that the concentration of metals greatly varied in sample
collected from different sites.
Lead
Table 1. shows the lead (Pb) concentration in vegetable samples collected from different sites from
Nashik district. Lead concentration in 35 % vegetable sample collected from industrial area recorded higher than
the permissible limits of Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA), 1954. Lead concentration ranges
from 1.60 to 9.70 ppm for Nashik industrial area and 1.90 to 7.10 ppm for Sinnar industrial area. High
concentration of lead in vegetables was due to high content of metals in the soil, and may be due to irrigation by
metal contaminated water released from nearby industries. Maximum vegetable sample (80%) collected from
Nandur and the entire samples collected from Dindori have lead concentration within permissible limit. Fig.1.
shows comparison of lead (Pb) level in different vegetables collected from different sites. From fig. it is clear
that site 1 is most polluted while site 4 is least polluted. Highest level of lead was found in spinach and
cauliflower while lowest level of lead was found in cucumber.
Cadmium
Table 2. shows the cadmium (Cd) concentration in vegetable samples collected from above mentioned
four sites. Cadmium concentrations in the entire sample collected from Dindori were within the permissible
3. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nashik City,
www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
limits of Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA), 1954. Cadmium concentration in two out of ten
samples collected from Nandur has recorded higher than the permissible limits of 1.5 μg /g. 30% vegetable
sample collected from Nashik and Sinnar industrial area recorded cadmium concentration higher than the
permissible limit. Concentration ranges from 0.60 to 3.30 ppm for Nashik industrial area and 0.80 to 2.20 ppm
for Sinnar industrial area. Graphical representation of cadmium level in different vegetables collected from
different sites is shown in fig.2 Three out of four sample of coriander and onion shows high level of cadmium
than permissible limits.
Arsenic
Arsenic concentration in 5 out of 20 samples collected from industrial area has higher than the
permissible limits of Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA), 1954. Arsenic concentration in all
sample collected from Dindori and 90% sample collected from Nandur were within safe limit (Table 3 and
fig.3)
Copper
Table 4 shows concentration of copper (Cu) in vegetable samples collected from different sites in ppm
while fig. 4 shows its comparative representation. Copper concentration of most of vegetable sample was within
permissible limit. Only two out of 40 samples shows copper concentration above permissible limit.
Concentration ranges from 4.90 to 30.80 ppm for Nashik industrial area, 6.30 to 14.20 ppm for Sinnar industrial
area, 3.10 to 15.20 ppm for Nandur village and 2.20 to 7.10 ppm for Dindori.
IV. Conclusions and Recommendation
The main source of heavy metal pollution is urbanization and industrialization. The Heavy metal
concentration in the different vegetable sample was found higher than the permissible limits according to Indian
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA), 1954. Nearly 35 % samples collected from industrial area showed
higher levels of lead than the permissible limit of 2.5 mg/kg. Nearly 75 % of onion and coriander samples
showed higher levels of cadmium than the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/kg; rest of the samples including spinach
and cabbage had cadmium within the safe limits. The high concentration of arsenic and copper was recorded in
carrot and cauliflower respectively. Result of the study showed that vegetables grown in the vicinity of an
industrial area were most contaminated. This is due to high content of metals in the soil and may be due to use
of contaminated water released from industries for irrigation. Vegetables grown away from the industrial area
and city (Dindori) were least contaminated and safe.
By controlling industrial and vehicular pollution of water, soil and air can prevent cadmium and lead
contamination. Limiting the use of wastewater for irrigation and minimizing the use of sewage sludge,
municipal compost and certain pesticides can help in controlling heavy metal pollution. Farmers need to be
made aware of side effects associated with certain pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation water sources during
cultivation. Washing of vegetables at farm should be done with clean water. Care should be taken during the
transport and sale of vegetables. The results of the present study showed that consumers are at greater risk of
purchasing fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the Indian
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. V.B. Gaikwad, Director, BCUD, University of Pune,
for his valuable guidance and encouragement. I am grateful to BCUD, University of Pune for financial
assistance under Minor Research Project. I express my sincere thanks to Principal, S.V.K.T. Arts, Commerce
and Science College, Deolali Camp, Nashik and Principal, K. T. H. M. College Nashik, Maharashtra for
providing laboratory facilities.
Table-1
Concentration of Lead in vegetable samples collected from different sites. (μg /g dry wt.)
Sr. No. Vegetables Site-1 Site-2 Site-3 Site-4
1 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) 6.10 5.10 2.10 1.20
2 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 9.20 4.80 4.20 1.40
3 Onion (Allium cepa), 2.20 2.40 1.60 1.60
4 Cauliflower (Brassica botrytis) 8.10 7.10 2.10 N.D.
5 Brinjal (Solanum melongena) 2.30 2.40 2.40 1.20
6 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) 2.10 1.90 5.10 N.D.
7 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 2.20 2.20 1.20 0.50
8 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) 1.60 1.60 2.10 1.40
9 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 2.40 2.30 N.D. N.D.
10 Carrot (Daucus carota) 9.70 2.10 2.10 N.D.
N.D. = Not Detected
4. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nashik City,
www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
Table-2
Concentration of Cadmium in vegetable samples collected from different sites. (μg /g dry wt.)
Sr. No. Vegetables Site-1 Site-2 Site-3 Site-4
1 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) 2.80 2.10 1.60 1.40
2 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 1.20 1.40 1.00 N.D.
3 Onion (Allium cepa), 3.30 1.80 1.80 1.00
4 Cauliflower (Brassica botrytis) 1.00 1.70 N.D. 0.50
5 Brinjal (Solanum melongena) 0.70 0.90 1.20 0.70
6 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) 0.90 1.40 1.40 1.10
7 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 0.90 0.80 N.D. N.D.
8 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) 1.10 1.40 1.00 1.20
9 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 0.60 1.30 1.40 N.D.
10 Carrot (Daucus carota) 1.60 1.00 N.D. N.D.
N.D. = Not Detected
Table-3
Concentration of Arsenic in vegetable samples collected from different sites. (μg /g dry wt.)
Sr. No. Vegetables Site-1 Site-2 Site-3 Site-4
1 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.60
2 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 0.90 1.30 0.80 N.D.
3 Onion (Allium cepa), 1.40 0.60 N.D. N.D.
4 Cauliflower (Brassica botrytis) 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.60
5 Brinjal (Solanum melongena) 0.40 0.90 0.90 0.50
6 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) 0.70 N.D. 1.10 0.60
7 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 0.60 1.00 0.90 N.D.
8 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) 1.00 0.90 N.D. 0.70
9 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 0.80 N.D. 0.50 N.D.
10 Carrot (Daucus carota) 2.30 1.30 0.60 N.D.
N.D. = Not Detected
Table-4
Concentration of Copper in vegetable samples collected from different sites. (μg /g dry wt.)
Sr. No. Vegetables Site-1 Site-2 Site-3 Site-4
1 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) 11.20 11.30 4.20 5.10
2 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 8.10 8.30 15.20 3.10
3 Onion (Allium cepa), 7.80 6.50 4.10 2.20
4 Cauliflower (Brassica botrytis) 30.80 13.50 9.10 6.50
5 Brinjal (Solanum melongena) 5.60 10.40 4.40 3.20
6 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) 6.50 8.40 5.11 7.10
7 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 7.40 8.20 3.10 4.40
8 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) 30.40 7.20 6.20 2.80
9 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 9.60 14.20 8.10 5.50
10 Carrot (Daucus carota) 4.90 6.30 5.50 3.30
N.D. = Not Detected
Figure1. Comparative representation of lead (Pb) concentration in different vegetables.
Concentration of Lead in vegetable samples collected from
different sites
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
C
orianderS
pinach
O
nion
C
auliflow
er
B
rinjalC
abbage
Tom
atoC
ucum
ber
P
otato
C
arrot
Vegetables
Concentrationinppm
Site-1
Site-2
Site-3
Site-4
5. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nashik City,
www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
Figure2. Comparative representation of Cadmium (Cd) concentration in different vegetables.
Concentration of Cadmium in vegetable samples collected
from different sites
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
C
orianderS
pinach
O
nion
C
auliflow
er
B
rinjalC
abbage
Tom
atoC
ucum
ber
P
otato
C
arrot
Vegetables
Concentrationinppm
Site-1
Site-2
Site-3
Site-4
Figure3. Comparative representation of Arsenic (As) concentration in different vegetables
Concentration of Arsenic in vegetable samples collected
from different sites
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
C
orianderS
pinach
O
nion
C
auliflow
er
B
rinjalC
abbage
Tom
atoC
ucum
ber
P
otato
C
arrot
Vegetables
Concentrationinppm
Site-1
Site-2
Site-3
Site-4
Figure4. Comparative representation of Copper (Cu) concentration in different vegetable
Concentration of Copper in vegetable samples collected
from different sites
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
C
orianderS
pinach
O
nion
C
auliflow
er
B
rinjalC
abbage
Tom
atoC
ucum
ber
P
otato
C
arrot
Vegetables
Concentrationinppm
Site-1
Site-2
Site-3
Site-4
6. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nashik City,
www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
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