International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
Bioremediation of heavy metals using Fe(III),SULPHATE AND SULPHUR reducing ba...KAVYA K N
Bioremediation of heavy metals with the help of Fe(III),Sulfate AND Sulfur reducing bacteria bacteria,environmental clean up process using geobacter and desulfuromonas species.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Heavy metals, particularly silver and mercury, have a variety of applications in controlling microbial population. Ps. aeruginosa is a high intrinsic resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals including Copper Sulfate, Silver Sulfate, Mercury chloride, Lead nitrate, Zinc sulfate, Cadmium sulfate, and Nickel sulfate.
The Impacts of Cement Dust Deposits on Soil Available MicronutrientsEditor IJCATR
The impact of cement dust deposits on soils micronutrient around Ashaka cement factory, Nigeria was evaluated by
determining available micronutrient elements in 68 soil samples and some crop plant stalks using acid extraction and atomic absorption
spectrophotometric methods. Soil samples collected in a radius of 6Km from a 0 – 30cm depth and analysed indicated mean
concentrations of 215.30gKg-1 Fe, 7.96 gKg-1 Zn, 0.33 gKg-1 Cu, 80.79 gKg-1 Mn, 2.05 gKg-1 Ni, and 26.91 gKg-1 Co. The concentration
of each element in the soil varies in a decreasing order with increasing distance away from the cement factory and generally occurring
above background levels (Zn, Mn, Ni). The metals in the crop plants were higher than normal levels with sorghum concentrating more
metals than millet, suggesting a reflection of the soil metal concentrations and this might be due to the presence of available mobile
elements and the slightly acidic nature of the soil outside the factory
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
Abstract— An experiment was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki to evaluate the effect of biochar on soil chemical properties, carbon storage and maize performance in an Ultisoil in Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments replicated five times. Data collected were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS software in RCBD and significant difference dictated using F-LSD. Soil samples were collected and analysed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases and exchangeable acidity while crop performance measured were maize height and maize grain yield. Results of the study showed that biochar amended plots had significant (P < 0.05) higher organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, carbon storage, maize height and maize grain yield than control. Also, there was an increase in the magnitude of the parameters with an increase in the rate of biochar applied. This study recommends that biochar should be used as soil amendments to increase soil productivity and carbon storage in the soil to reduce the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Bioremediation of heavy metals using Fe(III),SULPHATE AND SULPHUR reducing ba...KAVYA K N
Bioremediation of heavy metals with the help of Fe(III),Sulfate AND Sulfur reducing bacteria bacteria,environmental clean up process using geobacter and desulfuromonas species.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Heavy metals, particularly silver and mercury, have a variety of applications in controlling microbial population. Ps. aeruginosa is a high intrinsic resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals including Copper Sulfate, Silver Sulfate, Mercury chloride, Lead nitrate, Zinc sulfate, Cadmium sulfate, and Nickel sulfate.
The Impacts of Cement Dust Deposits on Soil Available MicronutrientsEditor IJCATR
The impact of cement dust deposits on soils micronutrient around Ashaka cement factory, Nigeria was evaluated by
determining available micronutrient elements in 68 soil samples and some crop plant stalks using acid extraction and atomic absorption
spectrophotometric methods. Soil samples collected in a radius of 6Km from a 0 – 30cm depth and analysed indicated mean
concentrations of 215.30gKg-1 Fe, 7.96 gKg-1 Zn, 0.33 gKg-1 Cu, 80.79 gKg-1 Mn, 2.05 gKg-1 Ni, and 26.91 gKg-1 Co. The concentration
of each element in the soil varies in a decreasing order with increasing distance away from the cement factory and generally occurring
above background levels (Zn, Mn, Ni). The metals in the crop plants were higher than normal levels with sorghum concentrating more
metals than millet, suggesting a reflection of the soil metal concentrations and this might be due to the presence of available mobile
elements and the slightly acidic nature of the soil outside the factory
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
Abstract— An experiment was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki to evaluate the effect of biochar on soil chemical properties, carbon storage and maize performance in an Ultisoil in Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments replicated five times. Data collected were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS software in RCBD and significant difference dictated using F-LSD. Soil samples were collected and analysed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases and exchangeable acidity while crop performance measured were maize height and maize grain yield. Results of the study showed that biochar amended plots had significant (P < 0.05) higher organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available P, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, carbon storage, maize height and maize grain yield than control. Also, there was an increase in the magnitude of the parameters with an increase in the rate of biochar applied. This study recommends that biochar should be used as soil amendments to increase soil productivity and carbon storage in the soil to reduce the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Strong (Weak) Triple Connected Domination Number of a Fuzzy Graphijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Development of a Cassava Starch Extraction Machineijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The Myth of Softening behavior of the Cohesive Zone Model Exact derivation of...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Phytochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Gongronema Latifolium, Talinum Tri...Scientific Review SR
Heavy metals contamination of soil has continued to increase globally as a result of increase in anthropogenic
actions. The phytochemical and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Hg) content of three edible plant species grown in
southern Nigeria and the health implications were evaluated. The heavy metal concentrations of Gongronema
latifolium, Talinum triangulare and Amaranthus hybridus as well as the top soil were determined using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer. The consumption of vegetables is a very vital path to food chain by which toxic
metals are transferred from the soil to human as well as other animals. Geo-accumulation index and Transfer factor
were the parameters used to evaluate the extent of contamination of top soil and exposure by human via the food
chain respectively. The results of phytochemical analysis of plants revealed the existence of some bioactive
constituents and their corresponding concentrations are presented in increasing order of magnitude: anthocyanin˂
carotenoid ˂ flavonoid ˂ tannin ˂ steroid ˂ alkaloid. The soil analysis for heavy metals were performed and results
demonstrated that zinc had the maximum concentration (103.1 – 174.0 mg kg-1) while mercury had the lowest levels
(0.01 – 0.20 mg kg-1). The heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples are in the order; Zn ˃ Pb ˃ Cu ˃ Cd ˃ Ni
˃ As ˃ Hg. Geo-accumulation index analysis revealed that Pb and Cd were implicated in overall contamination of
the soil samples but the control soil remained uncontaminated. The concentratio ns of heavy metal in the plant
samples varied greatly with Zn having the maximum values (10.80 – 21.10 mg kg -1) whereas arsenic had the
minimum concentration (0.01 – 0.03 mg kg -1). The heavy metal concentration in the plant samples are in the order;
Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd ˃ Ni ˃ Hg ˃ As. The concentrations of heavy metals in the selected plant samples evaluated were
within the recommended standard limits apart for lead which was higher than the recommended value. Results
revealed moderately high transfer factors and capacity of the vegetables investigated to accumulate copper, mercury
and arsenic.
Abstract— The content of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) which is excessive in the soil could affects on the soil and plants health. The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate the ability of selected indigenous plants in stabilizing Cd. The study was conducted at an agricultural production center in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. There were two stages of this study, namely: (1) analysis of nutrient and heavy metal contamination, and (2) phytoremediation experiment by using five types of indigenous plants. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Once the plants were harvested, the plant materials then were analyzed the heavy metal content remaining in the soil and absorbed by the plants. The heavy metal content analysis used AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Subsequently, the analysis result data were calculated for the bio-concentration factor (BCF) and heavy metal reduction. The initial content of heavy metal Cd in the soil prior phytoremediation had passed the threshold value (2.26 mg kg-1). The five indigenous plants tested on the contaminated soil showed a good growth pattern, especially in the fourth week after planting. The average ability of this selected plant to reduce heavy metals Cd was up to 71.2%. The reductions of heavy metals Cd obtained by each plant were Vetiveria zizanioides (71.2%), Eleusine indica, L. (58.9%), Ageratum conyzoides L. (52.2%), Euphorbia hirta (51.8%) and Chromolaena odorata (22.1%).
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Glomus fasciculatum) on tropical gum tree (Sterculia setigera Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non-AMF inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg-1) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated. Copper concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the inoculated and non-inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels. However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non-inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Article Citation:
Malick Ndiaye, Cavalli Eric, Diouf Adama, Diop Tahir Abdoulaye.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setigera (Del.) under Copper-contamined soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 022-028.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0012.pdf
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Analysis and Study in Light of Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminate...ijtsrd
"The modern movement quickens contamination of the
biosphere, particularly the soil. These days soil
contamination is getting impressive open
consideration since the size of this issue is developing
quickly. Heavy metals are the most hazardous
substances in the earth because of their abnormal state
of toughness and harmfulness to the biota. Various
examinations have been led around there went for
building up an effective and prudent approach to
remediate the soil contaminated with heavy metals.
Regular remediation techniques, for example,
physical, warm and concoction medications are
exceptionally costly. Phytoremediation is a creating
innovation which utilizes plants and their related
organisms for the remediation of soil defilement. This
procedure is practical without making unsettling
influence to the scene. This paper resembles a point of
reference or resource in distinguishing the issues
related with heavy metal contaminated soil and other
term known as Phytoremediation."
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nas...IOSR Journals
The study was conducted to find out the content of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in some selected vegetables grown in and around Nashik city, Maharashtra state (India). Vegetable samples from four different sites were collected and digested by using tri-acid digestion method. Concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. Vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area were most contaminated while vegetables grown in rural area were least contaminated. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of lead in 35% vegetable samples collected from industrial area were more than maximum permitted limit. The high concentration of cadmium was found in onion and coriander, while lead content was recorded high in spinach and cauliflower. Arsenic concentration in 25% samples collected from industrial area was more than maximum permitted limit. Copper concentration in most of the vegetable sample was within permissible limit; only two out of forty samples have high concentration of copper. The results of the study showed that consumers are at greater risk of purchasing these fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
Quantification of Heavy Metals using Contamination and Pollution Index in Sel...IJEAB
Many sites in urban cities are used for dumping of domestic, industrial and municipal wastes because of high human population density in the area. Most often, people use these dumpsites for growing of crops without knowing the level of heavy metal contamination in soils of these areas. This study evaluated the quantification and contamination level of heavy metals in some refuse dumpsites in communities of the State Nigeria. Three replicate soil samples were collected from the dumpsites and at 20 m away from the non - dumpsite which do not receive sewage water within the root zone of 0 – 40 cm depth using soil auger sampler. Samples were analysed for soil properties and heavy metal concentrations using standard methods. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) were compared with the permissible limits of other countries. Results showed that in the three studied locations, soil pH at dumpsites were 40 .6%, 39.4% and 38.9% higher than the values in the control sites while soil organic carbon were higher in the dumpsites by 50.1%, 31.3% and 41.1% as compared to the control sites. Cu concentrations at the three locations were below the standard limits of United Kingdom, European Union (EU), USA and WHO. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals passed the contamination stage and therefore will pose negative effect on plant and soil environment. Use of the dumpsite for crop cultivation or as compost materials should be avoided and construction of shallow wells near these areas should be discouraged.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants along Mubi-Gombi Highway, Adama...Premier Publishers
The concentrations of some selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co) along Mubi- Gombi highway were analysed. Samples of roadside soil and plants were randomly collected from six (6) towns; these include Mubi, Mararaba, Makera, Kala’a, Hong and Gombi. Subsequently the concentrations of the following heavy metals Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) . Three samples were taken at each sampling point at a distance of 5 m, 10 m and 15 m from the edge inward. The result revealed that Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co were present in the soil and plant samples. The mean concentration ranged from Cd(0.02±0.01 – 1.50 ±0.11 mg/ kg) Pb(0.02±0.01 – 2.70±0.20 mg/ kg), Co(0.13±0.02 – 0.84±0.06mg/ kg), Fe( 243.80±16.4 – 311.74±22.8mg/ kg) and Mg(1.75±0.03 – 2.35±0.06mg/ kg) in the soil samples. While the mean concentration in plants leaves samples ranged from Cd (0.01±0.00 – 0.04±0.02mg/ kg), Pd( 0.17±0.04 – 0.82±0.10mg/ kg), Co(0.20±0.03 – 0.88±0.88mg/ kg), Fe( 41.56±3.21 - 85.12±5.48mg/ kg) and Mg(2.11±0.18 - 2.32±0.07mg/ kg) . The concentration of Pb,Fe and Co exceeded the permissible limit of WHO. While the concentration of Cd and Mg were found to be within WHO limit. The high levels of Pb, Fe and Co indicate the potential health risk for human. The high level of these metals might be due to anthropogenic activities. However, the values of these metals decreased with increasing distance from the road inward. Also, significant difference in heavy metal concentrations among the sampling locations at p<0.05 level both in soil and plant were observed. Therefore, economic plants should not be planted along the highway to avoid heavy metal contamination.
About 20 topsoil samples collected from different locations of Gazipur industrial area were analyzed
to specify the elements by XRF. Soil pH, moisture content, organic carbon, organic matter, elements were
investigated by following proper procedure to find out the actual scenario of the soil status. Most soil samples
pH is tend to neutral which is most favorable for up taking nutrients. Moisture Content, Organic Carbon and
Organic Matter are enriched in the soil for plant growth. Speciation analysis are showing concentration trend
as Al>Fe>K>Mg>Ca>Rb>Mn>Si>P. Most of the elements are used as fertilizer for soil nutrient supplement
and also used as raw material in process industries. Though they are required for improving soil quality excess
amount is also harmful for soil biota. Soil chemical reaction with the surroundingis largely controlled by the
components present in soil matrix. Multivariate statistical analysis e.g: hierarchical cluster analysis showing 2
main clusters in the soil matrix which components are similar in characteristics or source.Group 1 and 2
formed by following different factors like common sources, attraction of the elements, similarity in
characteristics. Correlation matrix is exhibiting significant positive relationship among the components.
Different components have distinct positive relation with distinct components which differ from each other.
Principal component analysis denotes 3 principal components for composing soil matrix significantly.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
By Design, not by Accident - Agile Venture Bolzano 2024
L0343087093
1. International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 03||Issue, 4||
www.ijceronline.com ||April||2013|| Page 87
Study on the Effectiveness of Phytoremediation in the Removal of
Heavy Metals from Soil Using Corn
1
Otaru, A.J., 2
Ameh, C.U., 3
Okafor, J.O., 4
Odigure, J.O., 5
Abdulkareem, A.S
and 6
Ibrahim, S.
1, 3, 4&5
(Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal Univeristy of Technology, PMB 065, Gidan Kwanu,
Minna, Niger State, Nigeria).
2
(Chevron Nigeria Limited, 2 Chevron Drive, Lekki, Nigeria)
6
(Ovecon Engineering and Consultancy, P.O. Box 1730, Zaria, Nigeria)
I. INTRODUCTION
Farming, military and industrial activities are responsible for contamination of large areas of developed
countries with high concentrations of heavy metals and organic pollutants (Peuke and Rennenberg, 2005). In
addition to the negative effects of accumulation of heavy metals on ecosystems and other natural resources, they
also pose a great danger to public health because pollutants can enter food chain through agricultural product or
leach into drinking water (Peuke and Rennenberg, 2005). Soil located in Industrialized regions have been
identified as the most affected area due to the heavy metals they used for production and manufacturing. Soil
pollution spread to other parts of the natural environment because soil lies at the confluence of many natural
systems (Mohammad et al., 2008). Many human diseases result from the buildup of toxic metals in soil, making
remediation of these areas crucial in the protection of human health (Shaylor et al., 2009). Risk reduction can be
through a process of removal, degradation or containment of contaminants. In Nigeria and other developing
countries in the world, farmers are commonly using untreated industrial and municipal wastewater for irrigation,
particularly in the suburbs of large cities and in the vicinity of major industrial estates (Ghafoor et al., 2008).
However long term application of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), Lead(Pb), and Zinc
(Zn), in soil causes decline in soil microbial activity, soil and groundwater contamination, reduction in soil
fertility and contamination of human food chain (Cynthia and David, 1997).
Current methods of soil remediation such as soil washing, mechanical separation, extraction and
storage do not really solve the problem. Hence the need for alternative, cheap and efficient methods to clean up
heavily contaminated industrial areas. The current remediation techniques of heavy metal from contaminated
soil water are expensive, time consuming and environmentally destructive. Unlike organic compounds, metals
cannot degrade and therefore effective cleanup requires their immobilization to reduce or remove toxicity. In
recent years, scientist and engineers have started to generate cost effective technologies such as adsorbents.
Plants are an effective means of removal of contaminants from soil (Wenzel et al.,1999). Phytoremediation is a
ABSTRACT:
The research study aimed at determining the effectiveness of phytoremediation in the removal
of heavy metals using corn. Soil sample collected at a depth of 20 cm were taken from Gidan Kwanu
area of Niger state, Nigeria. The experiment consists of 12 treatments each containing 4 kg of soil
including soil without concentrations of Zn, Fe and Pb to serve as the control. 3 pots each were
contaminated with 2.5 g/dm3 concentration of Zn, Fe and Pb. The initial analysis of the soil indicates
that the uncontaminated soil sample contained 1.55 mg/kg of Zn, 31 mg/kg of Fe and 0.13 mg/kg of Pb
while the contaminated soil sample contained 15.33 mg/kg of Zn, 45.7 mg/kg of Fe and 4.16 mg/kg of
Pb. 4 corn seeds were planted on each of the soil sample at a depth of 4cm and the setup was
monitored properly in an isolated place. Samples were taken for analysis at 2 weeks interval in a
period of 8 weeks. Results show that at the end of the 8 weeks, there was reduction in the
concentration of the heavy metals in the soil and there was an increase in the level of heavy metals in
the plant leaves and stems. The plants were tolerant of the heavy metals as they had a fast growth,
therefore it was concluded that corn is a hyper accumulator and it is effective in the removal and
detoxification of soil contaminated with heavy metals.
Keywords: Phytoremediation, Heavy metals, Corn, Soil, Nigeria.
2. Study On The Effectiveness Of Phytoremediation…
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general term for using plants to remove, degrade or contain soil pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides,
solvents, crude oil, polyaromatic hydrocarbon and landfill leacheates.
For instance wild flowers were recently used to degrade hydrocarbons from an oil spill in Kuwait
(Brady and Weil, 1999). Phytoremediation is therefore an emerging technology for cleaning up of contaminated
and is now a widely supported green technology which may provide an alternative to cleaning wastewater and
contaminated soil. It is a cost effective, environmentally friendly and aesthetically pleasant nature and equal
applicability for the removal of both organic and inorganic pollutants present in soil, water and air (Yu et al.,
2001). Plants which can accumulate high concentration of metals in the harvestable biomass are termed
hyperaccumulators. According to and Proctor (1990), the plants that can accumulate >100 mg Cd kg
-1
or >500
mg Cr kg
-1
in dry leaf tissue are termed hyperaccumulators. Reeves and Baker (2000) also identified
hyperaccumulator plants for elements including Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn and (Hajar, 1997). However such plants are
typically slow growing small and weedy plants that produce only limited amount of biomass and therefore takes
significance time to decontaminate polluted sites (Cherian and Oliveira, 2005). Therefore fast growing tree
species that guarantee high biomass yield have a tendency for higher heavy metal accumulation, a deep root
system and a strong evapotranspiration system are preferred for phytoremediation over conventional
hyperaccumulator (Sebastiani, et al., 2004).
A major factor influencing the efficiency of phytoremediation is the ability of plants to absorb large
quantities of metal in a short period of time. Corn (Zea mays) planted on the contaminated soil had higher
levels of heavy metals than the one planted on the uncontaminated soil. The difference indicates that they have
been absorbed away from the contaminated soil (Kumar et al., 1995). Zea mays is thus a hyper accumulator of
heavy metal, tolerant of the targeted metals and also had a fast growth rate (Cunningham, et al., 1995). This
present study focus on evaluating the performance of corn as an hyperaccumulator in the removal of heavy
metals from soil.
II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Soil Sampling
Soil sample was collected from Gidan Kwanu area of Minna, Niger state, Nigeria at a depth of 20cm.
Four fresh corn seeds were planted in pots containing 4 kg of the soil at a depth of 4 cm. The experiment
consists of 4 treatments, each of these treatment were divided into 3 replicates to give a total of 12 pots. 3 pots
without zinc, iron and lead to serve as control, 3 pots contaminated with 2.5 g/dm3
concentration of Zinc, 3 pots
contaminated with 2.5 g/dm3
concentration of Iron and 3 pots contaminated with 2.5 g/dm3
concentration of
Lead. All the soil samples were taken for initial analysis. The set up was placed in Crop Production
Departmental garden of Federal University Technology Minna, Nigeria and monitored properly. After 8 weeks
of seed planting and germination, samples from the contaminated soil and the control were analyzed at two
weeks interval for heavy metal content. At the end of the 8 weeks, the plants were uprooted and the stems and
leaves were also analyzed for the heavy metal uptake.
Soil preparation
Soil preparation before analysis involves two major steps: soil pre-treatment and soil digestion.
Soil Pre-treatment
The soil samples were properly grounded using Agate mortar to enhance the oxidation of soil samples
and it was passed through a 0.25 mm sieve mesh to obtain a fine particle.
Soil Digestion
There are various methods of digesting soil such as nitric acid digestion, nitric acid-sulphuric acid
digestion, nitric acid-perchloric acid digestion, wet ashing digestion and microwave digestion. In this
experiment the nitric acid-perchloric acid digestion was utilized. 0.5g of the finely grounded soil sample was
accurately weighed using a digital weighing balance and placed in a 50ml beaker. 20ml of a mixture of nitric
acid and perchloric acid in 1:1 molar ratio was poured into the soil in the beaker and the content was placed on a
hot plate and heated gently at low temperature until dense white fumes of HClO3 appears. The digested sample
was allowed to cool before it was filtered into a 50ml standard volumetric flask which was made up to mark
with distilled water and the sample ware placed in storage containers and taken for analysis using atomic
absorption spectrometer.
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Soil Analysis
The soil was analysed using an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The Sample was aspirated into
a flame, atomized and a light beam was directed through the flame into a monochromator and a detector
measured the amount of light absorbed by the atomized element in the flame. The radiation was passed through
a filter or monochromator which tuned the line of interest but screened the others. The photo detector then
received the resonance line, diminished by simple absorption and finally the concentration was displayed.
Plate 1: Experimental Set up
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The study is focus on evaluating the effectiveness of corn as a phytoremediating agent in the removal
of heavy metal from soil. The results of the study conducted in period of 8 weeks are presented in tables and
figures. The concentrations of Zn, Fe and Pb over a period of 8 weeks at 2 weeks interval are presented in table
1- 5 while the results obtained on the leaves and stems after 8weeks are presented in table 6 and 7. The result of
the percentage absorbance of the heavy metal in the leaves and stems of the plant at the end of the 8 week period
are presented as Figure 1-4.
Table 1: Sample at Initial Stage
Treatments Zn(mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg) Pb(mg/kg)
CONTROL 1.55 31 0.13
T1 14.9 47 4.16
T2 15.7 47.2 4.22
T3 16 42.9 4.09
Table 2: Sample at 2nd
Week
Treatments Zn(mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg) Pb(mg/kg)
CONTROL 0.70 14.30 0.11
T1 12.33 25.78 3.17
T2 13.16 34.80 3.10
T3 11.59 36.11 3.11
Table 3: Sample at the 4th
Week
Treatment Zn(mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg) Pb(mg/kg)
CONTROL 0.36 11.04 0.10
T1 9.05 18.02 1.65
T2 10.17 20.24 1.42
T3 9.24 19.26 1.73
Table 4: Sample at the 6th
Week
Treatment Zn(mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg) Pb(mg/kg)
CONTROL 0.25 8.56 0.06
T1 4.79 13.56 1.17
T2 5.12 14.02 0.98
T3 4.24 15.73 1.32
4. Study On The Effectiveness Of Phytoremediation…
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Table 5: Sample at the 8th
Week
Treatment Zn( mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg) Pb(mg/kg)
CONTROL 0.22 8.13 0.03
T1 4.33 8.88 0.91
T2 4.59 12.24 0.77
T3 3.99 13.51 1.02
Table 6: Results of Levels of Heavy Metal in Leaves of the Corn after 8 Weeks
Treatment Zn(mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg) Pb(mg/kg)
CONTROL 0.32 4.34 0.02
T1 1.94 6.12 0.62
T2 1.91 6.18 0.54
T3 1.85 7.26 0.57
Table 7: Results of Levels of Heavy Metal in Stems of the Corn after 8 Weeks
Treatment Zn(mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg) Pb(mg/kg)
CONTROL 0.39 4.57 0.03
T1 2.27 7.75 0.71
T2 1.98 8.26 0.67
T3 2.06 8.85 0.59
Percentage Absorbance in Leaves and Stems
The percentage absorbance of Zn, Fe and Pb into the plants and stems of the corn planted on both the
control and contaminated soil was calculated after 8 weeks.
The results are as follows:
Figure 1: Percentage Absorbance of Heavy Metals in leaves of Corn on Controlled soil sample after 8 weeks
Figure 2: Percentage Absorbance of Heavy Metals in leaves of Corn on Contaminated soil sample after 8 weeks
5. Study On The Effectiveness Of Phytoremediation…
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Figure 3: Percentage Absorbance of Heavy Metals in Stems of Corn on Controlled soil sample after 8 weeks
Figure 4: Percentage Absorbance of Heavy Metals in Stems of Corn on Contaminated soil sample after 8 weeks
Discussion of Results
Table 1 to 5 shows the level of heavy metals concentration found in the control and
contaminated soil samples in 2 weeks interval in a space of 8 weeks. Table 6 and 7 shows the level of
heavy metal in the stem and leave of the harvested plant sample. Figure 1 to 4 shows the comparative
reduction in the level of heavy metals in soil over the study period of 12 weeks.Table 1 shows the
average concentration of Zn, Fe and Pb at the initial stage was 1.55 mg/kg, 31 mg/kg and 0.13 mg/kg
respectively which shows their level in a soil that is not contaminated and from the result it can be
deduce that iron has a high concentration in an uncontaminated soil. Also, the average concentration
of Zn, Fe and Pb at the initial stage in the contaminated soil was 15.53 mg/kg, 45.7 mg/kg and 4.16
mg/kg respectively which is considerably high for a contaminated soil. Table 2 shows the result of the
sample at the end of the 2nd
week of experiment.
The concentration of Zn, Fe and Pb in the uncontaminated soil is 0.7 mg/kg, 14.3 mg/kg and
0.11 mg/kg respectively and their average levels in the contaminated soil are 12.36 mg/kg, 32.23
mg/kg and 3.12 mg/kg respectively. These indicate a comparative reduction of the heavy metals ion
both the controlled and contaminated soil which can be attributed to the transport of the heavy metal
into the roots of the plant. Table 3 shows the result of the sample at the end of the 4th
week of
experiment. The concentration of Zn, Fe and Pb in the uncontaminated soil is 0.36 mg/kg, 11.04
mg/kg and 0.10 mg/kg respectively and their average levels in the contaminated soil are 9.48 mg/kg,
19.17 mg/kg and 4.18 mg/kg respectively. These also indicates a comparative reduction of the heavy
metals in both the controlled and contaminated soil which show more amount of the heavy metals
have been absorbed in the corn(Zea Mays). Table 4 shows the result of the sample at the end of the 6th
week of experiment. The concentration of Zn, Fe and Pb in the uncontaminated soil is 0.25 mg/kg,
8.56 mg/kg and 0.06 mg/kg respectively and their average levels in the contaminated soil are 4.72
mg/kg, 14.44 mg/kg and 1.16 mg/kg respectively.
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These also indicates a comparative reduction of the heavy metals in both the controlled and
contaminated soil which show more amount of the heavy metals have been absorbed in the corn (Zea
Mays).Table 5 shows the result of the sample at the end of the 8th
week of experiment. The
concentration of Zn, Fe and Pb in the uncontaminated soil is 0.22 mg/kg, 8.13 mg/kg and 0.03 mg/kg
respectively and their average levels in the contaminated soil are 4.30 mg/kg, 11.54 mg/kg and 0.9
mg/kg respectively. The result at the end of the 8th
week also indicates a comparative reduction of the
heavy metals in both the controlled and contaminated soil which show more amount of the heavy
metals have been absorbed in the plant without affecting the development of the corn (Zea Mays). In
summary, it can be deduced that the level of Zn, Fe and Pb in both the controlled and contaminated
sample reduce over time of 8 weeks. From Figure 1, the percentage absorbance of Zn, Fe and Pb into
the leaves of the plant is 20.65 %, 14.00 % and 15.38 % respectively of their initial concentration
from the controlled soil sample into the leaves. In Figure 2, there was an uptake of 12.23 % Zn, 14.3
% Fe and 13.9 % Pb of the initial concentration from the contaminated soil sample into the leaves of
the corn. From these results, it can be deduce that Zn has the highest absorption rate into the leaves
from the controlled soil sample and Fe has the highest absorption rate into leaves of the contaminated
soil sample.
From figure 3, there was an uptake of 25.16 % Zn, 14.74 % Fe and 23.08 % Pb of the initial
concentration from the controlled soil sample into the stem of the plant. Also, in Figure 4 there was an
uptake of 13.52 % Zn, 18.14 % Fe and a 15.87 % Pb of the initial concentration from the
contaminated soil sample into the stem of the corn plant. From these results, it can be deduce that Zn
has the highest absorbance rate into the stem from the controlled soil sample and Fe has the highest
absorbance rate into the stem from the contaminated soil sample. The results also pointed out that the
level of the heavy metals in the stem were more than their amount in the leaves which can be
attributed to the further transportation of the heavy metals from the stem to the leaves. The highest
removal of Zn concentration in the contaminated soil sample was in the sixth week period and the
highest removal of Fe and Pb was in the Fourth week.
From all these result obtained, it shows there was a steady decrease in the levels of the heavy
metals in both the controlled and contaminated soil sample and an increase in the levels of these
heavy metals in the leaves and stem of the corn accompanied by their corresponding decrease in soil
sample indicate that they are accumulating into the corn through its root. The increase in the levels of
these heavy metals in the corn sample can be attributed to two major transport mechanisms:
convection and diffusion. There is a transport of soluble metal ions from the soil solid to the root
surface due to convection because as water is being lost by the leaves due to transpiration. There is
need of replacement of these water from the soil, these water loss to the atmosphere create a
concentration gradient thereby driving the diffusion of ions towards the depleted layer of the plant
thereby creating a movement from the soil into the roots, stems and leaves. Some ions are absorbed by
roots faster than the rate of the supply.
IV. CONCLUSION
From the results obtained in the cause of this study, it was deducted that there was an
uptake of 25.16 % Zn, 14.74 % Fe and 23.08 % Pb of the initial concentration from the
controlled soil sample and an uptake of 13.52 % Zn, 18.14 % Fe and a 15.87 % Pb of the
initial concentration from the contaminated soil sample into the stem of the corn plant.
Therefore it can be concluded that corn (Zea Mays) is a hyper accumulator of heavy metal,
tolerant of the targeted metals and also had a fast growth rate and is a good phytoremediation
agent.
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