Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
"Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater.
Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination.
According to the EPA, bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”.
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
"Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater.
Bioremediation means to use a biological remedy to abate or clean up contamination.
According to the EPA, bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”.
“Bioleaching" or "bio-oxidation" employs the use of naturally occurring bacteria, harmless to both humans and the environment, to extract of metals from their ores.
Conversion of insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates.
It is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
This ppt contains all types of Microbial Bioremediation methods . Everyone can understand clearly . Explaining with neat pictures and animation . Useful for presentation about Microbes in bioremediation . At last it contains a small animated video which helps to get clear view .
“Bioleaching" or "bio-oxidation" employs the use of naturally occurring bacteria, harmless to both humans and the environment, to extract of metals from their ores.
Conversion of insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates.
It is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
This ppt contains all types of Microbial Bioremediation methods . Everyone can understand clearly . Explaining with neat pictures and animation . Useful for presentation about Microbes in bioremediation . At last it contains a small animated video which helps to get clear view .
PHYTOREMEDIATION - Using Plants To Clean Up Our Environment - By HaseebHaseeb Gerraddict
Phytoremediation is the direct use of green plants and their associated microorganisms to stabilize or reduce contamination in soils, sludges, sediments, surface water, or ground water.
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
file ppt enzim protease, enzim yang berfungsi pada substrat protein dengan mengkatalisis reaksi hidrolisis molekul protein pada ikatan peptidanya menjadi asam amino2 yang lebih sederhana.
Phytoremediation is defined as the use of higher plants for the cost-effective, environmentally friendly rehabilitation of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic metals and organic compounds.
Phytoremediation /ˌfaɪtəʊrɪˌmiːdɪˈeɪʃən/ (from Ancient Greek φυτό (phyto), meaning 'plant', and Latin remedium, meaning 'restoring balance') refers to the technologies that use living plants to clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants.
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A basic introduction to Bioremediation, its types, categories, and strategies and also discussed the phytoremediation process in detail..................................
Phytoextraction, also called phytoaccumulation, phytoabsorption, or phytosequestration, refers to the use of plants to absorb, translocate, and store toxic contaminants from soil, sediments, and/or sludge in the root and shoot tissues .
Lead is an extremely difficult soil contaminant to remediate because it is a “soft” Lewis acid that forms strong bonds to both organic and inorganic ligands in soil. For the most part, Pb-contaminated soils are remediated through civil engineering techniques that require the excavation and landfilling of the contaminated soil. Soils that present a leaching hazard in the landfill are either placed in a specially constructed hazardous waste landfill, or treated with stabilizing agents, such as cement, prior to disposal in an industrial landfill.
Phytoremediation and its mechanism - simran sonuleSimranSonule
1.introduction : Phytoremediation
2.application
3.mechanism of Phytoremediation
a) phytostabilization
b) rhizofiltration
c) phytovolatization
d) phytotransformation
e) phytoextraction
4. Advantages of Phytoremediation
5.Disadvantages of Phytoremediation
6.selection of plants
Phytoremediation may be applied wherever the soil or static water environment has become polluted or is suffering ongoing chronic pollution.Examples where phytoremediation has been used successfully include the restoration of abandoned metal mine workings, and sites where polychlorinated biphenyls have been dumped during manufacture and mitigation of ongoing coal mine discharges .
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Phytoremediation..A cost effective and ecofriendly technique for removal of h...Soumyashree Panigrahi
This reflects light on the effects of Heavy metals on the contaminated soil & how to over come the ill effects by phyto remediation..or use of plants in reclaiming the soil...
PHYTOREMEDIATION IN ENVT. MANAGEMENT - BIOTECHNOLGY ROLE...KANTHARAJAN GANESAN
It deals with, the various technologies involved in phytoremediation, mechanism, factors and biotechnology interventions for the improvement of remediation process etc...
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. Contents
1. Pollution
2. Methods to reduce pollution
3. Phytoremediation - What is it?
4. Advantages and Disadvantages
5. Mechanisms/Processes
6. Examples of Phytoremediation
7. Types of plants used
8. Conclusion
9. References
4. Pollution
● When harmful substances contaminate the natural
environment it is called Pollution.
● Intense industrial and agricultural activities worldwide.
● Pollutants such as Heavy metals (Hg and Ni),
Petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides.
● Consequences:
- Disturbs ecosystem
- Global Warming
- Human health
- Infertile lands
8. Methods to reduce Pollution
● For treating soil contamination(metal), methods such as:
1. excavation,
2. thermal treatment,
3. acid leaching,
4. electro reclamation
● Water treatments involve
1. sedimentation,
2. thermal treatment with mechanical filtration
9. Methods to reduce Pollution
●Treatments are costly, not environmental friendly and
not very effective.
●Therefore, new techniques have been developed in
terms of bioremediation and among them is the
Phytoremediation.
11. Phytoremediation - What is it?
Definition: Use of green plants and their microorganisms to
reduce environmental problems without the need to excavate
the contaminant material and dispose of it elsewhere.
● Natural process - can be an effective remediation method
at a variety of sites and on numerous contaminants.
● Selected plant species possess the genetic potential to
remove, degrade, metabolize, or immobilize a wide range
of contaminants (~350 species).
13. Advantages Disadvantages
In situ and ex situ Take several years to remediate a contaminated
site
Amenable to a variety of organic
and inorganic compounds
Limited to shallow groundwater, soils and
sediments
Suited to remediation of large areas
of soil
Not as effective for sites with high contaminant
concentrations
Costs effective compared to
conventional methods
Slower than conventional methods
Easy to implement and maintain &
accepted by public
Toxicity and bioavailability of biodegradation
products are not known
Fewer spread of contaminant via air
and water
Contaminants may be mobilized into the ground
water.
Conserves natural resources Influenced by soil and climate conditions of the
site. It does not work in the winter.
Environmentally friendly and
aesthetically pleasing to the public
Disposal of contaminants accumulated in plants
after harvesting - pollution again!
15. Mechanisms of Phytoremediation
● Depend on the types of contaminant, bioavailability and
soil properties.
● There are several ways by which plants clean up
contaminated sites.
● Uptake of contaminants occurs primarily in root system
large SA that absorbs and accumulates
water and nutrients essential for growth
18. 1. Phytoextraction
Definition: The uptake of contaminants by plant roots and
movement of these contaminants from roots to the
above part of plants - by absorbing, concentrating and
precipitating the contaminants.
http://www.biology-online.org/js/tiny_mce/plugins/imagemanager/files/boa001/phytoremediationf03.JPG
19. 1. Phytoextraction
Two ways for phytoextraction: Natural and
assisted
● Natural: where plants naturally take
up contaminants from the soil - unassisted
● Assisted: use of chelating agents,
microbes and plant hormones to mobilize
and accelerate contaminant uptake.
➔ Uptake of contaminants also accelerated
by use of hyperaccumulators
e.g Thlaspi caerulescens
20. 1. Phytoextraction
Advantages:
● Cost is fairly inexpensive
compared to conventional
methods.
● Contaminant permanently
removed from soil.
● Amount of waste material
that must be disposed of
is decreased up to 95%
● In some cases,
contaminant can be
recycled.
Limitations:
• Metal bioavailability within
the rhizosphere.
• Rate of metal uptake by
roots.
• Proportion of metal “fixed”
within the roots.
• Cellular tolerance to toxic
metals.
21. 2. Phytostabilization
Definition: Refers to the immobilization of contaminants in
the soil through:
○ absorption and accumulation by roots,
○ precipitation within the roots.
● Eventually, the mobility of the contaminant is reduced,
migration to groundwater is prevented and thus
bioavailability of metal into food chain is reduced.
22. 2. Phytostabilization
Advantages:
● No disposal of
hazardous material /
biomass is required
● Very effective when
rapid immobilization is
needed to preserve
ground and surface
waters
Disadvantages:
● Contaminant remain in
soil
● Application of extensive
fertilisation / soil
amendments
● Mandatory monitoring
required
23. 3.Phytotransformation
Definition: Also known as phytodegradation,
it is the breakdown of contaminants taken up
plants by metabolic processes within the
plant.
● Remediate some organic contaminants,
such as chlorinated solvents, herbicides,
and munitions
● It can address contaminants in soil,
sediment, or groundwater.
24. 3. Phytotransformation
Advantage:
● Both economically and
environmentally friendly
Disadvantages:
● Requires more than one
growing season to be
efficient
● Soil must be less than 3 ft
in depth and groundwater
within 10 ft of the surface
● Contaminants may still re-
enter the food chain
through animals or insects
that eat plant material
25. 4. Phytostimulation (Rhizodegradation)
Definition: Breakdown of
contaminants within the plant root
zone, or rhizosphere.
● Carried out by bacteria or other
microorganisms flourishing in
the rhizosphere.
● Microbes in rhizosphere
transform contaminant to non
toxic product.
● Works well in the removal of
petroleum hydrocarbons
26. 4. Phytostimulation
Advantages:
● in situ practice resulting
in no disturbance
● No removal of
contaminated materials
● Complete mineralisation
of the contaminant can
occur
● Low installation and
maintenance cost
Disadvantages:
● Development of extensive
root zone required- takes
time
● Root depth limited due to
physical structure of soil
● Organic matter from plant
may be used as a C
source instead of
contaminant -> decrease
amount of contaminant
biodegradation
27. 5. Phytovolatilization
Definition: Involves plants taking up contaminants from soil,
transforming them into volatile forms and transpiring them into
atmosphere
● Works on organic compounds and heavy metal
contaminants, TCE as well.
● Mercury is the primary metal
contaminant that this process has
been used for.
28. 5. Phytovolatilization
Advantage:
•The contaminant, mercuric
ion, may be transformed
into a less toxic substance
(i.e., elemental Hg).
Disadvantage:
•The mercury released into
the atmosphere is likely to
be recycled by precipitation
and then re-deposited back
into lakes and oceans,
repeating the production of
methyl-mercury by
anaerobic bacteria.
29. 6. Rhizofiltration
Definition: Adsorption or precipitation onto plant roots or
absorption of contaminants in the solution surrounding the
root zone.
● Used to remediate extracted groundwater, surface
water, and waste water with low contaminants.
● Compared to phytoextraction, here the plants are used
to address the groundwater rather than soil.
30. 6. Rhizofiltration
Advantages:
● Ability to use both
terrestrial and aquatic
plants for either in situ
and ex situ applications.
● Contaminants do not
have to be translocated
into shoots.
Disadvantages:
● Constant need to adjust
pH.
● Plants may first need to
be grown in greenhouse
/ nursery.
● There is periodic
harvesting and plant
disposal.
● Tank design should be
well engineered.
31. How long does phytoremediation
takes?
● The time depends on:
- Type and number of plants used
- Type and amount of harmful chemicals present
- Size and depth of polluted area
- Type of soil and conditions present
● Often, it takes many years to clean up a site
with phytoremediation.
32. What to do with plant containing
contaminants (metals)?
The shoot is harvested to recover the metal.
35. Types of plant used
● Plant species are selected for use based on factors
such as:
- ability to extract or degrade the contaminants of
concern
- adaptation to local climates
- high biomass
- depth root structure
- compatibility with soils
- growth rate
- ease of planting and maintenance
- ability to take up large quantities of water through the
roots.
37. Types of plants used
Hydrangeas are popular
ornamental plants grown
for their large clumps of
flowers. Their other
speciality is that they are
responsible for drawing
aluminium out of the soil.
Water Hyssop (Bacopa monnieri)
removes lead, mercury, cadmium
and chromium from bogs and
wetland.
Willow trees
absorb
cadmium,
zinc and
copper
38. Phytoremediation - e.g of Transgenic Plants
● Nicotiana tabaccum, expressing a yeast metallothionein
gene for higher tolerance to cadmium,
● Arabidopsis thaliana, overexpressing a mercuric ion
reductase gene for higher tolerance to mercury.
40. Example of Rhizofiltration
● In 1995, Sunflowers were used in pond near
Chernobyl.
http://www.igece.org/WRKY/BrachyWRKY/WRKY/IMG/Rhizofiltration.jpg
41. Phytoremediation of heavy metals by
calcifying macro-algae
● Anthropogenic activities release heavy metals into water
bodies which can lead to imbalancement of the
ecosystem.
● To minimise such risk, phytoremediation comes into play.
● Plants,used as remediation techniques, take up the
heavy metals to produce an internal concentration
greater than that of the external environment.
42. ● A concern is raised about the fate of plants used.
- Regular harvesting is needed so that the plants do
not decompose releasing the accumulated
heavy metals back in the water.
- Research to identify plants that can store heavy metals
for a longer period of time/ plants that can transform
heavy metals to less bioavailable and immobile forms.
Phytoremediation of heavy metals by
calcifying macro-algae
43.
44. Conclusion
● Although much remains to be studied,
phytoremediation will clearly play some role in the
stabilisation and remediation of many contaminated
sites.
● The main factor driving the implementation of
phytoremediation projects are low costs with
significant improvements in site aesthetics and the
potential for ecosystem restoration.
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