Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
The Use Of Ecchornia crassipes To Remove Some Heavy Metals From Romi Stream: ...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Ecchornia crassipes in the removal of
some heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company.
Water sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The
Bioconcentration (BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental
study showed that Ecchornia crassipes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd,
Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from Romi stream.
Heavy metals contamination of Pakistani soil (zohaib Hussain) sp13bty001Zohaib HUSSAIN
The long-term usage of industrial wastewater makes heavy metals to accumulate in soil and increases the absorption and accumulation by the plants. Heavy metal contamination of soil and water caused by industrialization has become a major environmental issue in Pakistan. Therefore, it is important to determine the level of contamination of soil and water close to industrial areas
The Use Of Pistia stratiotes To Remove Some Heavy Metals From Romi Stream: A ...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Pistia stratiotes in the removal of some
heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company. Water
sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The Bioconcentration
(BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental study showed
that Pistia stratiotes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from
Romi stream.
Twenty (20) sample regimes were collected for each sample matrix. The samples were pretreated and digested for the determination of selected heavy metals of interest (As, Cd. Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb. The results reveals that mean concentrations of elements in the water samples decreases in the sequence as follows Hg > Ni > Cr> Pb > As > Cd. This clearly confirmed that Hg has the highest concentration followed by Ni, with Cd being the least. The mean concentrations of elements in the cat fish organs flesh, Gills, Kidney and liver of Barkin-Ladi pond water samples are given in table 4 above. The results confirmed the differences of accumulation of element in different catfish organs. The element concentrations in the cat fish samples decreased in the sequence for the flesh as Ni > Cr >Pb > Hg > As > Cd, for the gills Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb > As > Cd, for kidney Ni > Pb > Hg > Cr > As > Cd, for liver Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb > Hg > As. A two-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference between the mean concentrations of elements in the organs of the same fish species, while there is significant difference in the mean concentration between the organs of the different fish species investigated. The correlation analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between the concentrations of element in water sample of the study area. The result above reveals that there is a significant correlation between Cd and Pb, and also there is a significant relationship between Cr and Ni elements. While no significant correlation was observed between the other pairs. These implied that the pairs either have the same source or chemical species. Generally, the ponds were shown to be polluted with heavy metals thus the risk of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in the aquatic lives, thus endangering human health directly when consumed or through the food chain.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HEAVY METAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEACHATE FROM MUNICIPAL ...IJSIT Editor
Rapid urbanization and population growth are largely responsible for very high increasing rate of
solid waste in the urban areas, its proper management and recycling is major problems of Municipal
Corporation. The analytical analysis revealed that the leachate show high concentration of heavy metals viz.,
Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. However, their high concentration in municipal solid waste leachate may cause
contaminants for environmental pollution. Therefore, present investigation deals with analyze the heavy
metals concentration in municipal solid waste leachate.
Opportunities and constraints of using the innovative adsorbents for the remo...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
The presence of cobalt(II) in wastewater is an emergent concern because of its toxicity at elevated concentration.
Co(II) is a non-biodegradable, carcinogenic and mutagenic pollutant released from natural, industrial and
manmade sources. In recent years, the control of water that has been polluted with Co(II) has been an emergent
issue. The release of Co(II) into waterways is undesirable because ingestion of high levels of Co(II) may cause
severe health issues including cancer. The current review discusses the different adsorbents such as carbonaceous and activated carbon materials, nanosized metal oxides, low-cost natural materials, clay minerals and
nanocomposites employed by researchers to treat Co(II)-polluted water. The systems used have been assessed in
terms of overall Co(II) sorption capacity. Special emphasis has been given to the environmental conditions such
as contact time, solution pH, initial Co(II) concentration, temperature, and mineral dosage. Moreover, empirical
and surface complexation modeling (SCM) of the sorption systems is summarized. Natural materials, agricultural
waste materials, and bio sorbents exhibited outstanding Co(II) sorption performance. The current investigation
provides an overview of the state of the Co(II) removal studies performed by using various adsorbents.
The Use Of Ecchornia crassipes To Remove Some Heavy Metals From Romi Stream: ...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Ecchornia crassipes in the removal of
some heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company.
Water sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The
Bioconcentration (BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental
study showed that Ecchornia crassipes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd,
Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from Romi stream.
Heavy metals contamination of Pakistani soil (zohaib Hussain) sp13bty001Zohaib HUSSAIN
The long-term usage of industrial wastewater makes heavy metals to accumulate in soil and increases the absorption and accumulation by the plants. Heavy metal contamination of soil and water caused by industrialization has become a major environmental issue in Pakistan. Therefore, it is important to determine the level of contamination of soil and water close to industrial areas
The Use Of Pistia stratiotes To Remove Some Heavy Metals From Romi Stream: A ...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Pistia stratiotes in the removal of some
heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company. Water
sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The Bioconcentration
(BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental study showed
that Pistia stratiotes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from
Romi stream.
Twenty (20) sample regimes were collected for each sample matrix. The samples were pretreated and digested for the determination of selected heavy metals of interest (As, Cd. Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb. The results reveals that mean concentrations of elements in the water samples decreases in the sequence as follows Hg > Ni > Cr> Pb > As > Cd. This clearly confirmed that Hg has the highest concentration followed by Ni, with Cd being the least. The mean concentrations of elements in the cat fish organs flesh, Gills, Kidney and liver of Barkin-Ladi pond water samples are given in table 4 above. The results confirmed the differences of accumulation of element in different catfish organs. The element concentrations in the cat fish samples decreased in the sequence for the flesh as Ni > Cr >Pb > Hg > As > Cd, for the gills Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb > As > Cd, for kidney Ni > Pb > Hg > Cr > As > Cd, for liver Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb > Hg > As. A two-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference between the mean concentrations of elements in the organs of the same fish species, while there is significant difference in the mean concentration between the organs of the different fish species investigated. The correlation analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between the concentrations of element in water sample of the study area. The result above reveals that there is a significant correlation between Cd and Pb, and also there is a significant relationship between Cr and Ni elements. While no significant correlation was observed between the other pairs. These implied that the pairs either have the same source or chemical species. Generally, the ponds were shown to be polluted with heavy metals thus the risk of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in the aquatic lives, thus endangering human health directly when consumed or through the food chain.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HEAVY METAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEACHATE FROM MUNICIPAL ...IJSIT Editor
Rapid urbanization and population growth are largely responsible for very high increasing rate of
solid waste in the urban areas, its proper management and recycling is major problems of Municipal
Corporation. The analytical analysis revealed that the leachate show high concentration of heavy metals viz.,
Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. However, their high concentration in municipal solid waste leachate may cause
contaminants for environmental pollution. Therefore, present investigation deals with analyze the heavy
metals concentration in municipal solid waste leachate.
Opportunities and constraints of using the innovative adsorbents for the remo...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
The presence of cobalt(II) in wastewater is an emergent concern because of its toxicity at elevated concentration.
Co(II) is a non-biodegradable, carcinogenic and mutagenic pollutant released from natural, industrial and
manmade sources. In recent years, the control of water that has been polluted with Co(II) has been an emergent
issue. The release of Co(II) into waterways is undesirable because ingestion of high levels of Co(II) may cause
severe health issues including cancer. The current review discusses the different adsorbents such as carbonaceous and activated carbon materials, nanosized metal oxides, low-cost natural materials, clay minerals and
nanocomposites employed by researchers to treat Co(II)-polluted water. The systems used have been assessed in
terms of overall Co(II) sorption capacity. Special emphasis has been given to the environmental conditions such
as contact time, solution pH, initial Co(II) concentration, temperature, and mineral dosage. Moreover, empirical
and surface complexation modeling (SCM) of the sorption systems is summarized. Natural materials, agricultural
waste materials, and bio sorbents exhibited outstanding Co(II) sorption performance. The current investigation
provides an overview of the state of the Co(II) removal studies performed by using various adsorbents.
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol, heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024 μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor (ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river. The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn (0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter; pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride (17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health directly and indirectly.A
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
Mobility and Distribution of Some Selected Trace Metals in Soil from Dumpsite...ijtsrd
Mobility and distribution of some selected trace metal was carried out using Tessier et al 1979sequential extraction method and the results obtained shows from dumpsite A, samples taken from 0 - 5cm the result ranges from 0.56 - 21.56 , 0.34 - 40.66 , 1.34 - 29.18 , 0.06 to 45.91 and 0.37 - 12.95 for the exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic carbonate and residual fractions respectively. For the samples taken from 10 - 15cm at dumpsite A, the results of the fractions are 0.42 - 13.63 , 0.03 - 18.48 , 1.01 - 25.34 , 0.03 - 35.19 and 0.27 - 9.31 for exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic, carbonate and residual fractions. The results of dumpsite Bare 0.48-27.36 , 0.28-40.07 , 2.93-31.15 , 3.87-42.50 and 0.84-30.67 for exchangeable, Fe-Mn oxide, Organic, carbonate and residual fractions for sample taken from 0-5cm while for samples taken from 10 - 15cm the results show 0.32 - 36.38 , 0.23 - 16.49 , 0.53 - 15.83 , 1.53 - 34.88 and 0.04 - 5.27 for exchangeable Fe - Mn oxide, carbonate and residual fractions respectively. The dumpsite C has the concentration of the various fractions ranging from 0.25 - 18.34 , 2.73 to 15.58, 4.02 - 23.28 , 0.07 - 45.25 and 1.57 - 37.43 for exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic, carbonate and residual for samples taken from 0 - 5cm while for samples taken between 10 - 15cm the concentrations are 0.42 - 12 .62 0.80 - 11.59 , 2.16 - 17.33 , 9.86 - 34.48 and 0.99 - 32.99 respectively. Gube-Ibrahim Mercy Ayinya | Ibrahim Ezekiel Gube "Mobility and Distribution of Some Selected Trace Metals in Soil from Dumpsite in Lafia, Nasarawa State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19106.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/19106/mobility-and-distribution-of-some-selected-trace-metals-in-soil-from-dumpsite-in-lafia-nasarawa-state/gube-ibrahim-mercy-ayinya
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Metal ion and contaminant sorption onto aluminium oxide-based materials: A re...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Nanosized aluminium oxides (NAOs) are an important class of minerals widely found in soil, sediment, aquifer,
and aquatic environments. Over the decades, these minerals have been explored as sorbents for the removal of
wastewater contaminated with metal ions, anions, organic dyes, humic substances, phenolic compounds, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals from contaminated wastewater. This review summarizes the reported research of
NAOs as sorbents and provides details on their sorption capacities including maximum removal capacity under
various experimental conditions. Information on the composition, synthesis, characterization and experimental
parameters together with sorption mechanisms is provided. A compilation of such information is not currently
available and so this review should enable workers in the area to make more informed choices on suitable
sorbents for large-scale environmental samples and be able to develop more efficient processes for environmental pollutant clean-up
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol, heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024 μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor (ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river. The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn (0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter; pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride (17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health directly and indirectly.A
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
Mobility and Distribution of Some Selected Trace Metals in Soil from Dumpsite...ijtsrd
Mobility and distribution of some selected trace metal was carried out using Tessier et al 1979sequential extraction method and the results obtained shows from dumpsite A, samples taken from 0 - 5cm the result ranges from 0.56 - 21.56 , 0.34 - 40.66 , 1.34 - 29.18 , 0.06 to 45.91 and 0.37 - 12.95 for the exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic carbonate and residual fractions respectively. For the samples taken from 10 - 15cm at dumpsite A, the results of the fractions are 0.42 - 13.63 , 0.03 - 18.48 , 1.01 - 25.34 , 0.03 - 35.19 and 0.27 - 9.31 for exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic, carbonate and residual fractions. The results of dumpsite Bare 0.48-27.36 , 0.28-40.07 , 2.93-31.15 , 3.87-42.50 and 0.84-30.67 for exchangeable, Fe-Mn oxide, Organic, carbonate and residual fractions for sample taken from 0-5cm while for samples taken from 10 - 15cm the results show 0.32 - 36.38 , 0.23 - 16.49 , 0.53 - 15.83 , 1.53 - 34.88 and 0.04 - 5.27 for exchangeable Fe - Mn oxide, carbonate and residual fractions respectively. The dumpsite C has the concentration of the various fractions ranging from 0.25 - 18.34 , 2.73 to 15.58, 4.02 - 23.28 , 0.07 - 45.25 and 1.57 - 37.43 for exchangeable, Fe - Mn oxide, organic, carbonate and residual for samples taken from 0 - 5cm while for samples taken between 10 - 15cm the concentrations are 0.42 - 12 .62 0.80 - 11.59 , 2.16 - 17.33 , 9.86 - 34.48 and 0.99 - 32.99 respectively. Gube-Ibrahim Mercy Ayinya | Ibrahim Ezekiel Gube "Mobility and Distribution of Some Selected Trace Metals in Soil from Dumpsite in Lafia, Nasarawa State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19106.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/19106/mobility-and-distribution-of-some-selected-trace-metals-in-soil-from-dumpsite-in-lafia-nasarawa-state/gube-ibrahim-mercy-ayinya
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Metal ion and contaminant sorption onto aluminium oxide-based materials: A re...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Nanosized aluminium oxides (NAOs) are an important class of minerals widely found in soil, sediment, aquifer,
and aquatic environments. Over the decades, these minerals have been explored as sorbents for the removal of
wastewater contaminated with metal ions, anions, organic dyes, humic substances, phenolic compounds, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals from contaminated wastewater. This review summarizes the reported research of
NAOs as sorbents and provides details on their sorption capacities including maximum removal capacity under
various experimental conditions. Information on the composition, synthesis, characterization and experimental
parameters together with sorption mechanisms is provided. A compilation of such information is not currently
available and so this review should enable workers in the area to make more informed choices on suitable
sorbents for large-scale environmental samples and be able to develop more efficient processes for environmental pollutant clean-up
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nas...IOSR Journals
The study was conducted to find out the content of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in some selected vegetables grown in and around Nashik city, Maharashtra state (India). Vegetable samples from four different sites were collected and digested by using tri-acid digestion method. Concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. Vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area were most contaminated while vegetables grown in rural area were least contaminated. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of lead in 35% vegetable samples collected from industrial area were more than maximum permitted limit. The high concentration of cadmium was found in onion and coriander, while lead content was recorded high in spinach and cauliflower. Arsenic concentration in 25% samples collected from industrial area was more than maximum permitted limit. Copper concentration in most of the vegetable sample was within permissible limit; only two out of forty samples have high concentration of copper. The results of the study showed that consumers are at greater risk of purchasing these fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
Investigation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contents in soil, orange fruit an...Innspub Net
Heavy metals are among the most environmentally toxic substances. Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) are extremely toxic heavy metals and their presence in the soil poses severe danger to the food security and consequently human health. Present study was carried out to investigate the concentration of Cd and Pb in soil, Orange and human blood. Soil and orange fruit samples were collected from same garden. Blood samples were taken from 6 volunteers at two stages before consumption and 4 hours after orange fruit consumption. Cadmium concentration in soil samples were found to be higher than the permissible limit of Cd set by the World Health Organization (WHO). It was noted that Pb concentration in soil was within safe limit of WHO. Orange fruit exceed the safe limit for concentration of both the metals. The cadmium concentration in blood sample before (2.7 ± 0.3ppm) and after eating orange fruit (2.75 ± 0.3ppm) were found different. The difference between cadmium concentration before and after consumption is 0.05ppm. The lead concentration in blood before consumption of orange fruit was (5.05 ± 1.15ppm) while after consumption was (5.88 ± 1.25ppm). The difference found between before and after treatment is 0.83ppm. Further investigation is suggested to find the effect of toxic metals like Cadmium and lead on human physiology and biochemistry.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...Innspub Net
Carrots were first used for medical purposes and gradually used as food. It is also a good source of magnesium and manganese. Cadmium is a nonessential element that adversely affects plant growth and development. It is considered as one of the significant pollutants due to its high toxicity and more solubility in water. Experiment was conducted in Old Botanical Garden of University of Agriculture Faisalabad to check the response of carrot genotypes grown under Cadmium Chloride stress (0µM, 10µM, 15µM and 20µM). Variety of carrot (gajar) used was Red Gold. Seeds were sown in 12 pots, which were filled with sand, in 2nd week of November. Germination observed after one week of sowing. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Seeds of carrot (red gold) were purchased from Ayyub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad and sown directly in the plastic pot. 8 seeds per pot were distributed. Hogland solution was also applied to replicates and then I applied Cadmium Chloride stress to the plants to start my experiment. Cadmium stress decreased the uptake and distribution of essential elements in plant. Studies had revealed that heavy metals cause adverse effects on plant growth, which further lead to decrease plant yield and inhibition of enzymatic activities.In the present study, plant growth characteristics, root length and shoot length decreased under Cd stress. In fact, salt stress decreased all attributes in carrot when the concentrations of Cadmium chloride increased higher and higher.
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
In developing countries, brick kilns are not well regulated by government agencies. As a result most of the time they are installed near to the cities to reduce transport cost. They use coal, waste plastic, scrap tires, etc as fuel. Brick kiln produces number of toxic pollutant like CO2, SOx, NOx, HF, etc. They produce tons of gaseous pollution which effect near and far settled human population. Phytoremediation is considered the most suitable option for developing countries because of low cost, eco-friendliness and easily manageable. In current study, the purpose was to identify tolerant plant species near the brick kilns by measuring air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Species of trees including Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus globulus, Dalbergia sissoo and Moringa oleifera were selected for sampling. Samples were collected during July and December at 100m, 300m, 500m and 700m distance around the brick kilns from two selected sampling sites. Moringa oleifera (APTI=17.60) was identified as tolerant and a sink of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Whereas, Eucalyptus globules (APTI=9.91) was found sensitive, so it can be used as bio-indicator of HF. This study recommends the plantation of Moringa oleifera around brick kiln for HF phytoremediation.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Proximate and heavy metals composition of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) frui...IJEAB
Plantain thrives well in waste dumpsites. These wastes usually contaminate the soil with heavy metals which become absorbed by the plants. The risk of heavy metal toxicity in humans is an issue of serious concern globally. Proximate composition of plantain fruits harvested from three randomly selected waste dumpsites in Uyo metropolis, Nigeria were determined using AOAC standard analytical techniques while their heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd and As) concentrations and that of their rhizosphere soil were analysed with Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Proximate analyses results revealed that carbohydrate content was higher in the fruits harvested from the control uncontaminated soil sites (91.61%) than in the fruits harvested from dumpsite soils (87.23%; 87.89%; 88.00%). Dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than the control soil. Lead (Pb) was the highest occurring heavy metal in all the dumpsite soils. Fruits harvested from the dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than those from the control soil. Pb was the only heavy metal whose concentration in the plantain fruits was higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit. This work has established that the selected dumpsite soils have been contaminated with heavy metals which have been absorbed by the plantain cultivated there. Cultivation and consumption of plantain from these dumpsite soils should be discouraged.
Similar to Determination of heavy metal pollution in water, soil and plants of vegetable gardens in Ardabil (20)
Considering the effects of chemical herbicide application, biomarkers have
now become more widely considered for controlling weeds. Allelopathy demonstrates
the potential for this through the release of trace elements from decomposable plant
leaves, seeds, stems and strains. In order to investigate the effects of aqueous extract
of sunflower on the germination and morphological characteristics of Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis seedlings as three common weeds in sugar
beet fields, a research experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Islamic Azad
University, Neishabour, in 2016 as a factorial in the form of completely randomized
design with four replications. The experimental treatments were aqueous extract of
sunflower (zero, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), the type of weed in three levels (Rumex
acetosa, Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis), respectively. The results showed
that the highest percentage and rate of germination were observed in non-use of
sunflower extract (irrigation with distilled water), which in Rumex acetosa 97 and 33
percent were higher respectively, in comparison to Lepidium draba and Convolvulus
arvensis. In the study of stem fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of roots, it showed
that the field bindweed plant was more resistant compared to Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba. The lowest germination and seedling traits were obtained in 100% of
sunflower aqueous extract, which affected the weeds of the Ivy and Blacks, and the
sorrel was more resistant. According to the results, sunflower extract as a strong
combination for weed control can have promising results for sustainable agriculture.
In order to have data on the consumption of okra in Ivory Coast, a survey was
carried out in a school in the town of Adjamé among young people aged between 15
and 35 years. The survey showed that all respondents knew okra 57.80% of
respondents appreciate okra fresh, 39.20% dry and 03% do not appreciate at all the
okra. It also showed that 18.60% of respondents appreciate the sauce gombo, 20.80%
gouagouassou the sauce, the 13.80% Kopé sauce, 39.20% djoumblé the sauce, sauces
made 0.8% made from sheets of okra. 06.80% do not like these sauces. All people
surveyed know the varieties of "Gombo baoule" and "Gombo dioula." In conclusion,
the existing prejudices about fresh okra are the dried okra is more popular among
young people in Côte d'Ivoire.
Five diets (diets incorporated with folic acid, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin/
mineral mix and control) were used to determine their effects on survival, digestive
enzyme activity, protein profiling and growth of striped snakehead Channa striatus
fingerlings. All vitamin diets showed significant difference in enzyme activity like
protease, amylase and lipase, when compared to that of control. The fingerlings fed
with vitamin C diet showed significantly (P<0.05) better performance in terms of
survival rate, weight gain and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) when compared to the rest
of the four diets. The electrophoretic studies revealed that high molecular weight
fractions were added up in muscle tissue of C. striatus fed with vitamin and mineral
supplemented diets.
Mining is considered as a difficult and harmful job as it is done in a very
difficult physical and environmental condition. In addition to that, miners are exposed
to the dangers, damages and even death because of the bad condition of mines. The
dangers of mines are different in accordance with the kind of mine which may be
underground or surfaces. The dangers may be a bit different in different cities and
mines. Main harmful factors in mining are the physical damages, hyperthermia,
hearing loss, lung diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and facing with dangerous gases
and beams. The purpose of this essay is to examine the effect of physical, chemical
and biological harmful factor on miners. This survey has adopted descriptive method
and data are collected by library method. The results showed that the exposure of
chemical factors such as dust, methane and silica, and physical factors such as noise,
radiation, and biological factors may have great danger for miners.
The intensive study was conuducted for the prevalence and distribution of
Armigeres obturbans for the first time in the rural area surrounding Rajkot City. Seven
villages were identified for the study species identification, larval density, adult
density and distribution of breeding sites of the species. Results showed that adult
density of Ar. obturbans during monsoon was highest and post monsoon period was
most favourable for the species. Also the breeding sites of the species were recorded
more during this period. While during winter season majority of temporary breeding
sites dries out because of temperature decrease. Therefore, the temperature and
rainfall are the two variables that showed major effect on the breeding activities of
this species.
In order to assess the Myxosporeans fauna of Cameroon fresh water fishes so
as to find the fight strategies, 655 specimens (350 Oreochromis niloticus and 305
Barbus callipterus) were sampled in Mapé river (Sanaga basin) and examined.
Standard methods were used for the sampling of fishes, conservation and microscopy.
Morphometric characteristics of the spores were used for species identification. Two
new species belonging to the genus Myxobolus Büstchli, 1882 were described namely
Myxobolus tchoumbouei n. sp in Barbus callipterus which formed cysts within various
organs (fins, skin and operculum); Myxobolus mapei n. sp parasite of kidneys and liver
in Oreochromis niloticus and Barbus callipterus. Myxobolus tchoumbouei exhibited
very long spores (19.19 x 8.89 μm), pear-shaped with rounded anterior end
sometimes flattened. Polar capsules were dissymmetrical. They measured 7.60 x 3.00
μm for the bigger and 7.06 x 2.62 μm for the smaller. Myxobolus mapei n. sp had
ellipsoidal spores (13.50 x 6.83 μm) with unequal polar capsules. The larger polar
capsule (6.44 X 2.88 μm) was about 1.5 times longer than the smaller one (4.13 X 1.61
μm) and filled half of the spiral cavity. The awareness about these parasites is useful
to find fighting strategies.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is also known by the name hyaluronan. The necessity for
using this fabulous material lead to investigate non-pathogenic strains which produce
this material. The most non-pathogenic strain is S. thermophilus. The lack of literature
on microbial production of this substance by the strain prompted us to examine the
microbial production of HA from it and also to examine optimization of culture
conditions where HA is produced. The bacteria Streptococcus salivarius sub.
thermophilus was obtained from the Bank of Scientific and Industrial Research of Iran
(PTCC 1738). To separate S. thermophilus strains from yogurts, three types of yogurts
were used. They were cultured by pour-plate and surface methods on STA medium. To
identify the isolated strains, biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
were used. Bacterial strains isolated from yoghurts were identified as S. thermophilus
MN-BM-A02, S. thermophilus JIM8232 and S. thermophilus MN-ZLW-002. To separate
the capsule strains, each strain was cultured on STB medium and then they were
centrifuged. In order to purify the samples, ethanol and charcoal were used. To
optimize production, variety of sources of carbon, nitrogen, temperature and pH were
studied.
The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of the copepod community in
Hendijan harbor was studied through zooplankton samples collected seasonally in
summer 2010 (July- August), autumn 2010 (October), winter 2011 (December-
February) and spring 2011(April). The copepods community was represented by 27
species, belonging to calanoida (16 species), cyclopoida (5 species), Poecilostomatoida
(3 species) and harpacticoida (3 species). The highest abundance of copepods was in
summer (14402±3352 Ind/m3) while the lowest was in winter (852±155 ind/m3). Of
the adult forms, Acartiella faoensis was the most abundant species, forming 19% of
the total copepods, followed by Paracalanus parvus (17%), Corycaeus andrewsi (13%)
and Clausocalanus arcuicornis (8%). Most of copepod species displayed distinct
seasonal occurrence relative to environmental conditions. The spearman’s correlation
revealed that temperature and salinity were the most important factor controlling the
size of copepods density in Hendijan harbor. The cluster analysis demonstrated
different types of association between copepods species. The highest value of
Shannon’s diversity index, Margalef index and Pielou’s evenness was noticed in
summer. These results revealed that the summer is different from other seasons of
the year and in this season the ecological situation is better and more stable than
other seasons in Hendijan shores waters.
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the women pregnancy healthy status and behaviors in Eastern-Azerbaijan province referred to the treatment health centers in 2012. The present study was a cross-section study. So 30
married women between 15-49 years old have been taken up randomly for family adjustment and mother health and pregnancy care. A questionnaire including the demographic features and other questions about the status and behavior of the
pregnancy health affairs were used to collect the results. The obtained data of these questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software. The results that showed 63.8% had itching or the vaginal stimuli and 34.9% (52 ones) had bad-smelling secretions and
36.9% (55 ones) had intense pain around the abdominal area. The investigation of these infectious diseases through sexual path showed that about 0.5% (3 ones) are challenging with these mentioned disorders. The results of the barrenness showed that about 8.7% (52 ones) tried to get pregnant but they did not get pregnant.
To evaluate the effect of humic acid fertilizer on potato tubers in 2010, trials were conducted in the Province of Iran. The experiment was conducted on a split plot with randomized complete block design having three replications. Main plots consisted of four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 2, 3 times) solution in water irrigation and sub-factor consisted of three varieties of potato (Marfona, Satina, and Born). During planting the application of humic acid at the rate of nine liters per hectare per load at the beginning and start of creating tuber formation respectively were done. Analysis of variance showed that the smallest and largest tuber weight, number of tubers per plant and yield per plant were not significant. Effect of humic acid on the smallest mean tumor weight at 1% and the number of tubers and yield per plant showed significant difference at 5% level. The largest tuber weight was also not significantly different. Interaction of humic acid fertilizer in any of the measured parameters showed no significant difference in potatoes. Comparison by Duncan test showed that the application of humic acid in all the three stages of growth had shown great impact on tuber weight. The highest number of tubers per plant has been associated with the use of humic acid (27 l/ha). The number of tubers per hectare with the application of 18 litres of humic acid showed no significant difference. The amount of humic acid applied were 18 and 27 litres per hectare, and increased performance is in the range of 13 and 29% respectively.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the students' attitude and consciousness degree regarding the pregnancy health in 2013 in Eastern-Azerbaijan Province. So, 300 students in different semesters have been taken up as accidentally from Tabriz, Marand, Bonab, Maragheh and Ahar have been taken up in this study. The WHO illustrative questionnaire for interview-questionnaire designed by John Cleland surveys with young people has been applied in this study. The statistical data has been completed by the help of SPSS software and descriptive and t-test statistical cases. The results showed the attitude score from the family adjustment is significantly higher than the determined degree positively. The results showed the sexual diseases are significantly higher than the fixed determined degree positively. Also it showed there is no observed any significant difference between the degree of the conscious and the students' attitude based on their marital status The results did not show any significant difference regarding the degree of the attitude among students.
The main purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of regular home visits on the developmental indices of low birth weight infants. The present study was an on-site clinical investigation. 90 infants ranging between 1500 to 2500g born in Razi Hospital of Marand town having the entrance criteria to the present study were taken into consideration through the available sampling method and then they were divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group has received the whole routine cares since the first to fourth week and then they were visited at home for 45 minutes a week. The control group received the routine cares. The evolutionary indices of both groups were also completed monthly for three months by referring homes. The related data gathering tool was also subjected to the demographic information through registration list and the Persian version of the Low Weight Infant Inventory (LWII) (2 months) that have been completed by the researcher on the birthday, first, second and third months of the birth through the interview. SPSS-15 software and the application of the inferential and descriptive statistical tests (K2 and T-tests) were also applied in order to analyze the related data in this study. The significance level was considered as p<0.05.
More than half of these related research units of both groups had experience (61.5%) and control (55.8%) regarding all women in this study; the mean score of the low weight infants on the first month had not shown any statistical significant difference; but on the second months (p=0.04) and the third months (p=0.001), they had shown statistical significant difference progressively. The healthcare based on home-visit had influence on the recovery indices of the low weight infants. Hence, nurses and other health monitors of the infants should apply for the healthcare programs based on home-visit particularly in caring infants.
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments
is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In
this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were
analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and
adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy
minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite
and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores
of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments
usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments
deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those
having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak
(interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar
peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content
correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments
rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size.
Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by
“Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and
grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments
delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human
activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced
variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
According to the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, constructing
artificial island is permitted and countries can construct artificial islands in their own
territory. Constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in
the region, especially Iran, to pursue the issue with more sensitivity. According to data
dissemination principle of International Environmental Law, the countries that
construct artificial islands should notify other states regarding construction and
properties of their own artificial islands. Today, artificial island construction is being
increased and this has caused many environmental crises including increase of water
darkness and pollution and transport of coastal sediments. In this study, the
destructive results of constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf environment,
the effect of development of new land space from geopolitical view, and also
constructing artificial islands from the viewpoint of International Law of the seas have
been reviewed. Moreover, according to the fact that the notion of governance in
modern International Law have been modified regarding the use of environment and
sustainable development, the states will have limited right to construct artificial
islands.
The use of biotechnology in the propagation of plantain and
banana (Musa sp.) of great importance to induce, tolerant to plant genotypes for
diseases and high yield potentials. However, auxins and cytokinins should be used,
which are expensive and can sometimes cause changes in the regenerants obtained.
Both traditional growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) and non-traditional growth
regulators (brassinosteroid analogues and mixtures oligogalacturonide) are used in
the in vitro propagation of crops, but mush progress has been hindering due to the
sufficient knowledge and impact of different phases prevailing in the
micropropagation of banana hybrid 'FHIA-18' (AAAB) is present hitherto. This work
was performed in order to evaluate the biological activity of an analogue of
brassinosteroids (Biobras-6) *ABr+ and a mixture of oligogalacturonide with the degree
of polymerization between 9 and 16 (Pectimorf) *mOLG+. The effect of ABr and mOLG
are determined as a substitute or complement of auxin (IBA or IAA) and cytokinin (6-
BAP) for the establishment of in vitro multiplication and rooting of plantlets and in the
acclimatization phase. Non-traditional regulators phenolization decrease the explant
growth in the establishment phase of in vitro propagation; but increased the number
of shoots per explants (above 3.5) and improved survival of vitro plant during the
acclimatization phase.
Kumaun Himalaya, in the Indian Himalayan region, has a rich diversity of
medicinal plants, which are widely used in traditional medicinal systems. The present
paper concludes the diversity, vernacular names, associated authorship, ethnomedicinal
uses and use pattern, life form; plant part used and accession number of the
medicinal flora together. The paper describes distribution and local/traditional uses of
the 256 medicinal plants representing 96 families, in which pteridophytes were 1%,
trees were 18%, shrubs were 25%, herbs were 52%). Various plant parts used in
formulations, such as: underground part- 33%, leaves- 24%, whole plant- 11%, bark-
7%, seeds- 7%, resin /latex/oil- 4%, stem/ shoot/ wood- 4%, flowers and
inflorescences- 5%, fruits and nuts- 5% were used in different ailments.
There is a great contamination of water, soil, air, soil erosion, pest resistance
and extensive use of chemical fertilizers cause a turn to induce agriculture for
producing safe and clean products. For this purpose, by using natural materials like
algae on the beach, organic and environmentally friendly fertilizer was prepared. In
this investigation effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of Ulva fasciata at
concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% on some parameters of wheat
(Triticum aestivum var. chamran) has been investigated. Based on the results, above
algae can be used as a food supplement solution in the form of foliar spray at 2.5%
concentration with a significant increase in morphological and biochemical indices.
Cardiovascular diseases are considered as one of the threats to human
health, especially, in individuals with overweight. The aim of this study was to
investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic exercises in 10 to 12 years old overweight
girls. In this study, 27 overweight female student whit 10-12 years old were selected
and were randomly divided into two groups; a) training group (n=17) and b) control
group (n=10). Training group participated into the aerobic training for 8 weeks, with
70-85 percent of heart rate reserve maximum, 3 times a week and 60 minutes in each
session. The variables such as BF, BMI, WHR and VO2max, were measured in two
groups before and after the training period. The average of variables such as BF, BMI
and VO2max were significantly different between two groups (P<0.05). But the
average of WHR were not significantly different between two groups. According to
these results, aerobic exercise in 10-12 years old overweight girls, can have beneficial
effects on some cardiovascular risk factors.
Tomato contains vitamins A, C and lycopene etc., Red colour of tomato is
because of lycopene. Lycopene is recognized as a strong antioxidant, and is also an
anti-cancer substance. It prevents breast and prostate cancers. It also reduces the
aging process and removes free radicals damaging cells. Thus high quality fruits make
the tendency of people’s consumption for this strategic vegetable’s increase.
Genotypes prepared with its native from Russia, Netherlands and Iran were evaluated
and Chef cultivar was taken as a control. In this examination, 10 new genotypes were
analyzed as far as a few indicators of quality in Ahvaz. One of the tomato quality
assessment techniques is sensory lab assessment (plant test). This exploration was
completed at 2013 in Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. Genotypes mean comparison
showed that the most quality was related to M48, 21 genotypes and the lowest of this
was related to 16, 19 cultivars. Also result indicated that M48, 25 had the most
sourness and the lowest of this was belonged to cultivar 18. Chef cultivar as a control
had the fleshiest tissue and also 33 and 36 genotypes had the most appropriate colour
according of the consumer evaluation.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Determination of heavy metal pollution in water, soil and plants of vegetable gardens in Ardabil
1. Article Citation:
Hassan Attarnia and Ebrahim Fatai
Determination of heavy metal pollution in water, soil and plants of vegetable gardens
in Ardabil
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(4): 2282-2289
JournalofResearchinBiology
Determination of heavy metal pollution in water, soil and plants of
vegetable gardens in Ardabil
Keywords:
Bioaccumulation, Cadmium, Lead, Spinach, Cress, Ardabil.
ABSTRACT:
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent t-
test showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
2282-2289 | JRB | 2017 | Vol 7 | No 4
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
www.jresearchbiology.com
Journal of Research in Biology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
Authors:
Hassan Attarnia1
and
Ebrahim Fatai2
Institution:
1. Department of
Environment, Department of
Agriculture, Islamic Azad
University, Ardabil, Iran.
2. Department of
Environmental sciences,
Ardabil Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Ardabil,
Iran.
Corresponding author:
Ebrahim Fatai
Email Id:
Web Address:
http://jresearchbiology.com/
documents/RA0655.pdf
Dates:
Received: 19 March 2017 Accepted: 04 April 2017 Published: 08 June 2017
Journal of Research in Biology
An International Scientific Research Journal
ISSN No: Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299
Short Communication
2. INTRODUCTION
Heavy metals are the most important sources of
non-point pollution of natural resources. Each year,
thousands of these elements enter into the system on a
global scale soil (Tiller et al., 1999). Since the
contamination of crops with heavy metals, resulting in
decreased quality of agricultural products on the one
hand and on the other hand is a serious threat to human
health, thus in terms of environmental aspects are very
important. Thus the accumulation of heavy metals and
increase in their concentration are reaching the danger
zone can threaten human health seriously by entering to
the human food chain, (Cui et al., 2005). Annually,
about 38,000 tonnes of cadmium and nearly a million
of lead will be added to the soil in which large amounts
are related to dust in the atmosphere, scattering the
ashes and urban waste and its low levels are related to
the use of chemical fertilizers and sewage sludge
(Nriagu and Pacyna 1998). Two heavy metals lead and
cadmium are crucial carcinogenic elements in the
development of cancer, especially gastrointestinal
(Waalkes 2003; WHO, 2003). Among the heavy metals,
some of which, such as zinc, copper, and cobalt values
are necessary for many biological systems, including
humans (Reza, et al., 2000; Shokrzadeh et al., 2011).
While some other heavy metals such as cadmium, lead
and arsenic are highly toxic to plants, animals and
humans (Kabata-Pendias, 2011; Li et al., 2004).
Cadmium is a known carcinogen in the development of
cancer (Türkdoğan et al., 2003; WHO 2003). And it
seems that its influential factor in the development of
heart disease and blood pressure (Edmunds and
Smedley, 1996). Lead also influence the blood system
and kidneys, causing metabolic disorders and neuro-
physical defects in children. It was also reported that if
large amounts of heavy metals such as lead, into the
body of pregnant mothers, babies, premature birth and
severe mental retardation will be greatly increased
(Zagrodzki et al., 2011; WHO, 2003). Removing heavy
metals from the contaminated land by plants, especially
agricultural products are one of the most important ways
of entering elements into the food chain (Fu et al.,
2008). Plants can collect large amounts of cadmium in
themselves without damage (Alloway, 1995). Cadmium
accumulation in plants can increase the absorption
potential of elements by human and this will be done
when the plants are a part of the diet (Kabata-Pendias
2001). To raise awareness to public opinion in Egypt to
assess the crop of heavy metals, we examined analysis
of several samples of crops including strawberries,
cucumbers, dates and class of vegetables. Considering
the two carcinogenic elements of cadmium and lead,
and usefulness of zinc and copper in the efficacy in diet,
four elements were measured in the products listed. The
results showed that leafy vegetables such as lettuce and
spinach had the highest levels of lead and cadmium,
among other products, but they by estimating the daily
intake of these nutrients in tested agricultural products,
considered this amount less than WHO, FAO report
(Radwan and Salama, 2006). A study was done on
samples of rice and vegetables in Jyanksv China in
2010, average concentration of chromium, copper, zinc,
cadmium, mercury and lead in rice was less than desired
standard and in vegetables only Chrome has exceeded
the limit (Cao et al., 2010). Heavy metals because of
high solubility in water, can be absorbed by living
organisms. With the arrival of heavy metals in the food
chain, high concentrations may be accumulated in the
human body. If heavy metals with the concentrations
above the permitted concentrations enters into human
body, they can cause different disorder in humans
(Babel and Kurniawan, 2004). Given that the
consumption of contaminated vegetables and the
consequent illnesses associated with the consumption of
certain types specially cancer, kidney disease, nervous
system and impose direct and indirect costs to any
country society thus this study is intended to evaluate
the lead and cadmium as dangerous heavy metals in the
Attarnia and Fatai, 2017
2283 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(4): 2282-2289
3. products (spinach and cress) of Ardabil gardens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
10 samples of water for irrigation and as well as
10 samples of cultivation of soil gardens and spinach
and cress were sampled during the months of June, July
and August in 1394 from each garden that one sample
was collected of spinach and cress and the total samples
were 81. Samples were prepared using the
standardization method and analyzed at using atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer) at the
Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, to determine the
amount of lead and cadmium (Brebbia, 2015). The
measurement results for each month of heavy metals in
any garden were compared through the EPA standard
and to assess differences between products as well as
the garden in the city. T-test and analysis of variance
was used and to compare means and using SPSS
software.
Extraction of soil samples
First, 5 g of each soil sample was weighed on
scales and 10 ml of concentrated nitric acid was added
until the concentrated nitrogen dioxide vapors leaving in
the water bath. Then, 10 ml concentrated Perchloric acid
and10 ml nitric acid was added to each sample, and to
make clear solution, it was heated on a water bath.
Resulted solution was filtered using 42 Whatman filter
paper and Buchner funnel. Distilled water was added to
the filtered extract reach to a volume of 50 ml.
Preparation of vegetables, spinach and watercress
for extraction
Cress and spinach were washed after sampling
and then were rinsed with distilled water. Then were air
dried on clean, fabric cloth for two to three days and,
put in the oven at 75 ° C for 24 hours. Then the milling
and powdering was done. After milling samples, one
gram of each sample was weighed and placed it an
electric oven for two hours at a temperature of 550 ° C
to become ashes.
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(4): 2282-2289 2284
Attarnia and Fatai, 2017
Garden
no.
Water
Cd
(ppm)
june
Water
Lead
June
ppm
Soil
Cd
June
Ppm
Soil
Pb
June
(ppm)
Cd
June
spinach
ppm
Spinach
lead
June
ppm
Cress
lead
June
ppm
Cress
Cd
June
ppm
Cd
spinach
July
ppm
Spinach
lead
bar
ppm
Cress
lead
July
ppm
Cd
Cress
July
ppm
Water
Cd
August
ppm
Water
Lead
August
ppm
Cd
spinach
August
ppm
Spinach
lead
August
ppm
Cd
Cress
August
ppm
Cress
lead
August
ppm
10.40700.729.97-*
----*
---00-*
---
20.08300.7610.0200000000000000
30.0550010.027.50100.1700000000000
4000.62000000000000000
5000.66000000000000000
6001.2810.219.80400.400000000000
7000.53000000000000000
8000.58000000000000000
9000.797.3--00--0000--00
10000.9308.80000000000000
Table1.Assayresultsforleadandcadmiuminwaterandsoilsamplesofspinachandcressstudiedatallthethreesamplingtime(June,Julyand
August2015)
4. Extraction of lead and cadmium from plant
In this study, the dry oxidation method was used
to extract the plant, one gram of ash sample was added
in 10 ml of HCl 2N and the contents became then
obtained. Samples were put on the heater at 95 ° C to
start boiling. At this stage, the contents became yellow
and white smoke is created. The content was moved into
the 100 ml balloon and was reached to 100 ml by
adding distilled water. After mixing, solution was
filtered through Whatman filter paper 42 and poured
into small plastic containers with lids that are pre-
prepared and was numbered and placed it firmly closed.
RESULTS
The results showed that in the first stage of
sampling at three orchards in June , gardens 1, 2 and 3
showed high levels of cadmium, and amount of soil
cadmium and watercress had lead as well as in
sample 6 it showed higher than standard. pH of the
water gardens showed decrease amount of pH in water
Attarnia and Fatai, 2017
2285 Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(4): 2282-2289
Sum of square
Freedom
degree
Mean
square
F
Significance
level
cadmium
Inter group 15.273 2 7.637 1.337 0.276
Within the group (error) 188.462 33 5.711
Total 203.736 35
lead
Inter group 7541.942 2 3770.971 0.803 0.456
Within the group (error) 154925.464 33 4694.711
Total 162467.407 35
Table 3. The he results of analysis of variance cadmium and lead between resources (water, soil and
vegetation)
Standard EPA :00500
T-test Freedom degree Significance level Mean difference
Confidence degree 95%
Lowest Highest
Cadmium 1.551 9 0.155 0.099 -0.0454 0.2434
Table 4. The he results of t-test to compare cadmium values measured in water with EPA standards
Standard EPA: 50
T-test Freedom degree Significance level Mean difference
Confidence degree 95%
Lowest Highest
Lead -28.187 9 0.000 -45.248 -48.8794 -41.6166
Table 5. The he results of t-test between the cadmium and lead with standards in the soil
Standard EPA: 1
T-test Freedom degree Significance level Mean difference
Confidence degree 95%
Lowest Highest
Cadmium -3.061 9 0.014 -0.313 -0.5443 -0.0817
Table 6. t-test for cadmium in the soil
Sum of
squares
Freedom
degree
Mean
square
F
Significance
level
Cadmium
Intergroup 39.843 9 4.427 0.702 0.701
Within the group (error) 163.893 26 6.304
Total 203.736 35
Lead
Intergroup 36933.648 9 4103.739 0.85 0.597
Within the group (error) 125533.759 26 4828.221
Total 162467.407 35
Table 2. The results of analysis of variance for cadmium and lead in the gardens
5. sample in the second phase compared to the first stage.
Also results of the second stage (July) showed that there
was no contamination of spinach and cress to lead and
cadmium and the results of the third phase (August) also
showed little or no contamination of spinach and cress
to lead and cadmium is ( Table 1).
Analysis of variance of heavy metals lead and
cadmium between the gardens showed that between
amount of cadmium and lead levels there was no
significantly difference. (sigcd = 0.701 and sig pb =
0.579) (Table 2).
Also between the amounts of heavy metals lead
and cadmium measured in terms of resources (water,
soil Plants) no significant difference was observed.
0.276 sig cd = and sig pb = 0.456) (Table 3).
T-test for comparing the measured values of
cadmium in irrigation water showed that between
average amounts of cadmium in the study area with the
EPA standard, there was no significant difference. (sig>
0.05) (Table 4).
The results of t-test showed that the amount of
lead in the soil between the mean value measured of soil
and the EPA standard at the level of 1% (sig = 0.00)
was significant. So that the average lead-in area was less
than standard (4.7 <50) (Table 5).
T-test showed the amount of cadmium mean
value measured in the study area with EPA standards at
the level of 5% (sig = 0.014) had significant difference
as comparison showed that the mean cadmium was less
than standard. (0.68 <1) (Table 6).
The results of t-test showed that the amount of
cadmium measured of mean area with EPA standard
had no significant difference (sig = 0.142) (Table 7).
Results of t-test comparison of the lead mean
values measured with the EPA standard showed mean
lead with EPA standard at 1%, by almost 99%
confidence was significant (sig = 0.00), as mean
comparison showed that lead levels in plants is
significantly less than the EPA standard. (31.28 <300)
(Table 8).
A sample t-test results showed that the amount
of cadmium between spinach and cress there was
significant difference at the 5% level (sig = 0.05), as
the amount of cadmium in spinach was more than cress
(3.26> 0). In case in terms of amount of lead between
two species no significance difference was seen (sig =
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(4): 2282-2289 2286
Attarnia and Fatai, 2017
Standard EPA: 3
T-test Freedom degree Significance level Mean difference
Confidence degree 95%
Lowest Highest
Cadmium -1.55 15 0.142 -1.36875 -3.251 0.5135
Table 7. The results of t-test for cadmium in plant
Standard EPA: 300
T-test Freedom degree Significance level Mean difference
Confidence degree 95%
Lowest Highest
Lead -10.584 15 0.000 -268.71438 -322.8279 -214.6009
Table 8. T-test results for lead in the plant
Levine test T-test
F
Significance
level
T df
Significance
level
Mean
difference
Standard
deviation
Confidence degree
95%
Lowest Highest
Assuming equal cadmium
Assuming unequal
80.776 0.000 2.03
2.03
14
7
0.062
0.082
3.26
3.26
1.6
1.6
-0.18
-0.53
6.7
7.06
Assuming equal lead
Assuming unequal
1.195 0.018 -1.25
-1.25
14
7
0.23
0.249
-62.57
-62.57
49.82
49.82
-169.43
-180.39
44.29
55.25
Table 9. T-test results for the cd, pb between the two types of cress and spinach
6. 0.230) (Table 9).
DISCUSSION
Given that the amount of lead and cadmium in
all samples of water, soil, spinach and Cress was lower
than the standard level, which indicates acute infection
of studied gardens with heavy metals; Shahamat et al.
(2009) examined the amount of lead and cadmium in
the vegetables fields of Gorgan therefore vegetable and
water samples from five northern region of Gorgan for
four consecutive months in the fall of 1387 was sampled
and examined. For him, the cadmium and lead in water
and vegetables were below the standard limit. In the
first sample during June 1394 case of gardens (1) had
cadmium contamination and garden 3 and (2) had lower
amount of cadmium and other gardens didn’t have
cadmium contamination because garden 1, 2 and 3 are
located in the urban area and well water is used for the
irrigation of the garden (1) especially in the urban areas.
Therefore, absorption wells used for sewage in
residential areas can cause pollution, but water of
gardens 4 to 10 that are located in agricultural area,
away from residential areas showed no cadmium
pollution The study of heavy metals in vegetables
cultivated around Shahrood city also showed that 150
random sample were taken during the last three months
(every 50 months); the average concentration of
chromium, cadmium and lead exceeding the standards
provided by WHO and FAO that reported main reason
access of municipal and industrial wastewater to
irrigation were water used in vegetable gardens.
According to independent t-test that the rate of uptake
and accumulation of cadmium in spinach are more than
Cress. This indicates that broader-leaved plants are
more likely to have higher concentration of cadmium.
The results showed that in India around the river Musi
risk factor for heavy metals in vegetables, especially
spinach and amaranth leaves are high. Because
conductivity and transpiration rate is high in these
vegetables as well as broad leaf plants, they are more
susceptible to physical contamination by dust from the
soil. The survey is also corresponded to the present
study (Adriano, 2001). The results showed that between
the first stage of sampling results in the June and second
and third stages in July and August there are apparent
differences so that in some cases cadmium and lead in
the first stage, however, often was observed below the
standard but in all samples of the second and third
stages, including water, spinach and Cress cadmium and
lead levels were measured zero. In the survey, different
subject can be involved. Including with regard to the
area of Ardebil in practice about five months is for
planting and harvesting vegetables and actually well
water will not be used more than six months and the
amount of cadmium occur in the samples of the first
stage caused by the accumulation of cadmium in the
well in the gardens of No. 1, 2 and 3 that are located in
urban areas adjacent to residential homes. And as a
result, first cut products of spinach and Cress also show
cadmium amount, but in case of water use and picked
up several vegetables, virtually the accumulation of
heavy metals in second and third cut is zero. Vegetable
products of first cut in terms of heavy metals are more
polluted than second and third cut. Results of spinach
cadmium in first cut of three garden (3), 6 and 10
showed that in the garden (3), the amount of cadmium
in water gardens is higher than standard that is
concentrated in spinach and in the gardens of 6 and 10
Cadmium is, slightly high in the soil and is concentrated
in spinach crop, so it was concluded that spinach in
terms of cadmium has bioaccumulation.
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