The study investigated the effects of different concentrations of lead (Pb) and sewage water on the growth and Pb uptake of two radish varieties. The results showed that total biomass and root diameter were generally not affected by the treatments, except at the highest Pb concentration of 400 mg/L. Pb treatments significantly reduced plant growth and yield for both varieties. Pb uptake in roots and leaves increased with increasing Pb concentration, with the highest levels found in plants treated with 400 mg/L Pb. Plants treated with sewage water showed higher biomass, root weight, and root diameter compared to the control and Pb treatments. The interaction between varieties and treatments was found to be significantly different for various measured parameters
11.phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. In the Egyptian experiment, different application rates of WTRs and biosolids were added to soils and incubated for 60 days. In the US experiment, soils were amended with various rates of WTRs and biosolids and incubated for 30 days. XANES spectroscopy was then used to identify the chemical forms of P present in the amended soils. The results provided information on
Soils 509 lecture no. 11 12 13_14 soil and water pollutionDrAnandJadhav
This document discusses soil and water pollution, their sources and remediation. It defines soil pollution as changes to the soil environment from human-made chemicals or activities. Sources of soil pollution include industrial waste, fertilizers, pesticides, acid rain and heavy metals. Effects on soil include changes to physical, chemical and biological properties. Preventive measures discussed are optimized fertilizer and pesticide use, organic farming, afforestation, and drainage improvement. Water pollution is defined as contamination of water bodies from human activities. Sources listed are domestic/industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, radioactive waste, and thermal pollution. Causes mentioned are sewage, chemical usage, and accidental spills. Preventive measures aim to reduce
This thesis examines phytoremediation as a more sustainable alternative to traditional brownfield remediation methods. The author outlines how conventional remediation methods are costly, pose health and environmental risks, and lack public support. Meanwhile, phytoremediation uses plants to break down toxic substances in contaminated sites. While still in development, phytoremediation offers lower costs and greater community acceptance than traditional methods. The author analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of conventional remediation and phytoremediation through a review of literature to argue that phytoremediation provides a more sustainable approach to remediating the growing problem of contaminated brownfield sites.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nas...IOSR Journals
The study was conducted to find out the content of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in some selected vegetables grown in and around Nashik city, Maharashtra state (India). Vegetable samples from four different sites were collected and digested by using tri-acid digestion method. Concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. Vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area were most contaminated while vegetables grown in rural area were least contaminated. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of lead in 35% vegetable samples collected from industrial area were more than maximum permitted limit. The high concentration of cadmium was found in onion and coriander, while lead content was recorded high in spinach and cauliflower. Arsenic concentration in 25% samples collected from industrial area was more than maximum permitted limit. Copper concentration in most of the vegetable sample was within permissible limit; only two out of forty samples have high concentration of copper. The results of the study showed that consumers are at greater risk of purchasing these fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
The document discusses the potential use of a mix of fly ash and diluted distillery effluent in agriculture. Fly ash contains nutrients that can benefit plant growth, while distillery effluent is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. A study was conducted on the ornamental plant Calendula officinalis grown in soil amended with these materials. Results showed increased vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments, and earlier flowering in the amended soil. The mix of fly ash and effluent has potential as a biofertilizer to replace chemical fertilizers and boost agricultural productivity in a sustainable way.
Phytoremediation,an opputinity for enhancing ecosystem servicesDr. Fayaz Ahmad Malla
The document discusses phytoremediation, the use of plants and their associated microorganisms to remove pollutants from soil and water. It describes various phytoremediation processes like phytoextraction, rhizodegradation, phytovolatilization, and phytostabilization. It also discusses methods of assessing the economic value of phytoremediation and some limitations and future directions.
Modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry matte...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and crop performance. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using soil sampled from farmers' fields that was split into sterilized and non-sterilized samples. Seven rates of effluent were applied as treatments. The effluent was found to have high pH, EC, nutrients but low micronutrients and heavy metals. Application of effluent reduced crop dry weight and decreased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen over time. Higher effluent volumes increased pH, EC and exchangeable bases in both soils. The non-sterilized soil showed initial benefits from low effluent volumes but effects eventually matched the steril
11.phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. In the Egyptian experiment, different application rates of WTRs and biosolids were added to soils and incubated for 60 days. In the US experiment, soils were amended with various rates of WTRs and biosolids and incubated for 30 days. XANES spectroscopy was then used to identify the chemical forms of P present in the amended soils. The results provided information on
Soils 509 lecture no. 11 12 13_14 soil and water pollutionDrAnandJadhav
This document discusses soil and water pollution, their sources and remediation. It defines soil pollution as changes to the soil environment from human-made chemicals or activities. Sources of soil pollution include industrial waste, fertilizers, pesticides, acid rain and heavy metals. Effects on soil include changes to physical, chemical and biological properties. Preventive measures discussed are optimized fertilizer and pesticide use, organic farming, afforestation, and drainage improvement. Water pollution is defined as contamination of water bodies from human activities. Sources listed are domestic/industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, radioactive waste, and thermal pollution. Causes mentioned are sewage, chemical usage, and accidental spills. Preventive measures aim to reduce
This thesis examines phytoremediation as a more sustainable alternative to traditional brownfield remediation methods. The author outlines how conventional remediation methods are costly, pose health and environmental risks, and lack public support. Meanwhile, phytoremediation uses plants to break down toxic substances in contaminated sites. While still in development, phytoremediation offers lower costs and greater community acceptance than traditional methods. The author analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of conventional remediation and phytoremediation through a review of literature to argue that phytoremediation provides a more sustainable approach to remediating the growing problem of contaminated brownfield sites.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nas...IOSR Journals
The study was conducted to find out the content of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in some selected vegetables grown in and around Nashik city, Maharashtra state (India). Vegetable samples from four different sites were collected and digested by using tri-acid digestion method. Concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. Vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area were most contaminated while vegetables grown in rural area were least contaminated. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of lead in 35% vegetable samples collected from industrial area were more than maximum permitted limit. The high concentration of cadmium was found in onion and coriander, while lead content was recorded high in spinach and cauliflower. Arsenic concentration in 25% samples collected from industrial area was more than maximum permitted limit. Copper concentration in most of the vegetable sample was within permissible limit; only two out of forty samples have high concentration of copper. The results of the study showed that consumers are at greater risk of purchasing these fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
The document discusses the potential use of a mix of fly ash and diluted distillery effluent in agriculture. Fly ash contains nutrients that can benefit plant growth, while distillery effluent is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. A study was conducted on the ornamental plant Calendula officinalis grown in soil amended with these materials. Results showed increased vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments, and earlier flowering in the amended soil. The mix of fly ash and effluent has potential as a biofertilizer to replace chemical fertilizers and boost agricultural productivity in a sustainable way.
Phytoremediation,an opputinity for enhancing ecosystem servicesDr. Fayaz Ahmad Malla
The document discusses phytoremediation, the use of plants and their associated microorganisms to remove pollutants from soil and water. It describes various phytoremediation processes like phytoextraction, rhizodegradation, phytovolatilization, and phytostabilization. It also discusses methods of assessing the economic value of phytoremediation and some limitations and future directions.
Modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry matte...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and crop performance. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using soil sampled from farmers' fields that was split into sterilized and non-sterilized samples. Seven rates of effluent were applied as treatments. The effluent was found to have high pH, EC, nutrients but low micronutrients and heavy metals. Application of effluent reduced crop dry weight and decreased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen over time. Higher effluent volumes increased pH, EC and exchangeable bases in both soils. The non-sterilized soil showed initial benefits from low effluent volumes but effects eventually matched the steril
This document discusses phytoremediation strategies for soils contaminated with heavy metals. It begins with an introduction to phytoremediation and sources of heavy metal pollution. It then discusses the harmful effects of heavy metals on plants and factors affecting metal bioavailability. The document outlines traditional and modern concepts of phytoremediation, mechanisms of heavy metal phytoremediation, and the economic evaluation and future perspectives of phytoremediation techniques. It concludes that traditional phytoremediation approaches are less economical for large-scale decontamination and that modern approaches like chemical-assisted or microbial-assisted phytoremediation show promise.
This document summarizes a study on heavy metal contamination in soils and crops in peri-urban areas near four cities in Pakistan (Multan, Kasur, Lahore, and Gujranwala). Soil, plant, and wastewater samples were collected and analyzed. Results found lead and chromium levels above permissible limits in soils from all areas, with highest chromium levels in Kasur. Cadmium levels exceeded limits in all areas, with highest contamination in Multan. Copper exceeded limits in Multan and Gujranwala soils. Crop samples also showed heavy metal accumulation. The dominant fungus found was Aspergillus, indicating resistance to heavy metals. Long-term wastewater irrigation was concluded to be
Ana scifair research proposal 3 rise 2012. docanaelishockey
The research proposal examines the effect of nitrogen from organic versus inorganic fertilizers on the growth of sweet basil plants. Thirty flower pots will be used, with 10 as a control group with regular soil, 10 with soil treated with organic fertilizer, and 10 with soil treated with inorganic fertilizer. The nitrogen levels will be measured in the soil and plant growth will be observed over 80 days. It is hypothesized that the plants grown with organic fertilizer soil will grow better due to a more moderate nitrogen level that avoids contamination of water supplies. The results may show that organic fertilizers provide sustainable nitrogen for plant growth while reducing nitrogen pollution of groundwater compared to inorganic fertilizers.
Performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor for Nitrate RemovalIJRES Journal
Nitrate is present in the majority of water resources, and has reached serious level in many parts of the world, which is responsible for environmental problems. Hence it is necessary to remove nitrate. Biological denitrification provides the most economical means for nitrate removal. This paper represents the performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor (FBBR) using bone china fine granules as biofilm carrier media for biological denitrification.
In this experimental work, the maximum average nitrogen removal efficiency of 93.71% at HRT of 30 minutes and optimum efficiency of 88.13% at HRT of 10 minutes is observed. For nitrogen loading rates varying from 0.48 to 28.80 kg N m-3 d-1, denitrification rates observed are 0.44 kg N m-3 d-1 to 17.26 kg N m-3 d-1. Optimum nitrogen loading rate and denitrification rate observed are 10.08 kg N m-3 d-1 and 8.88 kg N m-3 d-1 respectively. The results justify the usefulness of FBBR for denitrification.
Study on Assessment of Physico chemical properties of Industrial wastesIJEAB
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to7.66, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum in sample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum at samples of W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/l respectively. The physic chemical parameters studied in this work were varied between the samples and almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
Effect of mineral acids on rooting response of aging mung bean (phaseolus aur...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of sulfuric acid on the rooting response of fresh and aged mung bean cuttings. The study found that aged cuttings treated with 0.0001%, 0.001%, and 0.01% concentrations of sulfuric acid showed a significant increase in rooting response compared to the control. Aged cuttings that were aged in sulfuric acid solution for 3 days also showed a highly significant increase in rooting response when treated with the same concentrations. Higher concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5% sulfuric acid resulted in a significant decrease in rooting response. The study also found that sulfuric acid treatment led to a significant increase in the level of the plant hormone ind
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEACHATE FROM MSW LANDFILL,BANGALORE Dr. Naveen BP
Bangalore city generates about 4,500 metric tons of municipal solid waste every day in that 75% is disposed in the landfill. The landfill leachate discharge may lead to serious environmental problems. Leachate may percolate through landfill liners and subsoil causing pollution of ground water and surface waters resources. The aim of this research study is to identify the characteristics of the leachate from landfill in Mavallipura. Landfill leachate contains various pollutants that can be categorized into four groups such as dissolved organic matter, inorganic macrocomponents, heavy metals, and organic compounds. The pH of the leachate is considered as alkaline as the pH is 7.6 in Mavallipura landfill leachate. The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 12 ppm. BOD
and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/L and 10400 mg/L, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favourable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond.
Wastewater treatment for a sustainable future: overview of phosphorus recoveryStefanus Muryanto
This document summarizes three methods for phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater: chemical precipitation, biological uptake, and struvite crystallization. Chemical precipitation is commonly used but requires large amounts of chemicals. Biological uptake requires fewer chemicals but the process is complex and variable. Struvite crystallization converts phosphorus into struvite crystals that can be used as fertilizer, reducing fertilizer production and emissions. It also prevents scaling in wastewater treatment facilities. Fluidized bed reactors are an effective method for struvite crystallization and several industrial-scale projects now use this approach.
The document discusses the effect of chemical composition of plant residues on nitrogen mineralization in soil. It presents findings from several case studies and research papers. The chemical composition of different plant residues like lignin, polyphenols and C:N ratio affects their decomposition rate and impacts nitrogen mineralization. Plant residues high in nitrogen and low in lignin and polyphenols decompose faster, releasing nitrogen for plant uptake. The studies show crop residues and tree leaves with higher lignin and polyphenol content immobilize soil nitrogen during decomposition.
Abstract: Soil contamination with heavy metals is a serious global concern due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation property. The present investigation was aimed to assess heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil around the polluted zone of the Chambal River at Nagda, Ujjain (M.P, India). Soil samples were collected at three sites S1, S2, and S3 alongside of Chambal River in December 2019 and analyzed for heavy metals like Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) methods. The Igeo results revealed that the study area has fallen in the category of uncontaminated and moderately contaminated with Cd and Pb in all study stations. Essential compositions were evaluated through the estimation of geochemical accumulation indices to find out the heavy metal contamination of soil. Significant enrichment of the soil with Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb was observed in all study stations. The S1 station exhibited the highest concentrations of heavy metals in soil. The present outcome is useful for mitigating the impact of metallic pollution on environmental health and required strategies to prevent such effects.
Keywords: Chambal River, Geo-Accumulation Index, Heavy Metals, Industrial Pollution, Soil Quality.
Heavy metal contamination of soil is one of the most important environmental ...Ahmed Madni
This document discusses various heavy metal removal processes from soil and wastewater. It describes techniques for soil remediation including immobilization, soil washing, phytoremediation, and electroremediation. For wastewater treatment, it outlines chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation/flocculation, and flotation. The key advantages and disadvantages of each technique are provided.
1) The study examined the effect of chemical composition of plant residues on nitrogen mineralization in soil. 2) It found that plant residues with high nitrogen and low lignin and polyphenol concentrations mineralized nitrogen rapidly, while residues with low nitrogen immobilized nitrogen for long periods. 3) The percentage of nitrogen mineralized from residues was strongly correlated with the nitrogen concentration and other quality parameters involving nitrogen concentration such as C:N ratio.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
After some preliminary tests using hydroponic cultures, it can be concluded that Ce has toxic effects on cucumber roots by inhibiting root elongation and decreasing root weight. The IC50’s were 180 μg L-1 and 130 μg L-1 for pH 5 with Ca2+ concentrations of 2.0 mM and 0.2 mM, respectively. The increased concentration of Ca interferes with the root elongation inhibition by Ce due to the increased competition for the binding sites on root surfaces. The relationship between the increase in Ce concentration and its inhibition effect still needs to be investigated further.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document discusses using artificial neural networks for electronic noses. It begins with an abstract that provides background on neural networks and their use in pattern recognition. The document then discusses how electronic noses work, using an array of chemical sensors and neural networks to identify chemicals. It provides details on the components of electronic noses, including different types of sensors, and how neural networks are trained and used for identification. Applications discussed include using electronic noses for medical diagnosis by analyzing odors from the body. The document concludes that further work involves comparing neural network analysis to other techniques and evolving electronic nose prototypes into field systems.
This document provides a profile of an individual named Andrew Rowley, describing him as a learner, creative, modern and outgoing person who is dedicated and motivated.
This document discusses phytoremediation strategies for soils contaminated with heavy metals. It begins with an introduction to phytoremediation and sources of heavy metal pollution. It then discusses the harmful effects of heavy metals on plants and factors affecting metal bioavailability. The document outlines traditional and modern concepts of phytoremediation, mechanisms of heavy metal phytoremediation, and the economic evaluation and future perspectives of phytoremediation techniques. It concludes that traditional phytoremediation approaches are less economical for large-scale decontamination and that modern approaches like chemical-assisted or microbial-assisted phytoremediation show promise.
This document summarizes a study on heavy metal contamination in soils and crops in peri-urban areas near four cities in Pakistan (Multan, Kasur, Lahore, and Gujranwala). Soil, plant, and wastewater samples were collected and analyzed. Results found lead and chromium levels above permissible limits in soils from all areas, with highest chromium levels in Kasur. Cadmium levels exceeded limits in all areas, with highest contamination in Multan. Copper exceeded limits in Multan and Gujranwala soils. Crop samples also showed heavy metal accumulation. The dominant fungus found was Aspergillus, indicating resistance to heavy metals. Long-term wastewater irrigation was concluded to be
Ana scifair research proposal 3 rise 2012. docanaelishockey
The research proposal examines the effect of nitrogen from organic versus inorganic fertilizers on the growth of sweet basil plants. Thirty flower pots will be used, with 10 as a control group with regular soil, 10 with soil treated with organic fertilizer, and 10 with soil treated with inorganic fertilizer. The nitrogen levels will be measured in the soil and plant growth will be observed over 80 days. It is hypothesized that the plants grown with organic fertilizer soil will grow better due to a more moderate nitrogen level that avoids contamination of water supplies. The results may show that organic fertilizers provide sustainable nitrogen for plant growth while reducing nitrogen pollution of groundwater compared to inorganic fertilizers.
Performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor for Nitrate RemovalIJRES Journal
Nitrate is present in the majority of water resources, and has reached serious level in many parts of the world, which is responsible for environmental problems. Hence it is necessary to remove nitrate. Biological denitrification provides the most economical means for nitrate removal. This paper represents the performance of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor (FBBR) using bone china fine granules as biofilm carrier media for biological denitrification.
In this experimental work, the maximum average nitrogen removal efficiency of 93.71% at HRT of 30 minutes and optimum efficiency of 88.13% at HRT of 10 minutes is observed. For nitrogen loading rates varying from 0.48 to 28.80 kg N m-3 d-1, denitrification rates observed are 0.44 kg N m-3 d-1 to 17.26 kg N m-3 d-1. Optimum nitrogen loading rate and denitrification rate observed are 10.08 kg N m-3 d-1 and 8.88 kg N m-3 d-1 respectively. The results justify the usefulness of FBBR for denitrification.
Study on Assessment of Physico chemical properties of Industrial wastesIJEAB
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to7.66, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum in sample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum at samples of W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/l respectively. The physic chemical parameters studied in this work were varied between the samples and almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
Effect of mineral acids on rooting response of aging mung bean (phaseolus aur...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of sulfuric acid on the rooting response of fresh and aged mung bean cuttings. The study found that aged cuttings treated with 0.0001%, 0.001%, and 0.01% concentrations of sulfuric acid showed a significant increase in rooting response compared to the control. Aged cuttings that were aged in sulfuric acid solution for 3 days also showed a highly significant increase in rooting response when treated with the same concentrations. Higher concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5% sulfuric acid resulted in a significant decrease in rooting response. The study also found that sulfuric acid treatment led to a significant increase in the level of the plant hormone ind
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEACHATE FROM MSW LANDFILL,BANGALORE Dr. Naveen BP
Bangalore city generates about 4,500 metric tons of municipal solid waste every day in that 75% is disposed in the landfill. The landfill leachate discharge may lead to serious environmental problems. Leachate may percolate through landfill liners and subsoil causing pollution of ground water and surface waters resources. The aim of this research study is to identify the characteristics of the leachate from landfill in Mavallipura. Landfill leachate contains various pollutants that can be categorized into four groups such as dissolved organic matter, inorganic macrocomponents, heavy metals, and organic compounds. The pH of the leachate is considered as alkaline as the pH is 7.6 in Mavallipura landfill leachate. The results showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 12 ppm. BOD
and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/L and 10400 mg/L, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favourable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond.
Wastewater treatment for a sustainable future: overview of phosphorus recoveryStefanus Muryanto
This document summarizes three methods for phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater: chemical precipitation, biological uptake, and struvite crystallization. Chemical precipitation is commonly used but requires large amounts of chemicals. Biological uptake requires fewer chemicals but the process is complex and variable. Struvite crystallization converts phosphorus into struvite crystals that can be used as fertilizer, reducing fertilizer production and emissions. It also prevents scaling in wastewater treatment facilities. Fluidized bed reactors are an effective method for struvite crystallization and several industrial-scale projects now use this approach.
The document discusses the effect of chemical composition of plant residues on nitrogen mineralization in soil. It presents findings from several case studies and research papers. The chemical composition of different plant residues like lignin, polyphenols and C:N ratio affects their decomposition rate and impacts nitrogen mineralization. Plant residues high in nitrogen and low in lignin and polyphenols decompose faster, releasing nitrogen for plant uptake. The studies show crop residues and tree leaves with higher lignin and polyphenol content immobilize soil nitrogen during decomposition.
Abstract: Soil contamination with heavy metals is a serious global concern due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation property. The present investigation was aimed to assess heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil around the polluted zone of the Chambal River at Nagda, Ujjain (M.P, India). Soil samples were collected at three sites S1, S2, and S3 alongside of Chambal River in December 2019 and analyzed for heavy metals like Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) methods. The Igeo results revealed that the study area has fallen in the category of uncontaminated and moderately contaminated with Cd and Pb in all study stations. Essential compositions were evaluated through the estimation of geochemical accumulation indices to find out the heavy metal contamination of soil. Significant enrichment of the soil with Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb was observed in all study stations. The S1 station exhibited the highest concentrations of heavy metals in soil. The present outcome is useful for mitigating the impact of metallic pollution on environmental health and required strategies to prevent such effects.
Keywords: Chambal River, Geo-Accumulation Index, Heavy Metals, Industrial Pollution, Soil Quality.
Heavy metal contamination of soil is one of the most important environmental ...Ahmed Madni
This document discusses various heavy metal removal processes from soil and wastewater. It describes techniques for soil remediation including immobilization, soil washing, phytoremediation, and electroremediation. For wastewater treatment, it outlines chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation/flocculation, and flotation. The key advantages and disadvantages of each technique are provided.
1) The study examined the effect of chemical composition of plant residues on nitrogen mineralization in soil. 2) It found that plant residues with high nitrogen and low lignin and polyphenol concentrations mineralized nitrogen rapidly, while residues with low nitrogen immobilized nitrogen for long periods. 3) The percentage of nitrogen mineralized from residues was strongly correlated with the nitrogen concentration and other quality parameters involving nitrogen concentration such as C:N ratio.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
After some preliminary tests using hydroponic cultures, it can be concluded that Ce has toxic effects on cucumber roots by inhibiting root elongation and decreasing root weight. The IC50’s were 180 μg L-1 and 130 μg L-1 for pH 5 with Ca2+ concentrations of 2.0 mM and 0.2 mM, respectively. The increased concentration of Ca interferes with the root elongation inhibition by Ce due to the increased competition for the binding sites on root surfaces. The relationship between the increase in Ce concentration and its inhibition effect still needs to be investigated further.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document discusses using artificial neural networks for electronic noses. It begins with an abstract that provides background on neural networks and their use in pattern recognition. The document then discusses how electronic noses work, using an array of chemical sensors and neural networks to identify chemicals. It provides details on the components of electronic noses, including different types of sensors, and how neural networks are trained and used for identification. Applications discussed include using electronic noses for medical diagnosis by analyzing odors from the body. The document concludes that further work involves comparing neural network analysis to other techniques and evolving electronic nose prototypes into field systems.
This document provides a profile of an individual named Andrew Rowley, describing him as a learner, creative, modern and outgoing person who is dedicated and motivated.
Struktur bumi terluar adalah kerak bumi. Batuan beku seperti batu apung dan granit terbentuk dari letusan gunung berapi. Tanah terbentuk dari pelapukan batuan oleh proses fisik, kimia, dan biologis selama ribuan tahun. Daur air memutar air dari laut ke atmosfer dan kembali ke laut melalui tahapan penguapan, kondensasi, dan presipitasi.
This document discusses electrical safety and hazards. It notes that electricity can cause serious injuries or death if safety precautions are not followed. The most common electrical injuries are electrical shock, electrocution, burns, and falls. Electrical hazards include exposed parts, overloaded circuits, defective insulation, improper grounding, damaged tools, overhead power lines, and wet conditions. The document provides tips for staying safe such as inspecting tools, avoiding overloads, staying away from live wires, unplugging safely, avoiding jewelry or metal near equipment, using safe work practices, receiving training, and following lockout/tagout procedures.
SMSFenceDetetc is a smartphone application developed for the Android operating system. The App allows you to create fences, selecting a center and a range, and capture all
ENTER/EXIT events. Whenever app detect any of these events, it is automatically sent
an alert SMS to a mobile (previously selected). The main goal of the project, however, is to compare the battery consumption of two strategies/services for location monitoring in
time.The first strategy is based on the simple polling strategy, while the second adopt a smarter auto-adaptive approach to avoid an excessive battery consumption, which would make the app unusable.
Bab 2 membahas tentang tumbuhan hijau dan proses pembuatan makanan. Tumbuhan hijau dapat membuat makanan melalui proses fotosintesis dengan menyerap sinar matahari, karbon dioksida, dan air yang mengandung unsur hara. Hasilnya berupa glukosa dan oksigen. Tumbuhan hijau penting karena menjadi sumber makanan bagi manusia dan hewan.
This document discusses internal combustion engines, including the components and workings of different types of IC engines like 4-stroke SI and CI engines and 2-stroke engines. It also covers actual and theoretical PV diagrams and valve timing diagrams for SI and CI engines, as well as cycle analysis, assumptions in air standard cycles, and numerical examples.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang wawasan nusantara dan geopolitik Indonesia. Wawasan nusantara didefinisikan sebagai pandangan yang menekankan persatuan dan kesatuan wilayah Indonesia. Geopolitik Indonesia merupakan ilmu yang mempertimbangkan letak pulau-pulau Indonesia dalam menentukan kebijakan nasional untuk mencapai tujuan persatuan bangsa. Dokumen ini juga membahas implementasi geopolitik Indonesia dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan dan up
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal uptake in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) grown in soil contaminated with sewage water in peri-urban areas near Sargodha City, Pakistan. The study found:
1) Heavy metal levels in soil samples were below permissible limits except for cadmium. Pumpkin accumulated higher levels of chromium, manganese, molybdenum, and cadmium compared to soil.
2) Transfer factors (the ratio of metal concentration in pumpkin to soil) ranged from 0.01 to 71.3, with the highest for chromium.
3) Daily intake of lead, cadmium, manganese, and molybden
The effect of rhizosphere growth promoter bacteria on enzymes activities of H...Innspub Net
Soils and accumulated materials are resources of heavy metals, which are available for absorbance by plants. One
of the potential methods for eliminating heavy metals from polluted places includes usage of resistance creature
to metals which are able to accumulate and absorb high amount of material. Present study was carried out in a
greenhouse format in completely accidental plots with 4 times repetition and 2 plants of Hordeum vulgare and Brassica napus. This experiment was done in 2011 in Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. Variance analysis results showed significant effect of pb levels, growth promoters bacteria and interaction effects of them on capabilities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes (P<0.01). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-10-may-2014/
The effect of rhizosphere growth promoter bacteria on enzymes activities of H...Innspub Net
Soils and accumulated materials are resources of heavy metals, which are available for absorbance by plants. One
of the potential methods for eliminating heavy metals from polluted places includes usage of resistance creature
to metals which are able to accumulate and absorb high amount of material. Present study was carried out in a
greenhouse format in completely accidental plots with 4 times repetition and 2 plants of Hordeum vulgare and Brassica napus. This experiment was done in 2011 in Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. Variance analysis results showed significant effect of pb levels, growth promoters bacteria and interaction effects of them on capabilities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes (P<0.01).
Assessment of pesticide residues in sediments collected from river ravi and i...Alexander Decker
The study assessed pesticide residue levels in sediments collected from 18 sites along the River Ravi and its tributaries in Pakistan. All sediment samples were found to contain pesticide residues below national and international tolerance limits, with endosulfan being the most prevalent. Sediment samples collected downstream of the Degh fall and Hudiara drain tributaries, which receive untreated industrial and domestic waste, exhibited the highest contamination levels of DDT, DDE, endosulfan, and carbofuran.
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
This document describes a study of the physicochemical properties of effluent and soil samples collected from two industrial areas in Sanganer, India. Analysis found the effluent samples to have high pH, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, and concentrations of heavy metals exceeding permissible limits. Soil samples near the effluent outlets also had elevated pH and heavy metal levels. The high pollutant loads indicate the effluent is adversely impacting the surrounding environment through reduced water quality and soil contamination. Strict treatment of industrial wastewater is needed before discharge to prevent further degradation of local habitats.
Surface and ground water pollution in abata ogun agricultural wetlandAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study assessing the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on surface and ground water quality in Abata Ogun agricultural wetland in Nigeria. Water sampling during rainy and dry seasons found high concentrations of nutrients, bacteria, and other pollutants indicating contamination from agricultural activities. Wells and streams on the farm had lower water quality than the control well, with measurements exceeding standards. The wetland's stream deposited sediments and contamination spread downstream. The study highlights the need for awareness and sustainable farming practices to prevent health risks from consuming contaminated water.
This study investigated the effects of salinity on the growth, chlorophyll content, and ion accumulation of Nitraria schoberi. Plants were exposed to different levels of salinity (0, 86, 160, 204, and 246 mM NaCl). The first treatment of 86 mM NaCl produced the best growth and highest chlorophyll content. Higher salinity levels decreased growth and increased chlorophyll degradation. Sodium and chloride ion concentrations increased with salinity, while potassium, calcium, and magnesium decreased. Overall, N. schoberi performed best under low salinity of 86 mM NaCl.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
This study examined the effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum on the uptake and translocation of copper in the tropical gum tree Sterculia setigera grown in copper-contaminated soil. The study found that:
1) Mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant biomass and reduced copper concentrations in roots and shoots, especially at higher soil copper concentrations.
2) Copper uptake efficiency, translocation efficiency, and phytoextraction efficiency were lower in mycorrhizal plants than in non-mycorrhizal plants.
3) The mycorrhizal fungus helped protect the plant from copper toxicity in contaminated soils by decreasing
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Soil Nutrient Availability and Enzyme Activities under Wheat-Green gram Crop ...Pravash Chandra Moharana
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rock phosphate (RP) enriched rice straw compost, FYM
and inorganic fertilizers on changes in nutrient availability and enzyme activities in soil during different
physiological growth stages under a wheat-green gram crop rotation in an Inceptisol. The matured RP
enriched compost contained higher bioavailable P as well as total P content compared to farmyard manure.
Data revealed that application of inorganic fertilizers and RP enriched compost or FYM either alone or in
combination resulted in significant build-up in soil organic carbon, mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-K as
well as enzyme activities compared to unfertilized control plots during different physiological growth stages
of wheat and green gram. Plot receiving 50% NPK+RP enriched compost resulted in 100.8, 95.2 and 100.0
per cent greater build-up in Olsen-P over unfertilized control in crown root initiation (CRI), flowering and
maturity stage of wheat, respectively. Irrespective of treatments, build-up of mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-
K decreased in all the growth stages of green gram as compared to values obtained in wheat. The
dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities (alkaline and acid) were higher in flowering stage than maturity
and CRI stages of wheat. While, higher enzyme activities were obtained during pod formation in green
gram. The results demonstrated that enriched compost could be prepared using low-grade RP with rice straw
and used as an alternate nutrient source for improving crop yields, maintaining soil nutrient availability and
enzyme activities.
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Bay...Open Access Research Paper
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. The experiments involved amending the soils with varying rates of biosolids and WTRs and analyzing the resulting P species after incubation periods of 60 days and 30 days, respectively. The results from both experiments indicated that the dominant P species formed depended on the soil type and application rates of biosolids and WTRs.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study on the biochemical changes in nutrients in rice plants grown in sodic soil. The soil had low levels of several nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, zinc and manganese. The study found that applying nutrients based on soil test recommendations increased the uptake of all nutrients by rice plants, with the highest uptake occurring when all nutrients were applied. The sequential addition of nutrients also led to increased nutrient uptake. Applying all recommended nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc and manganese - produced the highest dry matter yields of 87.60 and 90.60 quintals per hectare in the two years studied.
Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water S...YogeshIJTSRD
Invasive alien plant species are major thread to biodiversity, climate change and environmental sustainability. Management of these invasive alien plant species become a typical task at global level. Composting can be an efficient and environment friendly solution for management of these invasive alien species. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of compost prepared from three invasive alien species Cuscutareflexa, Eupatorium adenophorum and Lantana camaraon the tomato plant vigour, antioxidant and nutrient content under water deficit and irrigated well watered conditions. The results revealed that Cuscutareflexa CR compost treatment gave highest shoot length 23.0 , 23.7 , root length 30.0 , 21.4 , shoot fresh weight 47.9 , 52.2 , shoot dry weight 71.0 , 49.4 and root dry weight 66.7 , 51.5 , under water stressand irrigated conditions, respectively. The application of compostCR under water stress has enhanced chlorophyll and prolinecontent over control. Similarly, antioxidant enzymes analysis showed the increased superoxide dismutase 1.33 2.17fold , peroxidase 1.38 1.82fold and catalase 1.06 1.73fold activity under water deficit condition. Nutrient content such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodiumin tomato leaf were higher under both water stress and irrigated conditions compared to their respective control. It can be concluded from above outcomes that compost prepared from invasive alien species have potential to ameliorate the negative effects of water stress and enhance the tomato growth. Sandhya Bind | A. K. Sharma "Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water Stress in Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39961.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/39961/impact-of-compost-prepared-from-invasive-alien-species-in-alleviating-water-stress-in-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l/sandhya-bind
This document provides a summary of several studies on the application of biosolids to soil. It discusses how biosolids application can increase soil organic matter and crop yields while reducing disposal costs. However, it also notes risks from the complex interactions between biosolids and soil systems. Several studies highlighted found that biosolids increased carbon storage and nutrient levels in soil. Vegetated buffer strips were shown to reduce nutrient runoff. Biosolids also aided the establishment of native grasses on degraded lands. The document reviews the impacts of biosolids on metal uptake by plants and phosphorus leaching at different temperatures.
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of soil and environment preferably light, rich and moist soils. During maturity, sewage water badly affects the root crops such as radish as decreases the production considerably (Bakhsh and Hassan, 2005). Farmers of developing countries (Pakistan) prefer using sewage water for irrigation, due to its ensured availability, to fulfill the irrigation requirements of vegetables/cultivation and as a coping strategy for water scarcity.
Pb being constituent of various chemicals is the most common heavy metal pollution of daily life. It enters into the environment through various channels like, glass manufacturing, pottery glazes, Pb batteries, fireworks, fossil fuel combustions, chemical manufacturing, agriculture and also through use of paints (Padmavathiamma and Li, 2007). The most affected part of society by Pb toxicity and accumulation are children. The main sources of Pb inhalation in children are soil particles in playgrounds, consumption of small Pb based paint chips in homes` construction, before 1950 and from painted friction surfaces (ATSDR, 2007). It is often noted that as compared to root vegetables and legumes, leafy vegetables accumulate higher metal concentrations (Alexander et al., 2006).
Keeping in view, the importance of heavy metal contamination by waste water use for growing vegetables in Dera Ismail Khan, this research was designed to investigate the Pb uptake by two different radish cultivars/varieties and studied the effects of both the sewage water and various concentrations of Pb on the growth and yield of radish.
Material and Methods
Effect of different concentrations of Pb and sewage water on Pb uptake and growth of radish (Raphanus sativus) was studied at Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan. The experiment was laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors. Two varieties i.e. exotic and local were used. The treatments included control (without Pb application), sewage wastewater and Pb concentrations (0, 25, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1). The applied sewage wastewater was collected from nearest field site, where farmers were using the same to irrigate vegetable cultivation. A basal dose of NPK @ 60 - 50 - 60 kg ha-1 was applied to all treatments. Pre and post physic-chemical analysis of sewage water and soil samples was done for radish (Raphanus sativus) cultivation (Table 1). The growth and yield parameters i.e., the total biomass, leaf fresh weight, root fresh weight and root diameter were analyzed (Table 2, Figure 1, 2 and 3), whereas Pb accumulation in root and leaf of the radish cultivars is presented in Table 3 and Figure 4. Pb accumulation in the samples was analyzed, using procedure of Allen et al., (1986). Statistical analysis was done using the software package, statistics 8.1, by Steel and Torrie (1980).
Table. 1 Physicochemical characteristics of soil and sewage water
Physico chemical characteristics Soil
Sewage Water
Textural Class
Loamy Sand
pH
7.57
7.27
ECe (μS cm-1)
360
720
Ca and Mg
21& 28
--
Extractable P (mg kg-1)
5.90
19.22
Lime (%)
21
--
Organic matter (%)
0.561
1.29
Extractable K (mg kg-1)
121.4
--
Extractable Na
103.9
--
SAR
10.7
--
Fe (mg kg-1)
--
1.96
Zn (mg kg-1)
--
20.12
Cu (mg kg-1)
--
12.56
Pb (mg kg-1)
19.45
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Results and Discussion
Effect of sewage water and different applied Lead (Pb) concentrations on the growth and yield of radish cultivars: The growth and yield of both the used radish varieties was influenced non-significantly, by the application of sewage wastewater and applied Pb concentrations, except for the root diameter, which perhaps was more resistant to the applied contamination.
Total biomass of cultivars: Applied treatments showed significant effect on the total biomass and fresh weight of the plant (Table 2, Figure 1 and 2). As compared to control and Pb treatments, sewage wastewater produced the highest total biomass of both the radish cultivars (406.67 g for local and 320 g for exotic), perhaps due to the adequate amount of extractable phosphorus, organic matter and micronutrients in sewage wastewater. It was observed that with an increase in the applied Pb concentration total biomass of both the local and exotic cultivars of radish decreased significantly (Figure 1 and 2) . The findings of sewage water treatments were in agreement with the results of different workers, i.e., Ahmad et al. (2006) reported that biomass of leafy vegetables was increased by the application of waste water. However, long term wastewater field irrigation, not only depreciates the soil fertility but also possess human health and or food chain contamination risk. Gopal and Rizvi (2008) reported that increment of Pb concentration in the waste water lead to decline in the plant biomass. Similarly, Arora et al. (2008) found that Pb buildup in vegetable through continuous application of sewage water was higher as compared to rest of the crops. Chatterjee et al. (2004) from one of his study concluded that Pb concentration have antagonistic effect on the nutrient uptake by the different species of plants.
Root fresh weight: The applied Pb and sewage water showed nonsignificant effect on the root fresh weight of two radish varieties (Table 2). Higher Pb concentrations significantly (P <0.05) decreased the root fresh weight of both cultivars. However, the sewage water for both the cultivars yielded, highest root fresh weight (Figure 1 and 2). The present study was similar to the findings of Bigdeli and Seilsepour (2008) who evaluated acceptable limit of Pb accumulation in vegetables, which resulted growth inhibition thus, reduced weight of the roots. Similarly, Finster et al. (2003) recorded greater Pb accumulation in radish root and reduced root weight.
Leaf fresh weight: Applied Pb and sewage water cultivation non-significantly affected the total leaf fresh weight of radish varieties (Table 2). However, leaf fresh weight was found higher under the sewage wastewater treatments. The total weight of leaf of the exotic variety was found more sensitive than the local variety (Figure 1 and 2). Similarly, the interaction was non-significant between the treatments and varieties (Table 2). Zia et al. (2008) found that waste water increased the leaf and root weight. Also Xie et al. (2011), reported that increased applied Pb not only decreases the leaf weight but also influence other growth parameters of the plant.
Root diameter of radish cultivars: Root diameter of two radish varieties was significantly (P < 0.05) different. The exotic variety gave the highest root diameter of 3.75 cm than the local variety i.e., 3.26 cm, hence, local variety proved sensitive to the applied Pb and sewage wastewater (Table 2, Figure 3). The root diameter was non-significantly different among treatments (Table 2). The interaction amongst treatments and radish varieties was significant. Present study confirmed the finding of Vijayarengan (2012), as he too reported decreased root diameter under metal stress.
Effect of sewage water and different applied lead (Pb) concentrations on Pb concentration in the root and leaf (mg kg-1) of radish cultivars
Pb in radish root: On Comparison, Pb accumulation by the roots of both the radish varieties proved non significantly, different, under Pb and sewage wastewater stress (Table 3 and Figure 4). The root Pb concentrations in both the cultivars significantly increased with the increment of applied Pb concentrations and sewage wastewater application (Table 3 and Figure 4). The highest Pb accumulation in local radish variety was 22.9 mg kg-1 on sewage waste water application after Pb @ 200 mg L-1 which was 19.22 mg L-1, whereas, in exotic radish, the highest found Pb concentration was 20.72 mg kg-1at Pb @ 400 mg L-1after Pb @ 200 mg L-1(19.6 mg kg-1) (Figure 4). The interaction between treatments and cultivars were significantly different (Table 3). Kapourchal et al. (2009) reported higher accumulation in roots as compared to the shoots. There are various reasons behind higher metal i.e., Pb accumulation in the roots, than the shoot of the plants, such as, immobilization by pectin carrying negative charge and or accumulation of insoluble Pb salts in the intercellular spaces, etc. (Islam et al. 2007).
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Pb in the radish leaf
Applied Pb and sewage water non-significantly (P <0.05) effected, Pb uptake and its concentration in the leaves of two radish cultivars. However, the treatments significantly affected the Pb uptake by plant and its concentration in the leaves (Table 3). The highest leaf concentration i.e, 16.134 mg kg-1 was recorded at Pb @ 400 mg L-1, which was statistically at par with the sewage wastewater treatments (Figure 4). The interaction amongst the treatment and varieties was significantly different (Table 3). Kapourchal et al. (2009) studied radish as a phytoremediator and concluded that uptake of Pb increase in the shoot of radish by the increment of Pb levels, and root uptake was higher than the shoot. Mathe-Gaspar and Anton (2002) found significant difference amongst the two varieties for Pb accumulation in shoots. They concluded that plant with greater growth rate at juvenile stage showed less accumulation of heavy metals.
Figure 1. Effect of Applied Pb and sewage waste water on growth and yield of local radish cultivar (g)
Figure 2. Effect of applied Pb and sewage waste water on growth and yield of excotic radish cultivar (g)
Figure 3. Effect of applied Pb and sewage wastewater on root diameter of local and exotic radish cultivar (cm)
Pb in the soil
The highest soil contamination i.e, 84.5 mg kg-1 was recorded at Pb @ 400 mg L-1 (Figure 4). Soil contamination was directly proportional to the increased applied Pb treatments. As compared to control and Pb treatment @ 25 mg kg-1, sewage water treatment affected soil, adversely. Local radish cultivar absorbed higher applied Pb as compared to the exotic, as higher soil Pb concentration was found in the exotic cultivation (Figure 4).
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Figure 4. Effect of applied Pb and sewage wastewater on concentration of Pb in root, leaf and soil of radish cultivar (mg kg-1)
References
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Alexander, P.D., Alloway, B. J., Dourado, A.M., 2006. Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn exhibited by six commonly grown vegetables. Environmental Pollution 144: 736-745.
Allen, S. E., Grimshaw, H. M., Rowland, A. P., Moore, P. D., Chapman, S. B., 1986. Methods in plant ecology: Chemical analysis. (Eds.). London Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford. 285–344
Arora, M., Kiran, B., Rani, A., Barinder, K., Mittal, M., 2008. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chemistry 111: 811–815.
ATSDR, (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) 2007. Toxicological profile for Pb (Update). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
Bakhsh, K., Hassan, S., 2005. Use of sewage water for radish cultivation: A case study of Punjab. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Social Sciences 4: 322-326.
Bigdeli, M., Seilsepour, M., 2008. Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with wastewater in shahre rey-Iran and toxicological implications. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 4: 86-92.
Chatterjee, C., Dube, B. K., Sinha, P., Srivastava, P., 2004. Detrimental effects of lead phytotoxicity on growth, yield, and metabolism of rice. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 35: 255–265.
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