Phytoremediation is a natural process that uses plants to remove contaminants from soil and water. It involves using plants and their associated microorganisms to degrade, extract, and stabilize pollutants in the environment. The document discusses the various methods of phytoremediation including phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytotransformation. It also provides examples of plant species commonly used for different phytoremediation processes and contaminants removed.

1. PHYTOREMEDIATION
Submitted to : Dr. Abudul Ghani
Submitted by : Mujahid Hussain (12)
Subject : Advance Plant
Ecology
Classs : M.Phil Botany
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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2. What is Phytoremediation?
 Phytoremediation from Ancient Greek
 (phyto), meaning "plant",
 and Latin Remedium, meaning "restoring
balance"
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
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3.  The process of removing contamination from soil
or water using potential plants.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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4.  Technology that use plants to clean
up contaminated sites including
contaminated water or soil
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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5. Phytoremediation Diagram
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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6. History
 Basically Phytoremediation technique was first
introduced in 1983 but the concept was actually
implemented since last 300 years
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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7. Applications
Phytoremediation may be
applied to
contaminated soil and
contaminated water
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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8. Phytoremediation can be performed
following different methods:
1. PHYTOEXTRACTION
2. PHYTOSTABILIZATION
3. PHYTOVOLATILIZATION
4. PHYTOTRANSFORMATION
5. PHYTOSTIMULATION
6. RHIZOFILTERATION
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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9. Process dependence
 These processes totally rely on the ability of plants to
take up, accumulate or metabolize to less toxic
substances.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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10.  The plant potential to uptake, accumulate and
degradation of contaminants vary from plant to plant.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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11. Selection of plants
 The plants which are used in phytoremediation are
generally selected on the basis their growth rate and
biomass, their ability to accumulate and tolerate
contaminants, the depth of their root zone, and their
potential to transpire ground water
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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12.  The plants used in phytoremediation should be able to
degrade, accumulate or volatilize the contaminants,
and grow rapidly in wide range of different conditions
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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13. Advantages
 This technology has many advantages, beneficial in that
way because it is inexpensive, natural, conserves soil
resources and has no secondary contaminations and
enhances the soil quality and productivity
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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14. Other methods
 Ion exchange
 chemical precipitation
 reverse osmosis
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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15. Other methods
 These are the most helpful methods that have being
using to remove lead and cadmium (metal) and other
contaminations from wastewater.
 But these methods are very expensive and also they
produce a large amount of sludge requiring special
disposal, also decrease the fertility of soil leading to
infertile soil
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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16. PHYTOEXTRACTION
Phytoextraction:
Uptake and concentration of
pollutants from the
environment into the plant
biomass.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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17. Phytoextraction
 Work well on metals (heavy metals) such as lead,
cadmium, copper, nikel
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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18. source
 source of these metals are industrial waste, mining
operation, smelting, combustion sources and solid
waste incinerators are the primary sources.
 Other sources include paint, batteries, metal plating,
automobiles exhausts, lead piping and fertilizers
pesticides
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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19. Phytoextraction
 for example lead and cadmium is soluble in water and
the excessive amount of lead and cadmium in water
cause many physiological and biochemical stress
symptoms in plants
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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20. Phytoextraction
 symptoms include such as growth reduction, disturbed
mineral nutrition, water imbalance.
 Like any other metal When they enter into the cell they
produce an oxidative stress in plant and lead to cell
damage
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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21. Phytoextraction
 Heavy metals also have serious effects on human health
cause many problems to human like are carcinogenic
increase the risk of cancer including liver cancer, skin
cancer, pulmonary damage
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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22. Phytoextraction
 lungs cancer, bladder, kidney, colon, nasal, paranasal
sinuses itai-itai disease, skeletal damage, also effect
metabolism, mental and intelligence problems,
Anaemia, pink disease, Neurasthenia, Diarrhea, high
blood pressure, nervous system disorders, vomiting,
fever, Multi-organ effect and also cause lead to death
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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23. Phytoextraction
 Plants used for treatment are as follows
 Water lettuce
 Sunflower
 Indian mustard
 Mostly these plants are used for treatment
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
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24.  But also some other plant as well used
 Pteris vittata,
 Triticum aestivum,
 Brassica campestris,
 Brassica juncea
 Brassica Rapa
 Brassica napus, Salix sp., Populus sp.,
 Sanvitalia procumbens
 Sorghum Sudanese
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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25. Specificity
 For Arsenic, lead using the Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus)
 or the Chinese Brake fern (Pteris vittata) a
hyperaccumulator. Chinese Brake fern stores arsenic,
lead in its leaves.
 Salt-tolerant
(moderately halophytic) barley and/or sugar beets are
commonly used for the extraction of sodium
chloride (common salt) to reclaim fields that were
previously flooded by sea water.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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26. PHYTOVOLATILIZATION
Phytovolatilization:
Removal of substances
from soil or water with
release into the air.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
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28. Plants used
 Liriodendron tulipifera
 Arabidopsis thaliana
 Stanleya pinnata
 Astragalus bisulucatus
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
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30. Phytostimulation
Phytostimulation —
 This process is also known as rhizosphere degradation.
 Enhancement of soil microbial activity for the degradation of
contaminants, typically by organisms that associate with roots.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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31. Phytostimulation
 Organisms involve may be bacteria or mycorrhizal fungi
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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32. RHIZOFILTRATION
Rhizofiltration: Filtering
water through a mass of
roots to remove toxic
substances or excess
nutrients.
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Sargodha, Pakistan
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35. Plants used
 Helianthus Annus
 Euchronia crassipes
 chloridemia sp.
 cladophore
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
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36. PHYTOSTABILIZATION
Reduction of mobility of
contaminants in
environment
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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37. PHYTOSTABILIZATION
 Stabilize the contaminants
 Prevent mechanical transportation of chemicals
 Trees transpire large quantities of water (even some
more than 15gal/day)
 So pumping action prevents contaminants from
migration into the water table
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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38. How stabilization occur
 Phytostabilization focuses on the long term stabilization
 For example, the plant's presence can reduce wind
erosion;
 or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion,
 In this way immobilize the pollutants by adsorption or
accumulation, and provide a zone around the roots
where the pollutant can precipitate and stabilize.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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39.  Unlike phytoextraction, phytostabilization focuses
mainly on sequestering (attached) pollutants in soil near
the roots but not in plant tissues. Pollutants become
less bioavailable, and livestock, wildlife, and human
exposure is reduced.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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40. Plant used
 Mostly tree species are used
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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41. Phytotransformation
Chemical modification of
the environmental
substances (contaminants)
takes place by plant.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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42. Phytotransformation
 In the case of organic pollutants, such
as pesticides, explosives, solvents, industrial chemicals, and
other toxic substances are taken up by plants and transformed
into less toxic or non-toxic form when plant metabolize them.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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43. Phytotransformation
 certain plants are used, such as Cannas, convert these
substances (contaminants) into non-toxic substances by their
metabolism.
 In other cases, microorganisms living in association with plant
roots may metabolize these substances in soil or water.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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44.  These complex compounds cannot be broken down to basic
molecules (water, carbon-dioxide, etc.) by plants
 hence, the term phytotransformation represents a change in
chemical structure (less toxic) without complete breakdown of
the compound.
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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45. Phase I metabolism
 "Green Liver" is used to describe phytotransformation,
 as plants behave analogously to the human liver when
dealing with these xenobiotic compounds (foreign
compound/pollutant).
 After uptake of the xenobiotics, plant enzymes increase
the polarity of the xenobiotics by adding functional
groups such as hydroxyl groups (-OH).
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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46. Phase II metabolism
 In the second stage of phytotransformation, known as Phase II
metabolism,
 plant biomolecules such as glucose and amino acids are added
to the polarized xenobiotic to further increase the polarity
(known as conjugation).
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
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47. Phase III metabolism
 In the final stage of phytotransformation (Phase III
metabolism),
 a sequestration (segregation) of the xenobiotic occurs within
the plant.
 The xenobiotics polymerize in a lignin-like manner and
develop a complex structure that is sequestered in the plant.
This ensures that the xenobiotic is safely stored, and does not
affect the functioning of the plant.
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48. Eurasian Watermilfoil (Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatumMyriophyllum spicatum))
Water Hyacinth (Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipesEichhornia crassipes ))
Duckweed (Duckweed (Lemna trisulcaLemna trisulca L.)L.)
Fool's Watercress (Fool's Watercress (ApiumApium
nodiflorumnodiflorum))
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany,
Department of Botany, Unversity of
Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan 48

49. 1/24/2017
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Department of Botany, Unversity of
Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan 49

50. 1/24/2017
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Department of Botany, Unversity of
Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan 50

51. 1/24/2017
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Department of Botany, Unversity of
Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan 51

52. Plant ClassificationPlant Classification
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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53. Pot Marigold and CommonPot Marigold and Common
HollyhockHollyhock
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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54. Features of OrnamentalFeatures of Ornamental
PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
Beauty
Cleaning

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55. 1/24/201
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56. Advantages
 Natural.
 Lo cost
 Environmentally friendly
 Increase soil fertility
 Increase productivity
 Increase growth and yield
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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57. Disadvantages
 May take several years to remediate
 Consumption of contaminated plant tissue is also a
concern (may enter into food chain
 Possible effect on the food chain.
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Sargodha, Pakistan
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58. Conclusion
 So overall we have to understand their (mean
contaminants especially heavy metals) toxic effects on
living lives, on all living organisms (including animals,
humans and plants as well).
 Pakistan is an agricultural country and much of its
economy based on agriculture
 By using potential plants, curing this problem we can
increase yield and production in agriculture
 So in this way we can happy our farmers by overall
increasing yield production and also in this way we can
improve our economy and income
 And overall overcome economic losses
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59. Thank you 
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Mujahid Hussain (12) M.Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha,
Sargodha, Pakistan
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