International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Soil of Phaltan Tahsil In Satara District From M...inventionjournals
Soil is natural body of mineral and organic material. It serves as more reliable index for productivity. In the present study, ten samples are collected from different places of Phaltan Tahasil and physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductance, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were analyzed in the month of January 2017. pH indicates that almost all the sample soil are alkaline. The concentration of organic carbon and nitrogen are below the moderate limit. While concentration of phosphorous and potassium is found to be moderate and greater than moderate limit.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nas...IOSR Journals
The study was conducted to find out the content of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in some selected vegetables grown in and around Nashik city, Maharashtra state (India). Vegetable samples from four different sites were collected and digested by using tri-acid digestion method. Concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. Vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area were most contaminated while vegetables grown in rural area were least contaminated. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of lead in 35% vegetable samples collected from industrial area were more than maximum permitted limit. The high concentration of cadmium was found in onion and coriander, while lead content was recorded high in spinach and cauliflower. Arsenic concentration in 25% samples collected from industrial area was more than maximum permitted limit. Copper concentration in most of the vegetable sample was within permissible limit; only two out of forty samples have high concentration of copper. The results of the study showed that consumers are at greater risk of purchasing these fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Soil of Phaltan Tahsil In Satara District From M...inventionjournals
Soil is natural body of mineral and organic material. It serves as more reliable index for productivity. In the present study, ten samples are collected from different places of Phaltan Tahasil and physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductance, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were analyzed in the month of January 2017. pH indicates that almost all the sample soil are alkaline. The concentration of organic carbon and nitrogen are below the moderate limit. While concentration of phosphorous and potassium is found to be moderate and greater than moderate limit.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nas...IOSR Journals
The study was conducted to find out the content of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in some selected vegetables grown in and around Nashik city, Maharashtra state (India). Vegetable samples from four different sites were collected and digested by using tri-acid digestion method. Concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. Vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area were most contaminated while vegetables grown in rural area were least contaminated. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of lead in 35% vegetable samples collected from industrial area were more than maximum permitted limit. The high concentration of cadmium was found in onion and coriander, while lead content was recorded high in spinach and cauliflower. Arsenic concentration in 25% samples collected from industrial area was more than maximum permitted limit. Copper concentration in most of the vegetable sample was within permissible limit; only two out of forty samples have high concentration of copper. The results of the study showed that consumers are at greater risk of purchasing these fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
In developing countries, brick kilns are not well regulated by government agencies. As a result most of the time they are installed near to the cities to reduce transport cost. They use coal, waste plastic, scrap tires, etc as fuel. Brick kiln produces number of toxic pollutant like CO2, SOx, NOx, HF, etc. They produce tons of gaseous pollution which effect near and far settled human population. Phytoremediation is considered the most suitable option for developing countries because of low cost, eco-friendliness and easily manageable. In current study, the purpose was to identify tolerant plant species near the brick kilns by measuring air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Species of trees including Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus globulus, Dalbergia sissoo and Moringa oleifera were selected for sampling. Samples were collected during July and December at 100m, 300m, 500m and 700m distance around the brick kilns from two selected sampling sites. Moringa oleifera (APTI=17.60) was identified as tolerant and a sink of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Whereas, Eucalyptus globules (APTI=9.91) was found sensitive, so it can be used as bio-indicator of HF. This study recommends the plantation of Moringa oleifera around brick kiln for HF phytoremediation.
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
About 20 topsoil samples collected from different locations of Gazipur industrial area were analyzed
to specify the elements by XRF. Soil pH, moisture content, organic carbon, organic matter, elements were
investigated by following proper procedure to find out the actual scenario of the soil status. Most soil samples
pH is tend to neutral which is most favorable for up taking nutrients. Moisture Content, Organic Carbon and
Organic Matter are enriched in the soil for plant growth. Speciation analysis are showing concentration trend
as Al>Fe>K>Mg>Ca>Rb>Mn>Si>P. Most of the elements are used as fertilizer for soil nutrient supplement
and also used as raw material in process industries. Though they are required for improving soil quality excess
amount is also harmful for soil biota. Soil chemical reaction with the surroundingis largely controlled by the
components present in soil matrix. Multivariate statistical analysis e.g: hierarchical cluster analysis showing 2
main clusters in the soil matrix which components are similar in characteristics or source.Group 1 and 2
formed by following different factors like common sources, attraction of the elements, similarity in
characteristics. Correlation matrix is exhibiting significant positive relationship among the components.
Different components have distinct positive relation with distinct components which differ from each other.
Principal component analysis denotes 3 principal components for composing soil matrix significantly.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol, heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024 μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor (ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river. The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn (0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter; pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride (17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health directly and indirectly.A
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Review on Removal and Recovery of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Domestic Was...paperpublications3
Abstract:Struvite crystallization is a promising method to remove and recover phosphorus from wastewater to ease both the scarcity of phosphorus rock resources and water eutrophication worldwide. Wastewater treatment plants, especially those employing secondary treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion, have historically encountered phosphate precipitates, most commonly being Struvite. The growth of uncontrolled Struvite increases pumping and maintenance cost, as well as reduces the overall capacity of the plant piping system. Since domestic wastewater is recognized as nutrient rich water, the recovery of nutrients using a crystallization technique may provide value added product called Struvite, which is a slow releasing fertilizer. Struvite precipitation occurs in an equimolecular concentration of Mg2+, NH4+ and PO43- at slightly alkaline conditions. Addition of a source of Mg is essential to maintain the favorable condition of PO4 and Mg.
The present study intended to compare the efficiency of the wetland plants Phragmites australis (cav.)
Trin. ex Steudel and Cyperus papyrus L. for the accumulation of heavy metals. Maximum accumulation
of the heavy metals Pb (132.5-175 μg/g DW), Zn (97.5-100 μg/g DW) and Cr (80.5-90 μg/g DW) was
recorded in roots of the two wetland plants C. papyrus and P. australis, respectively. Cadmium showed
the lowest metal accumulation in the tissues of both plants (0.55-5.5 μg/g DW). C. papyrus roots
accumulated higher levels of most metals than those of P. australis. Heavy metals were shown to be not
only accumulated in roots of both plants but also were translocated to the shoots and accumulated in the
harvestable plant parts. The results showed variation in the levels of the heavy metals accumulated in the
different parts of C. papyrus and P. australis, in spite of being planted at the same site and subjected to
the same conditions. The potential use of Phragmites australis and Cyperus papyrus in phytoremediation
is also discussed.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
In developing countries, brick kilns are not well regulated by government agencies. As a result most of the time they are installed near to the cities to reduce transport cost. They use coal, waste plastic, scrap tires, etc as fuel. Brick kiln produces number of toxic pollutant like CO2, SOx, NOx, HF, etc. They produce tons of gaseous pollution which effect near and far settled human population. Phytoremediation is considered the most suitable option for developing countries because of low cost, eco-friendliness and easily manageable. In current study, the purpose was to identify tolerant plant species near the brick kilns by measuring air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Species of trees including Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus globulus, Dalbergia sissoo and Moringa oleifera were selected for sampling. Samples were collected during July and December at 100m, 300m, 500m and 700m distance around the brick kilns from two selected sampling sites. Moringa oleifera (APTI=17.60) was identified as tolerant and a sink of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Whereas, Eucalyptus globules (APTI=9.91) was found sensitive, so it can be used as bio-indicator of HF. This study recommends the plantation of Moringa oleifera around brick kiln for HF phytoremediation.
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
About 20 topsoil samples collected from different locations of Gazipur industrial area were analyzed
to specify the elements by XRF. Soil pH, moisture content, organic carbon, organic matter, elements were
investigated by following proper procedure to find out the actual scenario of the soil status. Most soil samples
pH is tend to neutral which is most favorable for up taking nutrients. Moisture Content, Organic Carbon and
Organic Matter are enriched in the soil for plant growth. Speciation analysis are showing concentration trend
as Al>Fe>K>Mg>Ca>Rb>Mn>Si>P. Most of the elements are used as fertilizer for soil nutrient supplement
and also used as raw material in process industries. Though they are required for improving soil quality excess
amount is also harmful for soil biota. Soil chemical reaction with the surroundingis largely controlled by the
components present in soil matrix. Multivariate statistical analysis e.g: hierarchical cluster analysis showing 2
main clusters in the soil matrix which components are similar in characteristics or source.Group 1 and 2
formed by following different factors like common sources, attraction of the elements, similarity in
characteristics. Correlation matrix is exhibiting significant positive relationship among the components.
Different components have distinct positive relation with distinct components which differ from each other.
Principal component analysis denotes 3 principal components for composing soil matrix significantly.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol, heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024 μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor (ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river. The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn (0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter; pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride (17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health directly and indirectly.A
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Review on Removal and Recovery of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Domestic Was...paperpublications3
Abstract:Struvite crystallization is a promising method to remove and recover phosphorus from wastewater to ease both the scarcity of phosphorus rock resources and water eutrophication worldwide. Wastewater treatment plants, especially those employing secondary treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion, have historically encountered phosphate precipitates, most commonly being Struvite. The growth of uncontrolled Struvite increases pumping and maintenance cost, as well as reduces the overall capacity of the plant piping system. Since domestic wastewater is recognized as nutrient rich water, the recovery of nutrients using a crystallization technique may provide value added product called Struvite, which is a slow releasing fertilizer. Struvite precipitation occurs in an equimolecular concentration of Mg2+, NH4+ and PO43- at slightly alkaline conditions. Addition of a source of Mg is essential to maintain the favorable condition of PO4 and Mg.
The present study intended to compare the efficiency of the wetland plants Phragmites australis (cav.)
Trin. ex Steudel and Cyperus papyrus L. for the accumulation of heavy metals. Maximum accumulation
of the heavy metals Pb (132.5-175 μg/g DW), Zn (97.5-100 μg/g DW) and Cr (80.5-90 μg/g DW) was
recorded in roots of the two wetland plants C. papyrus and P. australis, respectively. Cadmium showed
the lowest metal accumulation in the tissues of both plants (0.55-5.5 μg/g DW). C. papyrus roots
accumulated higher levels of most metals than those of P. australis. Heavy metals were shown to be not
only accumulated in roots of both plants but also were translocated to the shoots and accumulated in the
harvestable plant parts. The results showed variation in the levels of the heavy metals accumulated in the
different parts of C. papyrus and P. australis, in spite of being planted at the same site and subjected to
the same conditions. The potential use of Phragmites australis and Cyperus papyrus in phytoremediation
is also discussed.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Potential Microorganism for Remediation of Heavy...CSCJournals
The present research work has been carried out to study the waste disposal contaminated site for its physico chemical and microbial characterization and identification of potential microorganism capable of bioaccumulation and biodegradation of heavy metals. The ambient conditions present in the metal contaminated environment shows the values: pH(5.4),temperature(30°C), moisture(11.71%), nutrients; Nitrogen(0.2mg/l), phosphorus(22.65mg/l) and sulphur(559.3mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved oxygen (7.4mg/l), Biological oxygen demand (3.8 mg/l), Chemical oxygen demand (64.6 mg/l). The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environmental conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using Bioinformatics tools like BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentrations of heavy metals viz 5mg/l, 25mg/l, 50mg/l, 100mg/l up to 800mg/l with special reference to Iron. At a concentration of 500mg/l, only one microorganism was found survived and multiplied. This shows that potential microorganism was only survived at higher concentration of iron. The 16SrRNA sequence and phylogenetic tree characterized the organism as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was also confirmed by biochemical tests. The potential microorganism identified by BLAST technique can be used for remediation of the heavy metal from contaminated environment.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
The Influence of Vermiculite on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in a Terre...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite, typical 2:1 clay. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles in the presence of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using techniques including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction. The levels of silver in test species exposed to silver nanoparticles were measured using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. An increase in the cation exchange capacity of soil was observed with the increase in the concentration of vermiculite in soil. The results suggested a decrease in the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil by Acheta domesticus as a function of increasing concentrations of Vermiculite in soil. No apparent trend was observed in the remaining species. Both plant species were found to accumulate silver in their roots. The translocation of silver to stems and leaves was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Vermiculite in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles.
Hydrochemistry of groundwater with special reference to arsenic in Lakhimpur ...IOSR Journals
The present study aims to understand the severity of Arsenic contamination along with the hydrochemistry of ground water in Lakhimpur Kheri, one of the largest districts in Uttar Pradesh, India. Ground water samples collected from 102 handpumps from 15 blocks were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and Arsenic. The groundwater quality data were analysed statistically. The characteristic features of groundwater indicated the presence of As (0- 0.224 mg/L), Fe (0.011-8.634mg/L), Na+ (2.84-62.12 mg/L), K+ (1.21-51.20 mg/L), Ca2+ (6-102mg/L), Mg2+ (10-126), Cl- (2.19-133.96 mg/L), SO42- (1-269.92 mg/L), NO3- (0.11-2.61 mg/L) and HCO3- (122-549 mg/L). The pH of the groundwater was found to be neutral to slightly alkaline (6.88-8.45) with high EC (471-1569 μS/cm) and TDS (289-1042 mg/L). Of the total samples analysed, 41.18% contained As > 10μg/L, 13.73% contained As < 10μg/L, while in the rest of the samples As was found to be below detectable limit. Severe As contamination was reported mainly in six blocks of the study area- Pallia, Nighasan, Dhawahara, Ramia Beher, Isanagar and Nakaha. The highly contaminated block was Pallia where all the samples contained As above permissible limit. However, maximum As concentration (0.224 mg/L) was reported from a deep well handpump of village Dubha from Nighasan block. Both Shallow and deep bore handpumps were analysed to study the distribution pattern of As with depth. No systematic relationship was found. Arsenic showed insignificant correlation with EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, NO3- Cl- and SO42- but poor correlation with Fe (r2 = 0.391) and pH (r2 = 0.018). Factor analysis was applied to reveal the processes controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater and to understand the factors responsible for the release of As in groundwater of the study area. Extensive study in the affected areas advocates that the leaching of Arsenic in underground water is controlled by the magnitude of oxidizing environmental conditions created in the affected zones where As (III) oxidized to As (V) is introduced in the aquifers and gets adsorbed on iron rich grains.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of physico - chemical parameters and microbiological populations ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations from Cauvery River water in the Pallipalyam region during the period from January 2009 to December 2009 . Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using APHA standard procedure and microbiological count done by standard pour plate technique. The Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, hydroxyl ionic concentration (pH), electrical conductivity recorded were in a range of 24.7 - 29 C o, 7.5 - 9.2, and 406 - 982 μS/cm respectively. Besides, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS ), Total hardness and Total alkalinity of river water samples recorded were in the ranges of 7 – 11 NTU, 5 - 12mg/L, 291-701mg/L , 3 - 5mg/L, 228-364mg/L, and 139 - 245mg/L respectively. Nitrite, Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride of the river water exhibits within the ranges of 0.012 - 0.102 mg/L, 0.019 -.023 mg/L, 41.08 - 77.24 mg/L, and 53.56 - 143.16 mg/L respectively. A calcium and magnesium levels of the water samples during the study period were analyzed and the results recorded were in the ranges of 57.31 - 101.4 mg/L and 27.22 - 57.35 mg/L respectively. The amount of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonical nitrogen of the water samples estimated were in the ranges of 35.44 - 88.57 mg/L and 3 - 8 mg/L, 5.83 and 3.26 mg/L respectively. Bicarbonates and carbonates levels analyzed during the study period recorded were in the ranges of 164.7-303.78 mg/L and 2.4 - 9.6 mg/L respectively. The total bacterial and fungal populations were recorded during the study period. The maximum and minimum values of population density were ranged between 4.3 - 0.5 X 103 CFU/ml, and 3.2 - 0.1 X 103 CFU/ml respectively. The values of Physico-chemical parameters recorded were indicated that, the river was polluted in terms of increased accumulation of xenobiotics compounds by anthropogenic activities .The immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required to protect river from further pollution. Index Terms: River Cauvery, Physico-Chemical parameter, Microbial Population, Statistical analysis
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants along Mubi-Gombi Highway, Adama...Premier Publishers
The concentrations of some selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co) along Mubi- Gombi highway were analysed. Samples of roadside soil and plants were randomly collected from six (6) towns; these include Mubi, Mararaba, Makera, Kala’a, Hong and Gombi. Subsequently the concentrations of the following heavy metals Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) . Three samples were taken at each sampling point at a distance of 5 m, 10 m and 15 m from the edge inward. The result revealed that Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co were present in the soil and plant samples. The mean concentration ranged from Cd(0.02±0.01 – 1.50 ±0.11 mg/ kg) Pb(0.02±0.01 – 2.70±0.20 mg/ kg), Co(0.13±0.02 – 0.84±0.06mg/ kg), Fe( 243.80±16.4 – 311.74±22.8mg/ kg) and Mg(1.75±0.03 – 2.35±0.06mg/ kg) in the soil samples. While the mean concentration in plants leaves samples ranged from Cd (0.01±0.00 – 0.04±0.02mg/ kg), Pd( 0.17±0.04 – 0.82±0.10mg/ kg), Co(0.20±0.03 – 0.88±0.88mg/ kg), Fe( 41.56±3.21 - 85.12±5.48mg/ kg) and Mg(2.11±0.18 - 2.32±0.07mg/ kg) . The concentration of Pb,Fe and Co exceeded the permissible limit of WHO. While the concentration of Cd and Mg were found to be within WHO limit. The high levels of Pb, Fe and Co indicate the potential health risk for human. The high level of these metals might be due to anthropogenic activities. However, the values of these metals decreased with increasing distance from the road inward. Also, significant difference in heavy metal concentrations among the sampling locations at p<0.05 level both in soil and plant were observed. Therefore, economic plants should not be planted along the highway to avoid heavy metal contamination.
1051-1058 (19) QPJZ-0066-2015 9-4-15 .doc-CORRECTED-9 APRIL
F031201034039
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 3 Issue 12 || December 2014 || PP.34-39
www.ijesi.org 34 | Page
Study of Heavy Metal Contamination on Soil and Water in Major
Vegetable Tracks of Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India
1,
Shakhila.S.S, 2,
Keshav Mohan
1.
PhD (Environmental Chemistry) Scholor, Karpagam University, Coimbatore
2.
Director, Institute of Land and Disaster Management, Govt of Kerala
ABSTRACT : Heavy metal contamination on soil and water causes a serious environmental problem because
it does not biodegrade. It accumulates in different levels of the food chain. The aim of the present study is to
assess the heavy metal contamination on soil and water in the major vegetable tracks of Pathanamthitta district,
Kerala, India. The concentrations of heavy metals namely Zinc, Iron, Lead,Chromium, Copper and Cadmium
were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The concentration of heavy metals in soil from the study
sites ranged from Zn (0.07-0.2mg/kg), Fe(0.2-1.4 mg/kg), Pb(0-0.5mg/kg), and Cu (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) respectively.
Iron was detected in water samples (0.35-0.41 mg/kg). Water sample showed low values of BOD , COD and
slightly acidic pH.
KEY WORDS: AAS, Heavy metals, Pesticide, pH, Pesticides impact assessment.
I. INTRODUCTION
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that is toxic. Examples of heavy metals
include Iron, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, Copper, Chromium, Thallium, Lead etc. Of these Iron, Cobalt,
Copper, Manganese, Molybdenum, and Zinc are essential elements. Other heavy metals such as Mercury,
Plutonium, and Lead are toxic and their accumulation over time in the bodies of animals can cause serious
health problems. Heavy metals like Vanadium, Tungsten and Cadmium though toxic may become beneficial for
certain organisms under certain favourable conditions. Heavy metals are easily accumulated in human vital
organs and affect human health. Long-term exposure may result in slowly progressing physical, muscular and
neurological degenerative problems like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, muscular dystrophy and
multiple sclerosis .
Heavy metals affect the natural vegetation also. Plants take up heavy metals by absorbing it from
contaminated soil . The safety of vegetables is very important because vegetables can take up a lot of nutrients
and heavy metals in a short period(1). In some studies it was mentioned that soil contained heavy metals through
pollution (2,3). It was also reported that bioavailability of contaminants in soil and vegetables were controlled
by soil properties, soil metal speciation and plant species (4,5). Works by researchers (6,7,8) and (9) had shown
that some common vegetables were capable of accumulating high levels of metals from soils. In addition it had
also been identified that an important pathway of heavy metal contamination of vegetable crops was foliar
uptake of atmospheric heavy emissions.(10,11). The present work was focused on the study of contamination of
heavy metals such as Zinc, Iron, Lead, Copper and Cadmium on soil and water in major vegetable tracks of
Pathanamthitta district,Kerala, India.
II. STUDY AREA
Pathanamthitta is a town and a municipality situated in central Travancore region in the state of Kerala,
South India, spreading over an area of 23.50 sqkm. The town has a population of 1,197,412 (Census 2011).
Pathanamthitta is landlocked district bordered by Kottayam and Idukki districts in the north, Alappuzha district
in the west, Kollam district in the south and Tamil Nadu state in the east. Average annual temperature of the
area ranges from 20°C to 39°C as per Indian Meteorological Department. The district experiences distinct
weather conditions such as winter (December to February), summer (March to May) and the monsoon. The
monsoons include south-west (June to September) and north-east (October to November). About 75 percent of
the annual rainfall is received during south-west monsoon. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people.
About 75% people are dependent on this sector. Rubber is the most important crop followed by vegetables such
as snake gourd, brinjal, tomato, cucumber, bitter gourd, pea and plantain. The Pamba river (176 km long), the
third longest river in Kerala, flowing through the study area, forms a major source of irrigation. Though farmers
use farm chemicals, quite a good majority still depend on synthetic pesticides for pest management in the
soil.The areas such as Naranamuzhy,Vechoochira and Ranni Panchayaths in Pathanamthitta district were
considered for the present study.
2. Study Of Heavy Metal Contamination On Soil…
www.ijesi.org 35 | Page
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The aim of the present study was to assess the heavy metal contamination in soil and water in the major
vegetable tracks of Pathanamthitta district.
Questionnaire Survey : A detailed questionnaire survey was conducted in the vegetable tracks of
Pathanamthitta district.to identify type, frequency of application and amount of pesticides used among farmers.
Fifty selected farmers were interviewed and their responses were used to create a data base on pesticide use
pattern in the vegetable tracks. Table (1).
TABLE. 1. Pesticide Use Pattern
Types of pesticides
used
Frequency of application Dosage Dose (ha) Dose(L)
Thimet At the time of planting 8.3 kg ha -1
Curacron 15-20 days interval 150ml -300 ml 100L-1
750 ml ha-1
- 1.5L ha-1
1.5-3ml L-1
Hilban 20 - 25 days interval 150ml-300 ml 100L-1
750 ml ha- 1.5L ha-1
1.5ml -3ml L-1
Ekalux, Hilquin 25 days interval 200 ml 100L-1
1L ha-1
2ml L-1
Hostathion, Josh 25 days interval 200 ml 100L-1
1L ha -1
2ml L-1
Monocil, Nuvacron 25 days interval 200-250 ml 100L-1
1L -1.25L ha-1
2ml L-1
- 2.5 ml L-1
Metacid 15-20 days interval 200 ml 100L-1
1L ha-1
2ml L-1
Viraat 20 days interval 300 ml 100L-1
1.5L ha-1
3ml L-1
Avaunt 30 days interval 30 ml 100L-1
150 ml ha-1
0.03 ml L-1
Spark 22 days interval 75-100 ml 100L-1
0.37L ha-1
0.75-1ml L-1
Karate 15 - 20 days interval 300 ml 100L-1
1.5L ha-1
3 ml L-1
Shakti 22 days interval 300 ml 100L-1
1.5L ha-1
3 ml L-1
Koragen Monthly 10 ml 100L-1
50 ml ha-1
0.01ml L-1
Hilmida 22 days interval 200-300ml 100L-1
1-1.5L ha-1
2-3 ml L-1
Titan 22 days interval 300 ml100L-1
1.5L/ha 3 ml L -1
Spark 22 days interval 100-300 ml100L-1
500ml- 1.5Lha-1
1-3 ml L-1
Josh 22 days interval 300 ml100L-1
1.5L ha-1
3 ml L-1
Sample collection
Soil samples were collected from five locations of Naranamuzhy, Vechoochira and Ranni Panchayaths
during the month of May 2011 from each site.
250 gram of soil was taken for heavy metal analysis
Water samples[1L] were collected from selected water resources for heavy metal analysis
The extraction and clean up procedures were performed as per AAS method (18).
Soil analysis : Soil samples were analyzed for physico-chemical properties such as pH, electrical conductivity,
cation exchange capacity, texture, water holding capacity and soil nutrients. All the chemicals and reagents
used were of AR grade. The soil pH was determined by pH meter with glass electrode (12), electrical
conductivity by Conductivity meter (12), texture by International pipette method (13), water holding capacity by
Undisturbed core sample(14) and cation exchange capacity by Ammonium acetate method (12). The soil
nutrients analyzed for the study included organic carbon (12), available nitrogen by alkaline permanganate
method (15), available phosphorus and potassium by spectrophotometry (12), calcium and magnesium by
EDTA method (16), sulphur by turbidimetry method (17).
Extraction of heavy metals from soil : 1g of air dried, ground and sieved soil sample was taken in an
Erlenmeyer flask. Then 50 ml of extracting solution (0.05N HCl and 0.025N H2SO4) was added to it and placed
in a mechanical shaker for 15 minutes. It was then filtered through Whatman filter paper into a 50ml
volumetric flask and diluted to 50 ml with extracting solution. The solution was analyzed for Zinc, Lead,
Chromium, Copper and Cadmium using AAS method(18).
Water analysis : Water samples were analyzed for physico-chemical properties such as pH, BOD and COD.
Extraction of heavy metals from water : Water samples were collected using a Van Dorn type sampler
from which 200 ml was filtered through a 0.45-micron filter. . After acidification with concentrated HCl 100
3. Study Of Heavy Metal Contamination On Soil…
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ml was transferred into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. The pH was adjusted to 3.6 by adding 2ml of phthalate
buffer. After adding 7ml of Diethyldithiocarbamate and 15 ml Methylisobutylketone (MIBK), the solution
was transfered to a 500 ml separating funnel .The resulting solution was shaken vigorously for 30 seconds and
the phases were allowed to separate. The MIBK layer was drawn off into glass stoppered test tube. The organic
layer was analysed for Zinc, Lead, Chromium, Copper and Cadmium (18).
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Physico chemical properties of soil : The physico chemical properties of soil samples from the three locations
were analyzed and presented in Table 2. It was observed that the sanples were very rich in organic carbon
content and organic matter.The pH (6.24 ~ 6.90) of the soil sample seemed to be slightly acidic. The electrical
conductivity ranged from 0.145 to 0.298 dSm-1
,nitrogen content varied from 386.91 to 712.46 kgha-1
,
phosphorus ranged from 62.70 to 113.98 kgha-1
, potassium varied from 702.06 to 801.20 kg1
,sulphur seemed to
be 19.66 to 42.06 kgha-1
,organic carbon content ranged from 2.21 to 2.31 %, organic matter had a range of 3.67
to 3.89, exchangable calcium varied from 1.72 to 1.78 % and exchangable magnesium was observed as 1.12 to
1.33 . An average of 44% water holding capacity was detected in all soil samples.
TABLE.2. Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil
Parameter Naranamuzhy Vechoochira Ranni
pH 6.24 6.72 6.90
EC (dSm-1
) 0.298 0.145 0.273
Available N (kg ha-1
) 386.91 684.56 712.46
Available P (kg ha-1
) 113.98 104.75 62.70
Available K (kg ha-1
) 759.80 702.06 801.20
Available S (kg ha-1
) 19.66 42.06 19.88
Organic C (%) 2.31 2.30 2.21
Organic matter 3.67 3.89 3.73
Exchangeable Ca 1.76 1.72 1.78
Exchangeable Mg 1.33 1.17 1.12
Water holding capacity (%) 45.74 46.40 42.06
Physico Chemical properties of water. : Water samples were analysed and results were presented in Table 3.
It was found that the pH was slightly acidic
TABLE.3.Physico-Chemical Properties of Water
Parameter Narnamuzhy Vechoochira Ranni
pH 6.85 6.7 6.28
BOD 2.0 2.1 2.13
COD 62.4 62.8 63
Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Soil : The soil samples collected from the three Panchayaths were analysed for
heavy metals. Concentration of heavy metals in soil samples was given in TABLE.4.and presented in Fig 1.
TABLE.4. Concentration of Heavy Metals in Soil
Location Zn
mg/kg
Fe
mg/kg
Pb
mg/kg
Cr
mg/kg
Cu
mg/kg
Cd
mg/kg
Naranamuzhy 0.07 0.2 0.5 ND ND ND
Vechoochira 0.1 1.4 ND ND 1.0 ND
Ranni 0.2 0.9 ND ND 0.1 ND
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Fig.1. Graphical representation of Table.4
Fig 1: Heavy metal concentration in soil
The analysis revealed that soil samples were contaminated with heavy metals such as Zinc, Iron, Lead, and
Copper . Of these zinc and Iron were present in all the three samples. (0.07, 0.1, 0.2).Iron (0.2, 1.4, 0.9), Lead
in first sample (0.5), Copper in second and third sample.(1.0, 0.1).
Monitoring of heavy metals in water : The concentration of heavy metals in water was shown in Table 5. and
Fig 2.
TABLE.5.Concentration of Heavy Metals in Water
Location Zn
mg/kg
Fe
mg/kg
Pb
mg/kg
Cr
mg/kg
Cu
mg/kg
Cd
mg/kg
Naranamuzhy ND 0.4 ND ND ND ND
Vechoochira ND 0.35 ND ND ND ND
Ranni ND 0.41 ND ND ND ND
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Fig.2 Graphical representation of Table.5
Fig 2. Concentration of heavy metals in water
When water samples were analysed for heavy metals only Iron (0.4, 0.35, 0.41)was detected and it indicated
that the water bodies were not polluted due to heavy metals.
V.CONCLUSION
In this study, a detailed analysis was carried out to study the contamination level of soil, and water
with heavy metals at Naranamuzhy, Vechoochira and Ranni Panchayaths. The physico-chemical analysis of
the soil samples showed that the area was highly suitable for agriculture.Though heavy metals were detected ,it
was well below quantification level. The water sample analysis revealed that presently the water was not
contaminated with heavy metals . The reason for this was due to leaching, runoff and microbial degradation.
The study therefore showed that, if the use of pesticides continued the concentration of pesticide residues in soil
and water may increase which in turn increased the concentration of heavy metals and could harm the flora
and fauna of the area. It was found that plants like sunflower ,and corn could absorb heavy metals from soil..So
if we plant them also along with crops, the heavy metal contamination could be controlled to some extent. This
raised concern and needed immediate management policies to be adopted in the study area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The authors thanked Kerala Agricultural University and CEPC ,Kollam for
allowing to carry out analysis of soil and water samples .
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