Cervical cancer prevention involves screening programs using cervical cytology to detect precancerous lesions and early cancers. Screening guidelines recommend starting screening at age 25-30 and screening every 3-5 years until age 65-70 depending on screening test and risk factors. Abnormal Pap smears are managed based on the degree of abnormality from mild dysplasia to severe dysplasia and cancer as classified by reporting systems like Bethesda. Prevention aims to detect and treat precancerous lesions to prevent progression to invasive cancer.
HPV Testing is essential in the triage of ASC-US and/or LSIL cytology. The test helps to clearify the situation after treatment of high-grade CIN and to resolve uncertainties after diagnostic and or consecutive treatment. 2016 up to date information is give by the presentation.
Primary HPV testing or co-testin
HPV Diseases More Than Cervical Cancer, Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
HPV Disease . Cervical cancer , prevention cervical cancer , HPV prevention , cancer prevention , Human Papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer prevention
HPV Testing is essential in the triage of ASC-US and/or LSIL cytology. The test helps to clearify the situation after treatment of high-grade CIN and to resolve uncertainties after diagnostic and or consecutive treatment. 2016 up to date information is give by the presentation.
Primary HPV testing or co-testin
HPV Diseases More Than Cervical Cancer, Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
HPV Disease . Cervical cancer , prevention cervical cancer , HPV prevention , cancer prevention , Human Papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer prevention
Asccp management guidelines august 2014 ppt. Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarw...Lifecare Centre
Updated Consensus
American society of Colpscopy & cervical pathology
Guidelines 2014for Managing forAbnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Test and Cancer Precursors
Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarwal / dr. Jyoti Bhasker
Basics To Ca Cx Screening (Eastern Biotech)Pankaj Sohaney
Detecting HPV means better understanding of the risk of cervical cancer was the major focus of Dr. Dinesh Gupta. He spoke on “Opportunistic Screening for Cervical Precancer Lesions” and informed why the combination screening is vital for prevention and detection of cervical cancer. According to Dr. Gupta, combined screening with liquid based cytology and hybrid capture2 HPV DNA test would identify who’s at risk for high-grade disease and cancer and reduce missed disease caused by false-negative Pap Smear. HPV DNA test is the only FDA approved test to detect 13 high risk HPVs associated with virtually all cervical cancer, he added.
Cancer Biomarkers Research, HPV and Cancer, HPV VaccineJames Lyons-Weiler
An overview of advances in cancer biomarker research strategies, the pathogenesis of HPV virus and a focus on the HPV vaccine with an analysis of evidence of type replacement.
Asccp management guidelines august 2014 ppt. Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarw...Lifecare Centre
Updated Consensus
American society of Colpscopy & cervical pathology
Guidelines 2014for Managing forAbnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Test and Cancer Precursors
Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarwal / dr. Jyoti Bhasker
Basics To Ca Cx Screening (Eastern Biotech)Pankaj Sohaney
Detecting HPV means better understanding of the risk of cervical cancer was the major focus of Dr. Dinesh Gupta. He spoke on “Opportunistic Screening for Cervical Precancer Lesions” and informed why the combination screening is vital for prevention and detection of cervical cancer. According to Dr. Gupta, combined screening with liquid based cytology and hybrid capture2 HPV DNA test would identify who’s at risk for high-grade disease and cancer and reduce missed disease caused by false-negative Pap Smear. HPV DNA test is the only FDA approved test to detect 13 high risk HPVs associated with virtually all cervical cancer, he added.
Cancer Biomarkers Research, HPV and Cancer, HPV VaccineJames Lyons-Weiler
An overview of advances in cancer biomarker research strategies, the pathogenesis of HPV virus and a focus on the HPV vaccine with an analysis of evidence of type replacement.
Welcoming remarks by Dr Osborne E Nyandiva on Symposium: Cervical cancer and its prevention
Co-Presenter Dr Giama. We are happy to present to you this very crucial discussion on Cancer.
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman's cervix (the entrance to the womb from the vagina).
Cancer of the cervix often has no symptoms in its early stages. If you do have symptoms, the most common is unusual vaginal bleeding, which can occur after sex, in between periods or after the menopause.
Nulife module 6 screening for malignancies editedManinder Ahuja
These six modules from 2-7 are on mid life health care of women and were made with intention of training general gynecologist and other speciality into care of mid life women and have Mid Life OPD cards as mainstay of care.
Current knowledge and state of the art about management of abnormal cervical Cancer screening tests and cancer precursors for health providers in low-income settings is presented.
premalignant lesions of pelvis and cervix
cervical intra epithelial neoplasia
mbbs
genecology obstetrics
surgery ,medicine tdmc kerala
sarath
cervical intra epithelial neoplasia
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. Steps in HPV Induced
Cervical Cancer
HPV
infection
Persistent
HPV infection
Cellular
dysregulation
High grade
CIN
Invasive
cancer
Immunologic
factors
Co-carcinogens
3. HPV genes (E6,E7) in the Cell Cycle
E6 gene product
Binds p53
E7 gene product
Binds pRb
Go G1 S G2 M Go
Growth
Signal
p53 and pRb
“ All clear signals “
Cell cycle progression
Apoptosis
Genetic
Repair
E6-E7
E6-E7
Minor DNA
damage
Major DNA
damage
4. : ~70% of cases can clear infection in 1yr and 90% in
2 yrs.
: Most of persistent infection resulting in no disease
in their life but HPV DNA are +ve or low level.
: ~30% progress to CIN 1, 10 – 20% CIN 2-3.
: Only 1% progress to cervical cancer.
6. 2° Prevention of Ca. Cx.
Persistent
HPV
or
LSIL
Normal
Epithelial
Cell
HSIL
Inv. CA
HPV
1-2 yrs 3-20 yrs6-9 Months
HR-HPV DNA +ve
Cytology -ve
VIA (M) -ve
Colposcopy -ve
HR-HPV DNA +ve
Cytology ± ve
VIA (M) ±ve
Colposcopy ±ve
HR-HPV DNA +ve
Cytology +ve
VIA (M) +ve
Colposcopy +ve
Transient
HPV
Infected
Cells
All
tests
-ve
7. Cervical cancer prevention
(Cytology based)
• Screening programme
• Sampling and processing technique
• Reporting system
• Management of abnormal Pap smear
10. Age group (yr) Frequency of screening
25 First invitation
25-49 Three yearly
50-64 Five yearly
65+ Only screen those who have not been
screened since age 50 or those who have had
recent abnormal tests
UK NHS 2011
11. Cervical cancer
50% of cases have not been screened,
60% of cases are inadequate screening,
10% have not been screened within 5
years before diagnosis.
26. Population†
USP
STF ‡
ACS/ASCCP/ASCP§
After
hysterectomy
Women of any age following a
hysterectomy with removal of the
cervix who have no history of CIN2+
should not be screened for vaginal
cancer. Evidence of adequate negative
prior screening is not required.
Screening should not be resumed for
any reason, including if a woman
reports having a new sexual partner.
28. Cervical cancer prevention
(Cytology based)
• Screening programme
• Sampling and processing technique
• Reporting system
• Management of abnormal Pap smear
44. Cervical cancer prevention
(Cytology based)
• Screening programme
• Sampling and processing technique
• Reporting system
• Management of abnormal Pap smear
45. Pap smear reporting systems
• Papanicolaou Classification ( Class 1 - 5 )
• WHO Classification ( 1973 )
• Bethesda System ( 1993 )
• Bethesda System (2001)
46. Pap WHO
Class 1 Normal
Class 2 Inflammation, Atypia
Class 3 Dysplasia (CIN)
Mild dysplasia , CIN 1
Moderate dysplasia, CIN 2
Severe dysplasia, CIN 3
Class 4 Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
Class 5 Invasive SCC
AIS
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant cells of other tumour types
Bethesda 2001
Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy
Infection, inflammation, reactive changes
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (SIL)
ASC-US , ASC-H
Low grade (LSIL): HPV and/or CIN 1
High grade (HSIL): moderate and severe
dysplasia, CIN 2, CIN 3, CIS and
with features suspicious for invasion
Invasive Squamous cell carcinoma
Glandular cell abnormality
AGC , favour neoplastic , AIS
Adenocarcinoma
Other malignant neoplasms
47. Pap WHO
Class 1
Negative for malignancy
Class 2
Inflammation, Atypia
Bethesda 2001
Negative for intraepithelial
lesion or malignancy
Infection, inflammation,
reactive changes
48. Pap WHO
Class 3
Dysplasia (CIN)
Mild dysplasia , CIN 1
Moderate dysplasia, CIN 2
Severe dysplasia, CIN 3
Class 4 Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
Class 5 Invasive SCC
AIS
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant cells of other tumor
types
Bethesda 2001
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (SIL)
ASC-US , ASC-H
Low grade (LSIL): HPV and/or CIN 1
High grade (HSIL): moderate and
severe dysplasia, CIN 2, CIN 3, CIS ,
with features suspicious for invasion
Invasive Squamous cell carcinoma
Glandular cell abnormality
AGC , favour neoplastic , AIS
Adenocarcinoma
Other malignant neoplasms
49. Bethesda system 2001
Negative for Intraepithelial Lesion or Malignancy (NILM)
Organisms:
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Fungal organisms morphologically consistent with Candida spp.
- Shift in flora suggestive of bacterial vaginosis
- Bacteria morphologically consistent with Actinomyces spp.
- Cellular changes consistent with Herpes simplex virus
< Pap Class 1> http://bethesda2001.cancer.gov/terminology.html
53. Clue cell
Neg. for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy
Shift in flora suggestive of bacterial vaginosis
54. Actinomyces spp.
Neg. for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy
Bacteria morphologically consistent with Actinomyces spp.
55. Neg. for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy
Cellular changes consistent with Herpes simplex virus
56. Bethesda system 2001
Other Non Neoplastic findings < Pap Class 2>
- Reactive cellular changes associated with
• inflammation ( includes typical repair)
• radiation
• Intrauterine device (IUD)
- Atrophy
- Glandular cells status post hyterectomy
Other
• Endometrial cells (in woman ≥ 40 years of age)
http://bethesda2001.cancer.gov/terminology.html
57. Neg. for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy
Reactive cellular changes associated with inflammation
Inflammatory cellular change
58. Bethesda system 2001
Epithelial cell abnormality
Squamous cell
• Atypical squamous cells
– of undetermined significance (ASC-US)
– cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H)
• Low grade squamous intraepithelail lesion (LSIL) <Pap class 3>
encompassing: HPV/mild dysplasia /CIN 1
• High grade squamous intraepithelail lesion (HSIL)
encompassing: moderate and severe dysplasia, CIS/CIN 2, 3
• With features suspicious for invasion < Pap class 4 >
• Invasive Squamous cell carcinoma < Pap class 5 >
http://bethesda2001.cancer.gov/terminology.html
59. ASC (Atypical squamous cell)
ASC-US (Atypical Sq. Cells of Undetermined Significance)
:- Cytologic changes that are suggestive of a SIL, but
lack criteria for a definitive interpretation.
ASC-H (Atypical Sq. Cells; Cannot Exclude HSIL)
:- Cytologic changes that are suggestive of HSIL, but lack
criteria for definitive interpretation.
73. It is important to note that
• Cytologic LSIL is not equivalent to CIN 1
• Cytologic HSIL is not equivalent to CIN 2,3
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; Oct: 340-355.
75. Cervical cancer prevention
(Cytology based)
• Screening programme
• Sampling and processing technique
• Reporting system
• Management of abnormal Pap smear
76. Abnormal Pap Smear
ASC-US, ASC-H
LSIL, HSIL
Invasive sq. cell ca.
AGC
AGC, favor neoplastic
AIS
Adenocacinoma
116. Cervical cancer prevention
(Cytology based)
• Screening programme
• Sampling and processing technique
• Reporting system
• Management of abnormal Pap smear