Current knowledge and state of the art about management of abnormal cervical Cancer screening tests and cancer precursors for health providers in low-income settings is presented.
HPV Infection , HPV Vaccination , Cervical cancer , Cancer in India , Dr. SHA...Lifecare Centre
HPV inefection , HPV disease prevention, Cervical cancer prevention , Cervical cancer treatment, Female cancer , Female cancer prevention , Uterine cancer , Cancer in india
HPV Infection , HPV Vaccination , Cervical cancer , Cancer in India , Dr. SHA...Lifecare Centre
HPV inefection , HPV disease prevention, Cervical cancer prevention , Cervical cancer treatment, Female cancer , Female cancer prevention , Uterine cancer , Cancer in india
Welcoming remarks by Dr Osborne E Nyandiva on Symposium: Cervical cancer and its prevention
Co-Presenter Dr Giama. We are happy to present to you this very crucial discussion on Cancer.
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman's cervix (the entrance to the womb from the vagina).
Cancer of the cervix often has no symptoms in its early stages. If you do have symptoms, the most common is unusual vaginal bleeding, which can occur after sex, in between periods or after the menopause.
Say no to cervical cancer-PUBLIC Awareness-Life Care Centre_Dr.Sharda JainLifecare Centre
Cervical Cancer in INDIA
Say no to cervical cancer
Dr.Sharda Jain
Life Care Centre
PUBLIC Awareness_Dr.Sharda Jain
HPV Infection
HPV Vaccination
Cervical Screening
SEE & TREAT Programme tp Prevent Cervical Cancer
This presentation describes epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, clinical examination, staging and management of cervical carcinoma. SCREENING is not included
HPV Vaccine: A Breakthrough In Prevention of Cervical CancerApollo Hospitals
Cervical cancer is one of the commonest cancers in women. As it affects young women it has grave
personal, social and economic consequences. It is unfortunate that despite cancer cervix being a preventable
disease, we have failed to reduce the number of deaths related to it. Recent developments in the understanding of the disease process and its link to the oncogenic strains of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has opened new avenues in
the way of prevention of cervical cancer.
Welcoming remarks by Dr Osborne E Nyandiva on Symposium: Cervical cancer and its prevention
Co-Presenter Dr Giama. We are happy to present to you this very crucial discussion on Cancer.
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman's cervix (the entrance to the womb from the vagina).
Cancer of the cervix often has no symptoms in its early stages. If you do have symptoms, the most common is unusual vaginal bleeding, which can occur after sex, in between periods or after the menopause.
Say no to cervical cancer-PUBLIC Awareness-Life Care Centre_Dr.Sharda JainLifecare Centre
Cervical Cancer in INDIA
Say no to cervical cancer
Dr.Sharda Jain
Life Care Centre
PUBLIC Awareness_Dr.Sharda Jain
HPV Infection
HPV Vaccination
Cervical Screening
SEE & TREAT Programme tp Prevent Cervical Cancer
This presentation describes epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, clinical examination, staging and management of cervical carcinoma. SCREENING is not included
HPV Vaccine: A Breakthrough In Prevention of Cervical CancerApollo Hospitals
Cervical cancer is one of the commonest cancers in women. As it affects young women it has grave
personal, social and economic consequences. It is unfortunate that despite cancer cervix being a preventable
disease, we have failed to reduce the number of deaths related to it. Recent developments in the understanding of the disease process and its link to the oncogenic strains of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has opened new avenues in
the way of prevention of cervical cancer.
Asccp management guidelines august 2014 ppt. Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarw...Lifecare Centre
Updated Consensus
American society of Colpscopy & cervical pathology
Guidelines 2014for Managing forAbnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Test and Cancer Precursors
Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarwal / dr. Jyoti Bhasker
A.B.C. of Paps Smear Update (2016) ,DR. SUDHIR JAIN Consultant Pathologist Lifecare Centre
HISTORY
Papanicolaou first reported in 1923 that cervical cancer or precancer could be detected by pap smear.
But it was only in 1943 that Pap test became accepted and widely used.
Many terminologies were used. Mostly numbers and term dysplasia. There were multiple poorly defined gradations which were poorly reproducible.
In 1988 the first Bethesda System workshop was convened to address the issue and to standardize the reporting of pap smear.
In 2001 a consensus was achieved and a terminology was recommended The 2001 Bethesda System (TBS)
Revision agreed upon in 2014
HPV Vaccination, Cerviocal Cancer : Do we need it
for Prevention of cervical cancer &
other HPV related diseasesm,
Presentation Outlines
Cervical cancer disease burden
Prevention with HPV vaccination
Vaccination of sexually active women
Opportunity of Postpartum HPV vaccination
Importance of genital warts prevention
Real world effectiveness data
Safety of HPV vaccine
Abnormal uterine bleeding can occur when a woman experiences a change in menstrual loss, or the degree of loss or vaginal bleeding pattern differs from that experienced by the age-matched general female population
AUB is not restricted to menstrual bleeding that is abnormally heavy, but includes bleeding that is abnormal in TIMING
Atlas on bethesda system for reporting cervical cytologyAshish Jawarkar
This is an atlas with more nearly 100 images, authentic taken from NCI web atlas. Useful to understand and report pap smears. The subject has been presented in a way which will help students reproduce in exams.
June 1, 2016◆Volume 93, Number 11www.aafp.org/afpAmerican Family Physician 937Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer. Less than one-half of patients survive for more than five years after diagnosis. Ovarian cancer affects women of all ages but is most commonly diagnosed after menopause. More than 75% of affected women are diagnosed at an advanced stage because early-stage disease is usually asymptomatic and symptoms of late-stage disease are nonspecific. The strongest risk factors are advancing age and family history of ovarian and breast cancer.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Similar to Cervical Screening State of the Art 2016 (20)
Practical Aspects about Female Genital Mutilation by Dr Dirk GrothuesmannDr Dirk Grothuesmann
In my presentation I present my personal experience about Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) gained during my work in Eritrea and Somalia. A precondition to solve (stop) FGM is the acceptance of different and contested customs in humankind practiced. Furthermore it is essential to understand for outsiders that no one is more right than the other. To stop FGM it is a precondition to remove stigmas and let all girls know they are beautiful and accepted, no matter what the appearance of their genitalia or their cultural background are otherwise sexual dysfunction and feelings of inferiority in circumcised women become a true self-fulfilling prophecy.
Vasectomy has long been a safe, effective, easy-to-perform method of contraception for men. Throughout its history, people have been trying to find ways to make the procedure simpler
Dr. Li Shunqiang developed the no-scalpel vasectomy technique, and in 1986, EngenderHealth in cooperation with Dr. Li, began to introduce the technique to the rest of the world. This presentation guides to a save and comprehensive procedure.
Male Circumcision under Local Anaesthesia by Dr Grothuesmann & Sr WinieDr Dirk Grothuesmann
Male circumcision has been performed on adolescent boys and men for many years, primarily for religious and cultural reasons, such as a rite of passage to mark the transition to adulthood. Beside compelling scientific evidence is shown that men who are circumcised have a 60% reduced risk of acquiring HIV transmitted through heterosexual contact. This presentation guides to a standardized and save procedure to perform Male Circumcision.
Problems are faced. Frequently the question remains, are real problems faced or is it something within the normal range. Likewise difficile is to answer who actually is going to solve the problem. I put a few slides together to highlight the role of stakeholders involved within the "Problem Solution Chain".
Practical Aspects about Urogenital Fistula Repair GrothuesmannDr Dirk Grothuesmann
Each year between 50 000 to 100 000 women worldwide are affected by obstetric fistula. I share here practical aspects of my personal experiences dealing with this complex issue mainly affecting the weak and the poor.
During the last two decades huge international interest towards this problem has been raised up in the global medical arena. One might think anyone equipped with abilities to adjust to resource poor settings, armed with comprehensive surgical skills fulfill essentials to learn how to repair fistulas. This is definitely not enough to be a part of the solution!
Regardless surgeons must understand both their own limitations as well as the limitations given by the environment in place as precondition to deal with this problem. Sharing my experiences I hope to contribute to make this understood.
Given the availability of a colposcope and a trained colposcopist this method is an essential tool for effective secondary prevention of female reproductive organ diseases. Colposcopic guided procedures enable a preceise diagnostic and consequent treatments with eventually organ preserving means. This power point presentation highlights the range of opportunities offered by Colposcopy.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer being the fourth most common cancer in women. 99% of all cervical cancer cases are related to genital infection with HPV. HPV Vaccines are now available and are the springboard for a change by primary prevention of this threatening situation.
HPV primary Screening is an tempting option for health providers and patients because the results are not subject to inter-observer variation. HPV screening might become cheaper than cytology in the future. Costs of Human resources HPV primary screening is an attractive option to health service managers because the results are not subject to inter-observer variation. Future HPV screening might be cheaper than cytology. Human resources and quality controling means might become even lower.
Nevertheless, HPV testing also requires equipment, reagents, training, quality control and accreditation - and sensitivity and specificity of different HPV tests is known to vary costs quality control may be lower.
Nevertheless, HPV testing also requires equipment, reagents, training, quality control and accreditation - and sensitivity and specificity of different HPV tests is known to vary
HPV Testing is essential in the triage of ASC-US and/or LSIL cytology. The test helps to clearify the situation after treatment of high-grade CIN and to resolve uncertainties after diagnostic and or consecutive treatment. 2016 up to date information is give by the presentation.
Primary HPV testing or co-testin
VIA is an attractive alternative to cytology-based cervix uteri screening in low-resource settings. Cryotherapy is the treatment option for test-positive individuals. Hereby a “Screen and Treat” approach can be integrated into existing reproductive health services in low-resource countries.
Achim Schneider and Co Workers from University of Jena and Charite Berlin developed these Golden Rules over a time period of more than 20 years. This approach enables sophisticated laparoscopic procedures with best outcome for patients affected.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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2. Expected worldwide Cervical Cancer 2020
2002 2020 2020
(% Increase) (% Burden)
World 493.000* 702.500 100%
(+42%)
Less developed Areas 409.000 639.500 83%
(+56%)
More developed Areas 83.000 92.500 17%
(+11%)
Parkin and Bray, 2006
*530,000 cases in 2008; Arbyn M, et al
9. Transformation Zone
• The Normal TZ is located between the OSCJ and the colposcopically-
visible, new SCJ
• Dynamic Area
• Carcinogenic factors (HPV, carcinogenic substances e.g. smoking) are
incorporated into vulnerable immature metaplastic epithelia
14. Terminology
Difference between the terms cervical intraepithelial lesion and squamous
intraepithelial lesion
• Squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) is used to describe Pap test result
• SIL is not a diagnosis of precancer or cancer
• A cervical biopsy is needed
• Cervical intraepithelial lesion (CIN) used to report cervical biopsy results
• CIN 1 is used for mild (low-grade) changes
• CIN 2 is used for moderate changes
• CIN 3 is used for more severe (high-grade) changes
Moderate and high-grade changes can progress to cancer
15. Different Types of abnormal Pap Test Results
• Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US)— mostly a
sign of an HPV infection (most common abnormal test result)
• Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL)—mildly
abnormal.Usually is caused by an HPV infection, goes away on its own.
• High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)—more serious changes
in the cervix. More likely associated with precancer and cancer.
• Atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H)—changes that raise
concern for the presence of HSIL.
• Atypical glandular cells (AGC)—Glandular cells also are present inside the
uterus. Changes in glandular cells that raise concern for the presence of
precancer or cancer.
16. Progression of CIN Categories
HIGH-GRADE SQUAMOUS LESION
(HSIL) — HSIL refers to moderate to severe
changes in the cells of the cervix. The risk
that these abnormalities reflect precancerous
changes is as high as 20.8%, and the risk of
cervical cancer is as high as 1.4%
Sellors JW, Sankaranarayanan, R, 2003
17. What Testing is needed after an abnormal cervical
Cancer Screening Test
• Repeat Pap test or Co-Test (Pap test and a test for high-risk types of
HPV)—recommended as a follow-up to some abnormal test result
• HPV Test—presence of the HPV types linked to cervical cancer
• Colposcopy
• Biopsy
• Endocervical sampling
18. Adolescents Needs
• Care for contraception and STI screening/treatment
• NO Pap test
• No speculum examination for asymptomatic women
• STI Testing can be done using urine
19. Rationale for Co-Testing 30 – 64
• Increased detection of prevalent CIN 3
• Decreases CIN 3 in subsequent screening rounds
• Enhances detection of adenocarcinoma (AIS)
• Minimizes numbers of colposcopies
20. Screening for Ages 21 - 29
• Cytology every 3 years
• HPV testing should not be done for screening
• Not as a component of Co testing
• Not as a standard alone screening
21. Rational of avoiding HPV test among Women Ages
21 - 29
• Prevalence of carcinogenic HPV approaches 20% in teens and early
20s
• Most carcinogenic HPV resolve without intervention
• Identifying carcinogenic HPV that will resolve spontaneously will lead
to repeated call-back, anxiety and interventions without benefit
22. Screening for Women Ages 30 - 64
• Cytology plus HPV (Co-testing) every 5 years is
preferred
• Cytology every 3 years is acceptable
23. Rationale for Co-testing Ages 30 -64
• Increased detection of CIN 3
• Decreased CIN 3 in subsequent screening rounds
• Enhances detection of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)
• Minimizes the increased numbers of colposcopies
24. Why not Co-testing all Women Ages 30 – 64
Lack of access to co-testing
• Financial
• Logistical
Cytology remains effective but:
• Requires more frequent visits
• Requires more colposcopies for equivocal results
25. Managing ASC-US/HPV negative tests
“Women with ASC-US cytology and negative HPV test result
should continue screening with age-specific guidelines “
• CIN 3 od ASC-US/HPV neg < 2% is below threshold for colposcopy
26. Managing HPV+/Cytology- Cotests
Women contesting HPV+/Cytology- :
• Repeat Cotesting in 12 month
• Immediate HPV genotype specific testing for HPV 16/18
Direct referral to colposcopy not indicated
27. Repeat Cotest in 12 Month
• If either test is positive, refer to colposcopy
• If both tests are negative return to routine screening
28. Immediate HPV Genotyping
• If HPV 16 or HPV 16/18 are positive refer to Colposcopy
• If HPV 16 or HPV 16/18 are negative repeat cotest in 12
month
• If ether repeat test is positive: Colposcopy
• If both test are negative return to routine screening
29. When to stop Screening
Stop screening at 65 with adequate negative
screening (no CIN in last 20 years)
This means:
• 3 consecutive Pap screenings
• 2 consecutive neg. HPV tests
30. Stop Screening at 65
Screening “should not resume even it woman
reports having a new sexual partner”
When not to stop:
• If history of CIN2, CIN3, AIS (in these cases at least 20 years screening)
ASCCP Guidelines, 2012
31. Cervical Cancer Screening and Follow Up
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2016
34. Literature
Arbine et al, 2011, Worldwide burden of cervical cancer in 2008. Ann Oncol, 22(12), 2675 - 86
ASCCP Guidelines, 2012, from http://www.asccp.org/guidelines
Sellors JW, Sankaranarayanan, R, 2003, Colposcopy and Treatment of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Beginners’ Manual, from
http://screening.iarc.fr/doc/Colposcopymanual.pdf
Parkin DM and Bray, 2006, Chapter 2: The burden of HPV-related cancers, Vaccine, 31;24 Suppl 3:S3/11-25
IFCPC, IFCPC Nomenclature 2011, from http://www.ifcpc.org/en/healthcare-professionals/resource-material/2011-ifcpc-nomenclature
THE 2001 BETHESDA SYSTEM, from http://nih.techriver.net/bethesdaTable.php
2011 Colposcopic Terminology of the International Federation for Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy, Bornstein, j et al., OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY, 120, (1), 166- 172
from http://jgcs21.umin.jp/colposcopy_02.pdf
2012 Updated Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors, Steward ML et al., 2013, Journal of
Lower Genital Tract Disease, Volume 17, Number 5, 2013, S1YS27
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2016, Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Test Results, FAQ187, from
http://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Abnormal-Cervical-Cancer-Screening-Test-Results
THE BETHESDA SYSTEM WEBSITE ATLAS, 2003, from http://nih.techriver.net/
35. Aim of my Project
Dr. Dirk Grothuesmann Consultancy
Improving Maternal Health and Gynecology Services by Training Health Care
Providers: Relaying on standardized training modules I teach evidence-based
obstetrical procedures, gynecology surgery and related evaluation tools to local
personnel in developed and developing countries. Completing the programs
offered, skills gained enable to serve women in need in any requested setting.
http://dg-maternalhealth.de/index2.html