Cervical cancer prevention involves screening programs, proper sampling and reporting techniques, and management of abnormal Pap smear results. Effective screening programs screen women starting at age 30-35 and every 3-5 years until age 65, depending on country. Screening aims to detect precancerous lesions through Pap smears so they can be treated before developing into invasive cancer. Management of abnormal results involves tests like colposcopy and treatment such as cryotherapy or LEEP for higher grade lesions to prevent cancer progression. Regular screening can reduce lifetime cervical cancer risk by over 90% and is critical for prevention.
HPV Testing is essential in the triage of ASC-US and/or LSIL cytology. The test helps to clearify the situation after treatment of high-grade CIN and to resolve uncertainties after diagnostic and or consecutive treatment. 2016 up to date information is give by the presentation.
Primary HPV testing or co-testin
HPV Diseases More Than Cervical Cancer, Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
HPV Disease . Cervical cancer , prevention cervical cancer , HPV prevention , cancer prevention , Human Papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer prevention
HPV Testing is essential in the triage of ASC-US and/or LSIL cytology. The test helps to clearify the situation after treatment of high-grade CIN and to resolve uncertainties after diagnostic and or consecutive treatment. 2016 up to date information is give by the presentation.
Primary HPV testing or co-testin
HPV Diseases More Than Cervical Cancer, Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
HPV Disease . Cervical cancer , prevention cervical cancer , HPV prevention , cancer prevention , Human Papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer prevention
this presentation gives insight into the recent controversies of HPV vaccine, in a VAST country like India mass vaccination at minimal cost may be the only way to tackle killer cancer cervix
Asccp management guidelines august 2014 ppt. Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarw...Lifecare Centre
Updated Consensus
American society of Colpscopy & cervical pathology
Guidelines 2014for Managing forAbnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Test and Cancer Precursors
Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarwal / dr. Jyoti Bhasker
Basics To Ca Cx Screening (Eastern Biotech)Pankaj Sohaney
Detecting HPV means better understanding of the risk of cervical cancer was the major focus of Dr. Dinesh Gupta. He spoke on “Opportunistic Screening for Cervical Precancer Lesions” and informed why the combination screening is vital for prevention and detection of cervical cancer. According to Dr. Gupta, combined screening with liquid based cytology and hybrid capture2 HPV DNA test would identify who’s at risk for high-grade disease and cancer and reduce missed disease caused by false-negative Pap Smear. HPV DNA test is the only FDA approved test to detect 13 high risk HPVs associated with virtually all cervical cancer, he added.
this presentation gives insight into the recent controversies of HPV vaccine, in a VAST country like India mass vaccination at minimal cost may be the only way to tackle killer cancer cervix
Asccp management guidelines august 2014 ppt. Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarw...Lifecare Centre
Updated Consensus
American society of Colpscopy & cervical pathology
Guidelines 2014for Managing forAbnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Test and Cancer Precursors
Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarwal / dr. Jyoti Bhasker
Basics To Ca Cx Screening (Eastern Biotech)Pankaj Sohaney
Detecting HPV means better understanding of the risk of cervical cancer was the major focus of Dr. Dinesh Gupta. He spoke on “Opportunistic Screening for Cervical Precancer Lesions” and informed why the combination screening is vital for prevention and detection of cervical cancer. According to Dr. Gupta, combined screening with liquid based cytology and hybrid capture2 HPV DNA test would identify who’s at risk for high-grade disease and cancer and reduce missed disease caused by false-negative Pap Smear. HPV DNA test is the only FDA approved test to detect 13 high risk HPVs associated with virtually all cervical cancer, he added.
Nulife module 6 screening for malignancies editedManinder Ahuja
These six modules from 2-7 are on mid life health care of women and were made with intention of training general gynecologist and other speciality into care of mid life women and have Mid Life OPD cards as mainstay of care.
Welcoming remarks by Dr Osborne E Nyandiva on Symposium: Cervical cancer and its prevention
Co-Presenter Dr Giama. We are happy to present to you this very crucial discussion on Cancer.
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman's cervix (the entrance to the womb from the vagina).
Cancer of the cervix often has no symptoms in its early stages. If you do have symptoms, the most common is unusual vaginal bleeding, which can occur after sex, in between periods or after the menopause.
Current knowledge and state of the art about management of abnormal cervical Cancer screening tests and cancer precursors for health providers in low-income settings is presented.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Steps in HPV Induced
Cervical Cancer
HPV
infection
Persistent
HPV infection
Cellular
dysregulation
High grade
CIN
Invasive
cancer
Immunologic
factors
Co-carcinogens
3. HPV genes (E6,E7)in the Cell Cycle
E6gene product
Bindsp53
E7gene product
Binds pRb
Go G1 S G2 M Go
Growth
Signal
p53 and pRb
“ All clear signals “
Cell cycle progression
Apoptosis
Genetic
Repair
E6-E7
E6-E7
Minor DNA
damage
Major DNA
damage
4. : ~70% of cases can clear infection in 1yrs and
90% in 2 yrs.
: Most of persistent infection resulting in no
disease in their life but HPV DNA are +ve or
low level.
: ~30% progress to CIN 1, 10 – 20% CIN 2-3.
: Only 1% progress to cervical cancer.
6. 2° Prevention of Ca. Cx.
Persistent
HPV
or
LSIL
Normal
Epithelial
Cell
HSIL
Inv. CA
HPV
1-2 yrs 3-20 yrs6-9 Months
HR-HPV DNA +ve
Cytology -ve
VIA (M) -ve
Colposcopy -ve
HR-HPV DNA +ve
Cytology ± ve
VIA (M) ±ve
Colposcopy ±ve
HR-HPV DNA +ve
Cytology +ve
VIA (M) +ve
Colposcopy +ve
Transient
HPV
Infected
Cells
All
tests
-ve
7. Cervical cancer prevention
(Cytology based)
• Screening programme
• Sampling and processing technique
• Reporting system
• Management of abnormal Pap smear
11. Age group (yr) Frequency of screening
25 First invitation
25-49 Three yearly
50-64 Five yearly
65+ Only screen those who have not been
screenedsince age 50 or those who have had
recent abnormal tests
NHSCSP Publication No 20 April 2004
UK NHS 2011
12. Cervical cancer
50% of cases have not been screened,
60% of cases are inadequate screening,
10% have not been screened within 5
years before diagnosis.
27. Population†
USP
STF ‡
ACS/ASCCP/ASCP§
After
hysterectomy
Women of any age following a
hysterectomy with removal of the
cervix who have no history of CIN2+
should not be screened for vaginal
cancer. Evidence of adequate negative
prior screening is not required.
Screening should not be resumed for
any reason, including if a woman
reports having a new sexual partner.
29. Cervical cancer
50% of cases have not been screened,
60% of cases are inadequate screening,
10% have not been screened within 5
years before diagnosis.
Management of normal and
abnormal screening tests
30. Cervical cancer
50% of cases have not been screened,
60% of cases are inadequate screening,
10% have not been screened within 5
years before diagnosis.
46. การรายงานผลการตรวจ Pap smear
• Papanicolaou Classification ( Class 1 - 5 )
• WHO Classification ( 1973 )
• Bethesda System ( 1993 )
• Bethesda System (2001)
47. Pap WHO
Class 1 Normal
Class 2 Inflammation, Atypia
Class 3 Dysplasia (CIN)
Mild dysplasia , CIN 1
Moderatedysplasia, CIN 2
Severedysplasia, CIN 3
Class 4 Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
Class 5 Invasive SCC
AIS
Adenocarcinoma
Malignantcells of other tumour types
Bethesda 2001
Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy
Infection, inflammation, reactive changes
SquamousIntraepithelial Lesion (SIL)
ASC-US , ASC-H
Low grade (LSIL): HPV and/or CIN 1
High grade (HSIL): moderate and severe
dysplasia, CIN 2, CIN 3, CIS and
with features suspicious for invasion
Invasive Squamouscell carcinoma
Glandular cell abnormality
AGC , favourneoplastic , AIS
Adenocarcinoma
Other malignantneoplasms
48. Pap WHO
Class 1
Negative for malignancy
Class 2
Inflammation, Atypia
Bethesda 2001
Negative for intraepithelial
lesion or malignancy
Infection, inflammation,
reactive changes
49. Pap WHO
Class 3
Dysplasia (CIN)
Mild dysplasia , CIN 1
Moderate dysplasia, CIN 2
Severe dysplasia, CIN 3
Class 4 Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
Class 5
Invasive SCC
AIS
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant cells of other tumor
types
Bethesda 2001
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (SIL)
ASC-US , ASC-H
Low grade(LSIL): HPV and/orCIN 1
High grade (HSIL):moderate and
severe dysplasia, CIN 2, CIN 3, CIS ,
with features suspicious for invasion
Invasive Squamous cell carcinoma
Glandular cell abnormality
AGC , favour neoplastic , AIS
Adenocarcinoma
Othermalignant neoplasms
50. Bethesda system 2001
Negative for Intraepithelial Lesion or Malignancy (NILM)
Organisms:
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Fungal organisms morphologically consistent with Candida spp.
- Shift in flora suggestive of bacterial vaginosis
- Bacteria morphologically consistent with Actinomyces spp.
- Cellular changes consistent with Herpes simplex virus
< Pap Class 1> http://bethesda2001.cancer.gov/terminology.html
54. Clue cell
Neg. for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy
Shift in flora suggestive of bacterial vaginosis
55. Actinomyces spp.
Neg. for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy
Bacteria morphologically consistent with Actinomyces spp.
56. Neg. for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy
Cellular changes consistent with Herpes simplex virus
57. Bethesda system 2001
Other Non Neoplastic findings < Pap Class 2>
- Reactive cellular changes associated with
• inflammation ( includes typical repair)
• radiation
• Intrauterine device (IUD)
- Atrophy
- Glandular cells status post hyterectomy
Other
• Endometrial cells (in woman ≥ 40 years of age)
http://bethesda2001.cancer.gov/terminology.html
58. Neg. for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy
Reactive cellular changes associated with inflammation
Inflammatorycellular change
59. Bethesda system 2001
Epithelial cell abnormality
Squamous cell
• Atypical squamous cells
– of undetermined significance (ASC-US)
– cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H)
• Low grade squamous intraepithelail lesion (LSIL) <Pap class 3>
encompassing: HPV/mild dysplasia /CIN 1
• High grade squamous intraepithelail lesion (HSIL)
encompassing: moderate and severe dysplasia, CIS/CIN 2, 3
• With features suspicious for invasion < Pap class 4 >
• Invasive Squamous cell carcinoma < Pap class 5 >
http://bethesda2001.cancer.gov/terminology.html
60. ASC (Atypical squamous cell)
ASC-US (Atypical Sq. Cells of Undetermined Significance)
:- Cytologic changes that are suggestive of a SIL, but
lack criteria for a definitive interpretation.
ASC-H (Atypical Sq. Cells; Cannot Exclude HSIL)
:- Cytologic changes that are suggestive of HSIL, but lack
criteria for definitive interpretation.
74. It is important to note that
• Cytologic LSIL is not equivalent to CIN 1
• Cytologic HSIL is not equivalent to CIN 2,3
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; Oct: 340-355.
75. Abnormal Pap Smear
ASC-US, ASC-H
LSIL, HSIL
Invasive sq. cell ca.
AGC
AGC, favor neoplastic
AIS
Adenocacinoma