This document provides an overview of cervical cancer and HPV. It discusses that HPV is the underlying cause of cervical cancer and describes the natural history of HPV infection. HPV is very common and usually clears without symptoms, but sometimes causes pre-cancerous cervical changes that can develop into invasive cancer if left untreated. Screening guidelines and new HPV vaccines are aimed at preventing cervical cancer by detecting and treating pre-cancerous cells or protecting against HPV infection. Regular Pap screening allows most pre-cancer to be detected and treated before it develops into invasive cancer.
1) Cervical cancer is the third most common gynecologic cancer in the US and second most common in countries without screening programs. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main risk factor.
2) Screening guidelines recommend Pap smears begin at age 21, regardless of sexual history. Screening can stop at age 65 for women with prior normal smears.
3) Women who receive the HPV vaccine should still be screened according to standard guidelines, as vaccination does not eliminate all cancer risk.
This document discusses HPV (human papillomavirus), its relationship to cervical cancer, and cervical cancer screening guidelines. It describes the different types of HPV and their risks, how HPV is transmitted, how infections typically progress, and methods of detection. The document also outlines cervical cancer screening guidelines and provides an introduction to colposcopy, using images to illustrate cervical abnormalities.
Cervical cancer screening guidelines 2013 on 7th septLifecare Centre
The document summarizes the 2013 guidelines for cervical cancer screening in the United States. The key points are:
1. Screening should begin at age 21 with cytology alone every 3 years until age 30.
2. From ages 30-65, co-testing with cytology and HPV testing every 5 years is the preferred method. Cytology alone every 3 years is acceptable.
3. Screening can stop at age 65 for women with adequate negative prior screening and no history of CIN2 or worse. Screening after a hysterectomy also depends on whether the cervix was removed.
Welcoming remarks by Dr Osborne E Nyandiva on Symposium: Cervical cancer and its prevention
Co-Presenter Dr Giama. We are happy to present to you this very crucial discussion on Cancer.
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman's cervix (the entrance to the womb from the vagina).
Cancer of the cervix often has no symptoms in its early stages. If you do have symptoms, the most common is unusual vaginal bleeding, which can occur after sex, in between periods or after the menopause.
Latest update on cervical cancer & hpv vaccine 2013Lifecare Centre
Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer deaths among women globally, with over 270,000 deaths per year. India has a high burden with over 100,000 new cases annually. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause, with HPV types 16 and 18 causing over 70% of cervical cancers. Two HPV vaccines, a bivalent and quadrivalent vaccine, provide protection against HPV 16 and 18 and have demonstrated efficacy of over 90% in clinical trials. Ongoing monitoring in Nordic countries has found the quadrivalent vaccine continues to provide protection against HPV 16/18 infection for up to 9 years. Guidelines recommend routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys at age 11-12 to be
The document summarizes the 2013 guidelines for cervical cancer screening in average-risk women. It recommends that screening should begin at age 21 with conventional or liquid-based cytology every 3 years. From ages 30-65, it is acceptable to continue cytology alone every 3 years, but preferred is co-testing with cytology and HPV testing every 5 years. Screening should stop at age 65 for women with adequate negative prior screening or after total hysterectomy with no history of precancerous lesions. The guidelines do not recommend annual screening or primary HPV testing alone for screening.
Cervical cancer screening and hpv vaccinationSunita Yadav
This document discusses cervical cancer and its prevention through screening and HPV vaccination. It notes that cervical cancer is the most common cancer in Indian females, with 1 in 5 worldwide cases occurring in India. Regular Pap screening can detect precancerous lesions early and HPV vaccination can prevent infection from high-risk HPV types that cause most cervical cancers. The document provides details on HPV, screening guidelines, abnormal Pap results, and cervical cancer prevention recommendations.
1) Cervical cancer is the third most common gynecologic cancer in the US and second most common in countries without screening programs. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main risk factor.
2) Screening guidelines recommend Pap smears begin at age 21, regardless of sexual history. Screening can stop at age 65 for women with prior normal smears.
3) Women who receive the HPV vaccine should still be screened according to standard guidelines, as vaccination does not eliminate all cancer risk.
This document discusses HPV (human papillomavirus), its relationship to cervical cancer, and cervical cancer screening guidelines. It describes the different types of HPV and their risks, how HPV is transmitted, how infections typically progress, and methods of detection. The document also outlines cervical cancer screening guidelines and provides an introduction to colposcopy, using images to illustrate cervical abnormalities.
Cervical cancer screening guidelines 2013 on 7th septLifecare Centre
The document summarizes the 2013 guidelines for cervical cancer screening in the United States. The key points are:
1. Screening should begin at age 21 with cytology alone every 3 years until age 30.
2. From ages 30-65, co-testing with cytology and HPV testing every 5 years is the preferred method. Cytology alone every 3 years is acceptable.
3. Screening can stop at age 65 for women with adequate negative prior screening and no history of CIN2 or worse. Screening after a hysterectomy also depends on whether the cervix was removed.
Welcoming remarks by Dr Osborne E Nyandiva on Symposium: Cervical cancer and its prevention
Co-Presenter Dr Giama. We are happy to present to you this very crucial discussion on Cancer.
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman's cervix (the entrance to the womb from the vagina).
Cancer of the cervix often has no symptoms in its early stages. If you do have symptoms, the most common is unusual vaginal bleeding, which can occur after sex, in between periods or after the menopause.
Latest update on cervical cancer & hpv vaccine 2013Lifecare Centre
Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer deaths among women globally, with over 270,000 deaths per year. India has a high burden with over 100,000 new cases annually. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause, with HPV types 16 and 18 causing over 70% of cervical cancers. Two HPV vaccines, a bivalent and quadrivalent vaccine, provide protection against HPV 16 and 18 and have demonstrated efficacy of over 90% in clinical trials. Ongoing monitoring in Nordic countries has found the quadrivalent vaccine continues to provide protection against HPV 16/18 infection for up to 9 years. Guidelines recommend routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys at age 11-12 to be
The document summarizes the 2013 guidelines for cervical cancer screening in average-risk women. It recommends that screening should begin at age 21 with conventional or liquid-based cytology every 3 years. From ages 30-65, it is acceptable to continue cytology alone every 3 years, but preferred is co-testing with cytology and HPV testing every 5 years. Screening should stop at age 65 for women with adequate negative prior screening or after total hysterectomy with no history of precancerous lesions. The guidelines do not recommend annual screening or primary HPV testing alone for screening.
Cervical cancer screening and hpv vaccinationSunita Yadav
This document discusses cervical cancer and its prevention through screening and HPV vaccination. It notes that cervical cancer is the most common cancer in Indian females, with 1 in 5 worldwide cases occurring in India. Regular Pap screening can detect precancerous lesions early and HPV vaccination can prevent infection from high-risk HPV types that cause most cervical cancers. The document provides details on HPV, screening guidelines, abnormal Pap results, and cervical cancer prevention recommendations.
The cervical cancer overview with key stats around the world and in Nepal.
Discussion on the sensitivity and specificity of different cervical cancer screening techniques.
This document provides information on breast cancer screening and prevention. It discusses screening principles and guidelines for mammography, MRI, ultrasound and other screening techniques. It outlines high-risk factors for breast cancer and recommends annual screening starting at age 30-40 for high-risk individuals, including those with BRCA gene mutations or family history. Screening mammography every 1-2 years is recommended for average risk women starting at age 40. Chemoprevention with tamoxifen or raloxifene can lower breast cancer risk in high risk postmenopausal women. Genetic testing guidelines are also provided.
The document provides biographical information about Dr. Narendra Malhotra, an obstetrician gynecologist from Agra, India. It notes that he has served as the president of FOGSI, dean of ICMU, and director of Ian Donald School of Ultrasound. It also lists his accomplishments, publications, areas of special interest, and contact information for his practice.
Ovarian cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women. Most women are diagnosed at an advanced stage due to non-specific symptoms. While screening may detect some early stage cancers, no screening strategy has proven to reduce mortality. Standard treatment is surgical staging and debulking followed by chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel, though some studies suggest dose-dense or alternative schedules may improve outcomes.
Cervical cancer screening and preventionKawita Bapat
This presentation provides information about cervical cancer screening and prevention. It discusses that cervical cancer can be prevented through regular screening, which searches for diseases like cancer in asymptomatic people. Screening helps find pre-cancerous cell changes in the cervix that can then be treated before turning into cancer. The main cause of cervical cancer is infection with certain high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV) which is commonly spread through sexual activity. Regular Pap tests are important for finding cell changes early when cervical cancer is most treatable.
Here in these slides we have explain about the Breast cancer Screening with the help of which one can get the x-ray image to identify the breast cancer and it is a mammogram which is used when one have no symptoms.
Breast cancer screening-2021 chan hio tongjim kuok
This document discusses breast cancer screening and provides guidance on screening strategies based on risk level. It covers:
1) Screening modalities like mammography, ultrasound, MRI and their limitations. Mammography is the primary screening tool for average risk women aged 50-74.
2) Risk assessment factors like family history, genetic mutations, breast density, reproductive history which determine screening frequency and additional tests. Women at high risk start screening earlier and more frequently.
3) Two case studies where mammography limitations are demonstrated. Early detection through clinical exams and additional tests led to cancer diagnosis in both cases. Regular screening tailored to risk level can improve early detection.
This document discusses cervical cancer and HPV in India. It notes that India accounts for 27% of new cervical cancer cases and deaths worldwide despite having only 16% of the global population. It is estimated that over 365 women will die from cervical cancer daily in India by 2025. HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer and certain HPV types are also associated with other cancers. The document discusses HPV vaccines as the primary prevention for HPV-related diseases and recommends routine vaccination of girls aged 9-12 years along with catch-up vaccination up to age 26. It provides details on the available HPV vaccines and their efficacy, safety and recommended dosage schedules.
Cancer screening - Evidence, Expected benefits, Methods and Current Recommend...Alok Gupta
This document provides information about cancer screening and recommendations for different types of cancer. It discusses the major cancers in India like breast, cervical, colon, oral, lung and prostate cancer. For each cancer, it covers epidemiology, screening methods, benefits and recommendations. Screening can detect cancers early and reduce cancer deaths. Regular screening is recommended for certain populations based on risk factors like age, gender and family history. The key screening tests discussed are mammography, Pap smear, fecal occult blood test, colonoscopy, visual oral exam, low-dose CT scan and PSA testing. Screening can detect breast, cervical and colon cancers early and reduce deaths by 30%, 70% and 25% respectively.
Evidence Based Guide of Screening for Prevention of Cervical Cancer Lifecare Centre
This document discusses cervical cancer prevention in India. It notes that India accounts for about 23-25% of new cervical cancer cases and deaths worldwide despite having only about 16% of the world's female population. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially types 16 and 18, is responsible for nearly all cervical cancer cases. The document recommends primary prevention through HPV vaccination and secondary prevention via cervical cancer screening to detect and treat precancerous lesions. However, it notes that current cervical cancer screening coverage in India is very low at only about 2.6% of the female population, highlighting the need to scale up screening efforts.
Cervical cancer develops in the cervix and is most often caused by HPV infection. A Pap test screens for abnormal or precancerous cervical cells, and if abnormalities are detected further tests like colposcopy and biopsy may be used to diagnose cervical cancer or determine if precancerous cells require treatment. Maintaining regular Pap tests is important for early detection of cervical cancer since treatment is most successful when caught early.
The document discusses guidelines for cervical cancer screening, including incorporating HPV testing. It finds that HPV testing for women over 30 with ASCUS can reduce unnecessary colposcopies by identifying HPV-negative patients with very low risk. However, HPV testing also poses problems like increased anxiety and many HPV-positive women referred for colposcopy having normal results. Overall, HPV testing may help triage some abnormal pap results but also adds new issues to consider.
- The document discusses recommendations for HPV vaccination from international health organizations. It notes that nearly all cervical cancer cases are caused by HPV and cervical cancer disproportionately impacts women in low and middle income countries.
- Recent evidence from trials shows that a single dose of HPV vaccine can provide similar efficacy to 2-3 doses in preventing cervical precancer and cancer. A single dose schedule could make vaccination programs more affordable and scalable.
- India recently launched its first indigenous HPV vaccine. Experts argue that a national single-dose HPV vaccination program for adolescents in India could substantially reduce cervical cancer rates and help eliminate the disease in the country.
HPV Diseases More Than Cervical Cancer, Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
HPV Disease . Cervical cancer , prevention cervical cancer , HPV prevention , cancer prevention , Human Papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer prevention
Primary High Risk HPV Testing with Cyctology TriagePHEScreening
1) Primary testing for high-risk HPV will replace cytology-based screening as the initial test in the NHS cervical screening program. Women who test positive for high-risk HPV will receive cytology triage, while HPV-negative women will be returned to routine recall.
2) A large trial showed primary HPV testing improved sensitivity over cytology alone. A pilot of primary HPV testing confirmed benefits and informed clinical protocols.
3) Women will receive results and follow-up management based on HPV and cytology results, with longer recall for HPV-negative women and colposcopy referral for HPV-positive women with abnormal cytology.
Cervical cancer global burden and where do we stand todayNiranjan Chavan
Cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer in women worldwide but most common cause of cancer related death in India.
All over the world, including India, there is decreasing trend of cervical cancer.
Join Dr. Kara Long Roche, Associate Director of the Gynecologic Oncology Fellowship Program at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, as she breaks down new advancements in ovarian cancer research and treatment.
Breast cancer screening programs aim to detect cancer early before symptoms appear. While screening guidelines vary, organizations generally recommend mammography every 1-2 years for women ages 50-69. In India, there is no organized screening program and detection usually occurs once symptoms develop. Risk factors for early-onset breast cancer include dense breasts and a family history of breast cancer. Screening women in their 40s can reduce breast cancer mortality, but also risks false positives and overdiagnosis. Genetic testing identifies mutations associated with high breast cancer risk.
HPV Infection , HPV Vaccination , Cervical cancer , Cancer in India , Dr. SHA...Lifecare Centre
HPV inefection , HPV disease prevention, Cervical cancer prevention , Cervical cancer treatment, Female cancer , Female cancer prevention , Uterine cancer , Cancer in india
Cervical cancer is caused by persistent HPV infection in the cervix. HPV is very common and spread through skin to skin genital contact. While most HPV infections go away on their own, persistent infections can lead to cervical cancer if not addressed. Regular Pap screening can detect pre-cancerous cells early so they can be treated before they develop into cancer. Prevention strategies include HPV vaccination, smoking cessation, condom use, and limiting sexual partners. Abnormal Pap results may require further tests like colposcopy or biopsies. Early cervical cancer is highly curable, especially when caught through regular screening.
Human Papilloma Virus : Cervical Cancer and VaccinesAbhijit Chaudhury
HPV is known to cause cervical cancer. The history of understanding the link between HPV and cervical cancer began in the late 1800s and early 1900s when the infectious nature of genital warts was discovered. In the 1970s, an association between HPV infection of the cervix and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was recognized. In 1983, HPV types 16 and 18 were discovered in cervical cancer cells, and in 2008 the discoverer was awarded the Nobel Prize for establishing the causal link between HPV and cervical cancer. HPV is a small non-enveloped virus that replicates in squamous epithelial cells and causes warts. Certain high-risk HPV types can lead to cancer by disrupting the
The cervical cancer overview with key stats around the world and in Nepal.
Discussion on the sensitivity and specificity of different cervical cancer screening techniques.
This document provides information on breast cancer screening and prevention. It discusses screening principles and guidelines for mammography, MRI, ultrasound and other screening techniques. It outlines high-risk factors for breast cancer and recommends annual screening starting at age 30-40 for high-risk individuals, including those with BRCA gene mutations or family history. Screening mammography every 1-2 years is recommended for average risk women starting at age 40. Chemoprevention with tamoxifen or raloxifene can lower breast cancer risk in high risk postmenopausal women. Genetic testing guidelines are also provided.
The document provides biographical information about Dr. Narendra Malhotra, an obstetrician gynecologist from Agra, India. It notes that he has served as the president of FOGSI, dean of ICMU, and director of Ian Donald School of Ultrasound. It also lists his accomplishments, publications, areas of special interest, and contact information for his practice.
Ovarian cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women. Most women are diagnosed at an advanced stage due to non-specific symptoms. While screening may detect some early stage cancers, no screening strategy has proven to reduce mortality. Standard treatment is surgical staging and debulking followed by chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel, though some studies suggest dose-dense or alternative schedules may improve outcomes.
Cervical cancer screening and preventionKawita Bapat
This presentation provides information about cervical cancer screening and prevention. It discusses that cervical cancer can be prevented through regular screening, which searches for diseases like cancer in asymptomatic people. Screening helps find pre-cancerous cell changes in the cervix that can then be treated before turning into cancer. The main cause of cervical cancer is infection with certain high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV) which is commonly spread through sexual activity. Regular Pap tests are important for finding cell changes early when cervical cancer is most treatable.
Here in these slides we have explain about the Breast cancer Screening with the help of which one can get the x-ray image to identify the breast cancer and it is a mammogram which is used when one have no symptoms.
Breast cancer screening-2021 chan hio tongjim kuok
This document discusses breast cancer screening and provides guidance on screening strategies based on risk level. It covers:
1) Screening modalities like mammography, ultrasound, MRI and their limitations. Mammography is the primary screening tool for average risk women aged 50-74.
2) Risk assessment factors like family history, genetic mutations, breast density, reproductive history which determine screening frequency and additional tests. Women at high risk start screening earlier and more frequently.
3) Two case studies where mammography limitations are demonstrated. Early detection through clinical exams and additional tests led to cancer diagnosis in both cases. Regular screening tailored to risk level can improve early detection.
This document discusses cervical cancer and HPV in India. It notes that India accounts for 27% of new cervical cancer cases and deaths worldwide despite having only 16% of the global population. It is estimated that over 365 women will die from cervical cancer daily in India by 2025. HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer and certain HPV types are also associated with other cancers. The document discusses HPV vaccines as the primary prevention for HPV-related diseases and recommends routine vaccination of girls aged 9-12 years along with catch-up vaccination up to age 26. It provides details on the available HPV vaccines and their efficacy, safety and recommended dosage schedules.
Cancer screening - Evidence, Expected benefits, Methods and Current Recommend...Alok Gupta
This document provides information about cancer screening and recommendations for different types of cancer. It discusses the major cancers in India like breast, cervical, colon, oral, lung and prostate cancer. For each cancer, it covers epidemiology, screening methods, benefits and recommendations. Screening can detect cancers early and reduce cancer deaths. Regular screening is recommended for certain populations based on risk factors like age, gender and family history. The key screening tests discussed are mammography, Pap smear, fecal occult blood test, colonoscopy, visual oral exam, low-dose CT scan and PSA testing. Screening can detect breast, cervical and colon cancers early and reduce deaths by 30%, 70% and 25% respectively.
Evidence Based Guide of Screening for Prevention of Cervical Cancer Lifecare Centre
This document discusses cervical cancer prevention in India. It notes that India accounts for about 23-25% of new cervical cancer cases and deaths worldwide despite having only about 16% of the world's female population. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially types 16 and 18, is responsible for nearly all cervical cancer cases. The document recommends primary prevention through HPV vaccination and secondary prevention via cervical cancer screening to detect and treat precancerous lesions. However, it notes that current cervical cancer screening coverage in India is very low at only about 2.6% of the female population, highlighting the need to scale up screening efforts.
Cervical cancer develops in the cervix and is most often caused by HPV infection. A Pap test screens for abnormal or precancerous cervical cells, and if abnormalities are detected further tests like colposcopy and biopsy may be used to diagnose cervical cancer or determine if precancerous cells require treatment. Maintaining regular Pap tests is important for early detection of cervical cancer since treatment is most successful when caught early.
The document discusses guidelines for cervical cancer screening, including incorporating HPV testing. It finds that HPV testing for women over 30 with ASCUS can reduce unnecessary colposcopies by identifying HPV-negative patients with very low risk. However, HPV testing also poses problems like increased anxiety and many HPV-positive women referred for colposcopy having normal results. Overall, HPV testing may help triage some abnormal pap results but also adds new issues to consider.
- The document discusses recommendations for HPV vaccination from international health organizations. It notes that nearly all cervical cancer cases are caused by HPV and cervical cancer disproportionately impacts women in low and middle income countries.
- Recent evidence from trials shows that a single dose of HPV vaccine can provide similar efficacy to 2-3 doses in preventing cervical precancer and cancer. A single dose schedule could make vaccination programs more affordable and scalable.
- India recently launched its first indigenous HPV vaccine. Experts argue that a national single-dose HPV vaccination program for adolescents in India could substantially reduce cervical cancer rates and help eliminate the disease in the country.
HPV Diseases More Than Cervical Cancer, Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
HPV Disease . Cervical cancer , prevention cervical cancer , HPV prevention , cancer prevention , Human Papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer prevention
Primary High Risk HPV Testing with Cyctology TriagePHEScreening
1) Primary testing for high-risk HPV will replace cytology-based screening as the initial test in the NHS cervical screening program. Women who test positive for high-risk HPV will receive cytology triage, while HPV-negative women will be returned to routine recall.
2) A large trial showed primary HPV testing improved sensitivity over cytology alone. A pilot of primary HPV testing confirmed benefits and informed clinical protocols.
3) Women will receive results and follow-up management based on HPV and cytology results, with longer recall for HPV-negative women and colposcopy referral for HPV-positive women with abnormal cytology.
Cervical cancer global burden and where do we stand todayNiranjan Chavan
Cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer in women worldwide but most common cause of cancer related death in India.
All over the world, including India, there is decreasing trend of cervical cancer.
Join Dr. Kara Long Roche, Associate Director of the Gynecologic Oncology Fellowship Program at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, as she breaks down new advancements in ovarian cancer research and treatment.
Breast cancer screening programs aim to detect cancer early before symptoms appear. While screening guidelines vary, organizations generally recommend mammography every 1-2 years for women ages 50-69. In India, there is no organized screening program and detection usually occurs once symptoms develop. Risk factors for early-onset breast cancer include dense breasts and a family history of breast cancer. Screening women in their 40s can reduce breast cancer mortality, but also risks false positives and overdiagnosis. Genetic testing identifies mutations associated with high breast cancer risk.
HPV Infection , HPV Vaccination , Cervical cancer , Cancer in India , Dr. SHA...Lifecare Centre
HPV inefection , HPV disease prevention, Cervical cancer prevention , Cervical cancer treatment, Female cancer , Female cancer prevention , Uterine cancer , Cancer in india
Cervical cancer is caused by persistent HPV infection in the cervix. HPV is very common and spread through skin to skin genital contact. While most HPV infections go away on their own, persistent infections can lead to cervical cancer if not addressed. Regular Pap screening can detect pre-cancerous cells early so they can be treated before they develop into cancer. Prevention strategies include HPV vaccination, smoking cessation, condom use, and limiting sexual partners. Abnormal Pap results may require further tests like colposcopy or biopsies. Early cervical cancer is highly curable, especially when caught through regular screening.
Human Papilloma Virus : Cervical Cancer and VaccinesAbhijit Chaudhury
HPV is known to cause cervical cancer. The history of understanding the link between HPV and cervical cancer began in the late 1800s and early 1900s when the infectious nature of genital warts was discovered. In the 1970s, an association between HPV infection of the cervix and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was recognized. In 1983, HPV types 16 and 18 were discovered in cervical cancer cells, and in 2008 the discoverer was awarded the Nobel Prize for establishing the causal link between HPV and cervical cancer. HPV is a small non-enveloped virus that replicates in squamous epithelial cells and causes warts. Certain high-risk HPV types can lead to cancer by disrupting the
This document discusses Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and cervical cancer. It describes the different types of HPV and their association with cervical lesions and cancer. It provides information on HPV vaccination, including efficacy against cervical lesions, safety, and recommendations for vaccination of girls ages 9-13.
O documento descreve o vírus do papiloma humano (HPV), incluindo que é transmitido sexualmente e infecta áreas genitais, causando verrugas e aumentando o risco de câncer do colo do útero. Também discute a importância da vacinação e do rastreamento para prevenir infecções e lesões precoces.
Cervical cancer develops in the cervix and is caused primarily by certain strains of HPV. Regular Pap tests are important for screening and early detection of cervical cancer, as finding and treating precancerous cells or early-stage cancer greatly improves prognosis. An abnormal Pap test result may indicate infection, inflammation, or precancerous cells and requires follow up care such as HPV testing, repeat Pap tests, colposcopy, or cervical biopsy to determine the appropriate treatment or management approach.
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. The document discusses opportunities and challenges for cervical cancer prevention including new HPV vaccines and screening assays. It provides an overview of HPV vaccines, countries that have introduced them, and challenges to introduction. Monitoring vaccine coverage and impact is also discussed.
This document discusses the mechanisms by which DNA and RNA viruses can transform cells and cause cancer. It explains that viruses can integrate their genetic material into host cell DNA, activating oncogenes and inactivating tumor suppressor genes. This disrupts the normal cell growth and division processes. Oncogenic viruses are classified based on their genetic material as either DNA tumor viruses or RNA tumor viruses, which are retroviruses. The document provides examples of specific human oncogenic viruses and discusses how viral oncogenes activate and the multi-step process of oncogenesis. Both acute and chronic transforming retroviruses are described.
Gardasil - Do we need Cervical Cancer Vaccine in India?Gaurav Gupta
The document provides an overview of HPV disease and the case for HPV vaccination. It discusses the high global and Indian disease burden of cervical cancer caused by HPV, with India accounting for over 27% of new cervical cancer cases and deaths worldwide despite having a small fraction of the global population. Clinical trial data demonstrates over 90% efficacy of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in preventing cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancers and genital warts caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. Long-term follow up studies show sustained immune memory response and protection for over 7 years. Worldwide and Indian guidelines recommend HPV vaccination for girls aged 9-14 years.
The document discusses the Pap smear test, including its history, procedure, interpretation, and management of abnormal results. It was developed by Dr. Arivendran to provide guidance on Pap smears. Key points include:
- The Pap test involves collecting cells from the cervix and vagina using spatulas or brushes, fixing and staining the cells, and examining them microscopically.
- An optimal sample includes cells from the transformation zone where most cervical abnormalities occur.
- Abnormal results are categorized using the Bethesda system and may indicate infection, inflammation, dysplasia or cancer.
- Management depends on the abnormality but may include treatment, repeated testing, or colpos
2014 ACOG guidelines on human papilloma virus vaccinationZeena Nackerdien
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is classified into high-risk and low-risk types based on their association with cancers and diseases. High-risk HPV types 16 and 18 cause approximately 70% of cervical cancers, while low-risk types like HPV 6 and 11 cause genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Approved vaccines like the bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines target high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 and can help prevent HPV-related cancers if administered to adolescents and young women. The American Committee of Obstetricians and Gynecology recommends routinely co-administering the HPV vaccine with other adolescent vaccines at age 11 to improve vaccination rates and help prevent HPV-associated diseases and
Human papilloma virus in oropharyngeal cancersAhmad Qudah
This document discusses human papillomavirus (HPV) and its link to oropharyngeal cancers. It defines HPV as a small, double-stranded DNA virus that can cause warts, cancers, and sexually transmitted diseases. Certain HPV types, such as 16 and 18, have a strong association with cancers like cervical cancer and oropharyngeal cancer. HPV is diagnosed through tests like Pap smears, biopsies, and PCR. While there is no treatment for HPV itself, vaccines are available to protect against the types of HPV that commonly cause cancer. The rates of oropharyngeal cancer, which can be caused by HPV, have been rising, particularly in men who have sex with men.
Viruses are responsible for approximately 20% of cancers in humans. Certain viruses have been directly linked to specific cancer types, such as hepatitis B and C viruses which cause hepatocellular carcinoma of the liver. Retroviruses like human T-cell lymphotropic virus can also trigger leukemia. Vaccines now exist for hepatitis B and human papillomaviruses, which are associated with cervical and other anogenital cancers. With new techniques, more virus-cancer links will likely be discovered in the coming years.
Cancer arises from normal cells whose nature is permanently changed, causing them to multiply rapidly and not be subject to normal control. Oncogenes are genes capable of transforming normal cells into cancerous cells and result from mutations of normal proto-oncogenes. Both DNA and RNA tumor viruses can transform cells through integration into the host cell DNA, which results in loss of growth control and tumor formation. Retroviruses contain oncogenes (v-onc) that are homologous to cellular proto-oncogenes (c-onc) and can induce transformation after mutation or other changes to the cell's genome.
The document discusses the Pap smear screening test for cervical cancer. It describes how Pap smears have reduced cervical cancer incidence by 80% and mortality by 70% by allowing for treatment of pre-cancerous lesions. Screening should begin within 3 years of becoming sexually active and can typically decrease in frequency to every 2-3 years after 3 normal annual tests. Screening may stop at age 70 after recent negative tests or hysterectomy. The document outlines the anatomy of the cervix and squamo-columnar junction, techniques for Pap smear collection, abnormal findings, screening guidelines, and accuracy of Pap smears.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection with over 100 types. More than 60 types can cause skin warts while high risk types 16, 18, 45 and 31 cause most cervical cancers. Genital HPV infections are very common among sexually active individuals, with about 20 million people infected at any time. HPV is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity and infected birth canals. While warts can be removed, the virus itself cannot be cured as it may grow back, but vaccines exist to protect against high risk HPV types.
This document outlines the procedures for performing a Pap smear test. It describes obtaining a cervical cell sample, the timing of the test in relation to a woman's menstrual cycle and sexual activity. It lists the necessary equipment and supplies. It provides instructions for preparing the patient, performing the test, and following up with the patient based on the test results.
This document summarizes information about oncogenic viruses. It begins with definitions of oncoviruses and tumor viruses. It then estimates that viruses cause approximately 18% of human cancers. Several important historical discoveries are outlined, such as the first demonstration that avian sarcoma leukosis virus could cause leukemia when transmitted between chickens. Mechanisms by which viruses can cause cancer are discussed, such as by inserting oncogenes into host cells. Several specific DNA and RNA viruses that are known to cause cancer are described, including their associated cancer types. Precautions to prevent viral infection during cancer treatment are provided. In conclusion, viruses can stimulate cell proliferation and cause cancer through various mechanisms such as modifying proto-oncogenes or stimulating growth.
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) refers to precancerous changes in the cervix. CIN is graded as mild, moderate, or severe dysplasia based on the level of the epithelium involved. High-risk HPV infection is the main cause. Screening includes Pap testing and HPV testing. Colposcopy is used to examine abnormal areas. Treatment options range from observation to local destruction procedures for mild disease and excision for more severe disease. Vaccination can protect against HPV types 16 and 18.
What Are the Key Statistics About Cervical Cancer?
The American Cancer Society's estimates for cervical cancer in the United States for 2017 are:
About 12,820 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed.
About 4,210 women will die from cervical cancer.
Cervical pre-cancers are diagnosed far more often than invasive cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer was once one of the most common causes of cancer death for American women. But over the last 40 years, the cervical cancer death rate has gone down by more than 50%. The main reason for this change was the increased use of the Pap test. This screening procedure can find changes in the cervix before cancer develops. It can also find cervical cancer early − in its most curable stage.
Cervical cancer tends to occur in midlife. Most cases are found in women younger than 50. It rarely develops in women younger than 20. Many older women do not realize that the risk of developing cervical cancer is still present as they age. More than 15% of cases of cervical cancer are found in women over 65. However these cancers rarely occur in women who have been getting regular tests to screen for cervical cancer before they were 65. See the section, " Can cervical cancer be prevented?" and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Early Detection for more information about tests used to screen for cervical cancer.
In the United States, Hispanic women are most likely to get cervical cancer, followed by African-Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and whites. American Indians and Alaskan natives have the lowest risk of cervical cancer in this country.
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- Risk factors include early sexual activity, multiple partners, smoking, and immunosuppression.
- Prevention involves HPV vaccines and screening like Pap tests or HPV tests. Abnormal results may require further tests or treatment.
- Stages of cervical cancer are described along with management approaches like surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy depending on the stage. Recurrence is managed based on prior treatment and extent of disease. The goal is elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem by 2030.
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This document summarizes gynecologic cancer screening recommendations presented by Dr. Ashley Haggerty. It discusses screening guidelines for cervical cancer using Pap tests and HPV testing, noting a shift to less frequent screening. It also covers HPV vaccination and notes its effectiveness in preventing cervical cancer. For ovarian cancer, the document indicates screening is not currently recommended due to lack of evidence showing reduced mortality. It concludes by discussing debates around annual pelvic exams.
The document discusses HPV and its link to various cancers. It explains that HPV is a virus that can cause warts and some cancers like cervical cancer. Persistent high-risk HPV infections can lead to pre-cancerous lesions and some cancers over time if left undetected and untreated. The document also discusses HPV vaccines that can help prevent HPV infections and reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers.
The document discusses HPV and its link to various cancers. It explains that HPV is a virus that can cause warts and some cancers like cervical cancer. Persistent high-risk HPV infections can lead to pre-cancerous lesions and some cancers over time if left undetected and untreated. The document also discusses HPV vaccines that can help prevent HPV infections and reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers.
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- Cervical cancer is a major problem in India, with over 200 women dying from it daily.
- HPV infection is the main cause, with types 16 and 18 responsible for over 75% of cases.
- Screening through Pap smears and HPV testing can detect pre-cancerous lesions early and prevent cervical cancer by treating these lesions.
- Other prevention methods include the HPV vaccine.
- Colposcopy is used to examine the cervix in more detail if abnormal cells are found on screening.
Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV infection is very common and in most cases does not cause health problems, but some high-risk HPV types can cause cervical cancer over many years if left untreated. Screening through regular Pap tests can detect pre-cancerous changes early so they can be treated before they develop into invasive cancer. A new HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers.
This document discusses HPV, its link to cervical cancer, and CERVAVAC, an indigenous HPV vaccine developed in India. It provides background on HPV, noting it is the most common STI and can cause several cancers including cervical cancer. It explains how HPV evades the immune system and its lifecycle in the cervix. It classifies HPV types as high-risk or low-risk and notes that high-risk HPV 16 and 18 cause over 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. It discusses cervical cancer signs, symptoms and prevention methods like education, screening via Pap tests, and vaccination. It provides an overview of CERVAVAC, India's first indigenous HPV vaccine, and its goal of being affordable and
Human papiloma virus and its association to Cervical Cancer
HPV in Saudi Arabia .
Currently I am working in Arar Central Hospital, in Arar city
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Cervical cancer screening guidelines from the American Academy of Family Practice recommend the following:
- For women ages 21-29, cytology (Pap test) alone every 3 years.
- For women ages 30-65, co-testing with cytology and HPV testing every 5 years or cytology alone every 3 years.
- Nearly all cervical cancers are caused by persistent infection with high-risk HPV genotypes like HPV-16 and HPV-18. Screening aims to detect precancerous lesions that may develop due to prolonged HPV infection so they can be treated before developing into invasive cancer.
Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and is preventable through vaccination and screening. Screening via the Pap test can detect precancerous changes in the cervix so that treatment can prevent the development of cancer. Getting regular Pap tests beginning at age 21 or within three years of becoming sexually active can help prevent cervical cancer, as can vaccination against HPV.
Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and develops slowly over time. Screening through regular Pap tests can detect precancerous changes in the cervix so they can be treated before cancer develops. Most cervical cancers are preventable with vaccination against HPV and appropriate screening. Screening guidelines recommend annual Pap tests beginning at age 21 and can be less frequent or stop at age 70 if previous results have been normal. Abnormal results may require further tests like colposcopy and HPV testing and possible treatment of precancerous lesions.
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This document discusses prevention of breast and cervical cancer in women. It covers leading causes of death for women, risk factors, screening methods, symptoms, and preventive measures. The key points are:
1) Heart disease, cancer, and stroke are the top three leading causes of death for women. Cancer screening and treatments have improved survival rates to 66% for people diagnosed between 1966-2002.
2) Risk factors for cancer include age, family history, lifestyle factors like smoking, and genetic conditions. Screening methods include self-exams, clinical exams, mammography, and HPV testing to detect cancers early.
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This document summarizes primary and secondary prevention strategies for cervical cancer in Saudi Arabia. It begins with epidemiological data showing cervical cancer rates are lower in Saudi Arabia than worldwide but there is currently no organized screening program. It then reviews the role of HPV in causing cervical cancer and limitations of traditional Pap smear screening including sensitivity. The document discusses how HPV testing may improve screening through use as a primary test or to triage abnormal Pap results. Large clinical trials show HPV testing is more sensitive for detecting cervical precancers. The document concludes by stating vaccination could provide active primary prevention against HPV types that cause cervical cancer.
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In this webinar, Dr. Durand will review the changing landscape of HPV-related diseases and cancers. She will discuss methods of HPV prevention for current cancer patients and cancer survivors. Attendees will learn about the evidence for HPV vaccination in adults. Practical tips will be provided on how to access HPV vaccination.
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Persistent infection with certain high-risk HPV types is the main risk factor for cervical cancer. Screening through cervical smears and HPV testing can detect pre-cancerous lesions early, leading to treatment and prevention of invasive cancer. The HPV vaccine protects against HPV types 16 and 18, which cause approximately 75% of cervical cancers. While HPV infection is common, only a small portion progresses to cancer, so screening remains important to detect the minority of cases that may develop despite vaccination.
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Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
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2. 2
Presentation Overview
• Cervical cancer 101
– Cause: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
– “Natural history”
– Treatment
• Preventing cervical cancer
– Avoiding exposure to HPV
– Current screening guidelines
– The new HPV vaccines
3. 3
Cervical Cancer 101
• Abnormal cell growth on cervix (lowest
part of the uterus)
• Caused by HPV infection, especially
during the first years after puberty
• Pre-cancerous changes long before
invasive cancer develops
• Rarely fatal in this country
• A major cause of death worldwide
4. 4
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
• Long known to cause warts
• Found in many cancers too
• Over 100 types identified
• Most benign, but 15-20 can
cause cancers
• Very common
– 20,000,000 current cases in US
– 6,200,000 new cases annually
– 80% of women have HPV by age 50
– 50% of college students are infected
5. 5
HPV & Cervical Cancer
• HPV recognized as the underlying cause ofHPV recognized as the underlying cause of
cervical cancer since 1996cervical cancer since 1996
– NIH Consensus Conference on Cervical Cancer,
1996
– World Health Organization/European Research
Organization on Genital Infection and Neoplasia,
1996
6. 6
Common HPV Types and their effects
HPV Types Lead to:
Low-Risk
High-Risk
HPV 6, 11,
40,, 42, 43, 44,
54, 61, 70, 72, 81
HPV 16, 18,
31, 33, 35, 39,
45, 51, 52, 56,
58, 59, 68, 73, 82
Benign cervical changes
Genital warts
Precancer cervical changes
Cervical cancer
Anal and other cancers
1. Cox. Baillière’s Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;9:1.
2. Munoz et al. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:518.
7. 7
Human Papillomavirus
Cancer of cervix 100%
Cancer of esophagus .
Cancer of skin .
Cancer of X,Y,Z…. .
Cancer of mouth 3%
Cancer of throat 12%
Cancer of penis 40%
Cancer of vulva, vagina 40%
Cancer of anus 90%
Parkin DM et al. CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55:74-108.
8. 8
Natural History of HPV Infections
• Sexually transmitted
• Usually no symptoms
• No treatment for HPV infection before symptoms
• Immune system clears most cases; some persist
• HPV present in >99% of cervical cancers
• High risk types (16, 18) associated with cancer
• Low risk types (6, 11) are associated with genital
warts
• All can cause abnormal Pap tests
Human Papillomavirus. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 61. 2005; 105: 905-18.
9. 9
Co-factors for HPV Infection
•Smoking
•HIV infection
•Other immune system defect
•Pregnancy
•Oral contraceptive use
Ferris et al. Modern Colposcopy. 2004.
10. 10
HPV and Cervical Cancer Rates
by Age
1. Sellors et al. CMAJ. 2000;163:503.
2. Ries et al. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Cancer Stats NCI, 1973-1997. 2000.
Age (Years)
HPVPrevalence(%)
40-4415-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 45-49 50-54
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Cancerincidenceper100,000
11. 11
HPV Infections: Summary
• Most people are infected by HPV at some time
• Immune system usually clears HPV, but not always
• Persistent low-risk HPV can lead to genital warts
• Persistent high-risk HPV can lead to pre-cancer
HPV
Long persistence of HPV can
lead to cancer
12. 12
Preventing Cervical Cancer
• Screening for precancerous changes
(and treatment if problems found)
• Vaccination against HPV
13. 13
History of the Conventional
Pap Smear
• Developed by Dr. George N.
Papanicolaou in 1940’s
• Most common cancer
screening test
• Key part of annual
gynecologic examination
• Has greatly reduced cervical
cancer mortality in U.S.
Ferris et al. Modern Colposcopy. 2004: 2-4, 49.
Photo accessed from http://www.cytology-iac.org/Cytopaths/1998/cytoFall98.htm
14. 14
Screening with the
Conventional Pap Smear
• Widely available
• Inexpensive
• But not perfect
– Screening test – not diagnostic
– 7-10% of women need further evaluation
– Low sensitivity – need regular repeats
Cervical Cytology Screening. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 45. 2003; 102:417-27.
15. 15
New Liquid Pap Tests
• More accurate test
– Thin, uniform layer of cells
– Screening errors reduced by
half
• Screening needed less often
• Can test for HPV with same
specimen if abnormal cells
found
• Expensive
Linder J. et al. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998; 122: 139-144.
16. 16
Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines
• First screen 3 years after first
intercourse or by age 21
• Screen annually with regular Paps or
every 2 years with liquid-based tests
• After three normal tests, can go to
every three years
• Stop at 65-70 years with history of
negative tests
• Still need annual check-ups
Cervical Cytology Screening. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 45. 2003; 102:417-27.
17. 17
NEW! The HPV Vaccine
Gardasil ® (Merck)
• Protects against types 16, 18, 6, 11
• FDA approved for use in females 9-26 years of age
• Prevents HPV infection; doesn’t treat existing infection
• Virus-like particles (VLP)
• Highly effective
• Safe, few serious adverse side effects
• Requires 3 injections
• Expensive ($360 + administrative fees)
Smith, RA et al. Cancer. 2003;53(1): 27-43.
18. 18
HPV Vaccine
ACOG Recommendations
VACCINATE allVACCINATE all females 9-26 years old,
regardless of sexual activity
• Less potential benefit with increasing age & number of sexual
partners
Special populations – vaccine less effective
• Previous abnormal Pap tests or genital warts
• Immunocompromised
Continue screening with Pap tests!Continue screening with Pap tests!
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 344. 2006; 108: 699-705.
19. 19
NOT CURRENTLY RECOMMENDEDNOT CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED
(Awaiting more evidence)(Awaiting more evidence)
Continue screening with Pap tests!Continue screening with Pap tests!
• Women over age 26
• Pregnant women
– If vaccine started before pregnancy, give
remaining dose(s) post-partum
• Breastfeeding women
• Men
HPV Vaccine
ACOG Recommendations
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 344. 2006; 108: 699-705.
20. 20
HPV Vaccine
Important Considerations
Continue screening with Pap tests!Continue screening with Pap tests!
• Vaccine is most effective before first sexual
intercourse – less effective in sexually active
women
• HPV testing before vaccine not
recommended
• Vaccine is not a treatment for current HPV
infection, genital warts, or pre-cancer
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 344. 2006; 108: 699-705.
21. 21
HPV Vaccine FAQ
• Vaccine will not cause HPV
– Virus-like particle vaccine (not live virus)
• HPV vaccines appear to be very safe
– Few major adverse events, but limited data
• Most side effects are minor
– Injection site reaction
• Potentially effective in preventing cervical cancer
(and other HPV-related cancers)
– BUT not all cancer-causing HPV types are covered by the
vaccine
Continue screening with Pap tests!Continue screening with Pap tests!
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 344. 2006; 108: 699-705.
22. 22
References
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. ACIP provisional recommendations for the use of quadrivalent HPV vaccine.
August 14, 2006. Accessed from http://www.cdc.gov/nip/recs/provisional_recs/hpv.pdf.
American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures 2003. Atlanta (GA): ACS 2003. Available at
http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2003PWSecured.pdf.
Apgar BS, et al. “The 2001 Bethesda System Terminology.” Am Fam Physician. 2003;68:1992–1998.
Cannistra SA, Niloff JM. “Cancer of the Uterine Cervix.” N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1030–1038.
Cates W Jr, and the American Social Health Association Panel. “Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually
transmitted diseases in the United States.” Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26(suppl):S2–S7.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rockville, Md: CDC National Prevention Information Network; 2004.
Cervical Cytology Screening. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 45. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet
Gynecol 2003; 102:417-27.
Cox. Baillière’s Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;9:1.
Ferris et al. Modern Colposcopy: Textbook and Atlas. 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt; 2004: 2-4, 49, 78-82.
Howley PM. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fields Virology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven;
2001:2197–2229.
Human Papillomavirus. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 61. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet
Gynecol 2005; 105: 905-18.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 344. American College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 699-705.
Hutchinson ML. et al. “Homogeneous sampling accounts for the increased diagnostic accuracy using the ThinPrep
Processor.” Am J Clin Pathol. 1994; 101:215-219.
Jansen KU, Shaw AR. ”Human Papillomavirus Vaccines and prevention of cervical cancer.” Annu Rev Med. 2004;55:319–
331.
Kodner CM, Nasraty S. “Management of genital warts.” Am Fam Physician. 2004;70:2335–2342.
Lacey CJN. “Therapy for genital human papillomavirus-related disease.” J Clin Virol. 2005;32(suppl):S82–S90.
Linder J. et al. “ThinPrep Papanicolaou testing to reduce false-negative cervical cytology.”Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998; 122:
139-144.
Management of Abnormal Cervical Cytology and Histology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 66. American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106: 645-64.
Maw RD, Reitano M, Roy M. “An international survey of patients with genital warts: perceptions regarding treatment and
impact on lifestyle.” Int J STD AIDS. 1998;9:571–578.
23. 23
References (Cont.)
McCrory DC, Matchar DB, Bastian L, et al. Evaluation of Cervical Cytology. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment
No. 5. AHCPR Publication No. 99-E010. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. February
1999.
Moscicki, A.B. et al. “Updating the natural history of HPV and anogenital cancer.” Vaccine. 2006; 24S3; 42-51.
Munoz et al. “Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer.” N Engl J
Med. 2003;348:518.
Ostor, AG. “Natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a critical review.” Int J Gynecol Pathol 1993; 12(2): 186-
92.
Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. “Global cancer statistics 2002.” CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55:74-108.
Ries et al. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Cancer Stats NCI, 1973-1997. 2000.
Saslow D et al. “American Cancer Society Guideline for the Early Detection of Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer.” CA
Cancer J Clin. 2002;52:342-362.
Schiffman M, Castle PE. “Human papillomavirus: Epidemiology and public health.” Arch Pathol Lab Med.
2003;127:930–934.
Schiffman M ASCCP 2002 Biennial Orlando, Fl.
Sellors et al. “Prevalence and predictors of human papillomavirus infection in women in Ontario, Canada.” CMAJ.
2000;163:503-8.
Smith, RA et al. “American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer, 2003.” Cancer. 2003;53(1):
27-43.
Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, et al, for the Forum Group Members and the Bethesda 2001 Workshop. JAMA.
2002;287:2114–2119.
Soper DE. In: Berek JS, ed. Novak’s Gynecology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002:453–
470.
Spitzer M, Johnson C. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 2002:41–72.
Wiley DJ, Douglas J, Beutner K, et al “External genital warts: diagnosis, treatment and prevention.” Clin Infect Dis.
2002;35(suppl 2):S210–S224.
Winer RL et al. “Genital human papillomavirus infection: Incidence and risk factors in a cohort of female university
students.” Am J Epidemiol. 2003; 157:218-226.
Wright, T.C. et al. “2001 Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Women with Cervical Cytological
Abnormalities.” JAMA. 2002; 287: 2120-2129.
USPSTF. 2003. Available at http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspscerv.htm.
24. 24
Questions?
Program sponsored by
Middle Earth
Slide set developed with help from
Dr. Kim Noyes
Preventive Medicine Resident, School of Public Health
Information provided by the New York State Department of Health,
Cancer Services Program
Please take a few momentsPlease take a few moments
to complete the evaluation!to complete the evaluation!
Editor's Notes
Key Point
There are many different types of HPV; of the 15–20 oncogenic types, HPV 16 and HPV 18 account for the majority of cervical cancers.
The disease burden is large. HPV is very prevalent, especially among young sexually active teens and adults.
Background
Papillomaviruses such as HPV are nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses. More than 100 HPV types have been detected, with >80 types sequenced and classified. Approximately 30–40 types of HPV are anogenital, of which 15–20 types are oncogenic. HPV Types 16 and 18 are oncogenic and account for about two thirds of all cervical cancers. HPV Types 6 and 11 are nononcogenic and are associated with external anogenital warts and RRP.
References
1. Schiffman M, Castle PE. Human papillomavirus: Epidemiology and public health. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127:930–934.
2. Wiley DJ, Douglas J, Beutner K, et al. External genital warts: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(suppl 2):S210–S224.
The causal role of human papillomavirus in all cancers of the cervix has been firmly established biologically and epidemiologically.
Reference: Munoz, N. et al. “HPV in the etiology of human cancer.” Vaccine 24S3 2006;24S3: 1-10.
Low-risk HPV types, such as types 6 and 11, most commonly cause benign low-grade cervical changes and genital warts.
Types 16 and 18 and other “high-risk” HPV types are the most common cause of low-grade cervical cell abnormalities, and almost exclusively cause high-grade cervical cell abnormalities that are precursors to invasive cervical cancer and other lower genital tract malignancies including vulvar, vaginal, penile and anal cancer.
The large IARC study of cervical cancers around the world demonstrated that over 90% of all of cervical cancers were associated with high-risk types of HPV
Irrespective of geographical area
43% to 65% of the cancers were associated with HPV 16
8% to 31% were associated with HPV 18.
Taken together, HPV 16 and 18 accounted for approximately two-thirds of all invasive cancers from all geographic areas.
References:
1. Cox. Baillière’s Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;9:1.2. Munoz et al. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:518.
HPV is implicated as the cause of cervical cancer and many other ano-genital cancers.
Reference: Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. “Global cancer statistics 2002.” CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55:74-108.
Genital HPV is transmitted sexually. Transmission occurs through contact with infected genital skin, mucous membranes, or body fluids from a partner with either overt or subclinical HPV infection. Other modes include oro-genital, manual-genital, and nonpenetrative genital-genital contact.
Covering infected areas with a latex condom provides theoretical protection from infection. Areas not covered by condom can transmit HPV infection.
Infrequently transmitted in the neonatal period, although published studies are conflicting.
Most HPV infections are transient and are cleared by the immune system
70-90% will clear within 1-2 years
Persistent HPV viral infections may lead to cancer and its precursors
No treatment for HPV infection but cervical changes and warts CAN be treated
Reference: Human Papillomavirus. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 61. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105: 905-18.
Co-factors to HPV in cervical carcinogenesis may act in at least 3 ways:
By influencing the acquisition of HPV infection (OCPs, multiparity)
By increasing the risk of HPV persistence (HIV, immunosuppresion)
By increasing the risk of progression from HPV infection to CIN 2,3 and cancer (smoking, multiparity)
Cigarette smoking is a significant and independent risk factor for the development of CIN3 and SCC of cervix, increasing RR 2-5 fold. Risk increases with increased intensity and duration of smoking. Mechanism is likely that tobacco containing carcinogens promote neoplastic progression in HPV infected cells.
HIV and other immunosupression cause an inability to clear HPV, increasing susceptibility to HPV and oncogenicity.
Multiparity has been found to be associated with both cervical cancer and CIN3 with risk rising with increased number of pregnancies. Effect is independent of sexual behavior and socioeconomic variables. Pregnancy-induced alterations in nutritional status, the effects of hormones on the cervix or on HPV expression, increased susceptibility to potential mutagens or effect of trauma at delivery are proposed mechanisms.
OCP use conveys a measurable increase in risk for SCC. The strongest evidence comes from an IARC multicenter case-control study demonstrating only a moderate association with cancer risk. Mechanism appears to be the physiologic effects such as eversion of the columnar epithelium, thus activating HPV-vulnerable immature squamous metaplasia.
Reference: Ferris et al. Modern Colposcopy. 2004: 2-4, 78-82..
This graph shows HPV prevalence and cervical cancer incidence as a function of a woman’s age.
Key observations
In younger women, there is a high prevalence of HPV infection but that cervical cancer is very rare.
As women age, the prevalence of HPV declines and the incidence of cancer increases.
Women over 30 years of age have a greater risk for developing high-grade lesions and cancer.
Women with persistent high-risk HPV infections are the population most at-risk for having or developing cervical cancer.
References:
1. Sellors et al. CMAJ. 2000;163:503.
2. Ries et al. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Cancer Stats NCI, 1973-1997. 2000.
**Note: Data from the CMAJ study was collected from women aged 15-49, whereas the SEER data reported cancer incidence in all age-segments of the population.
In summary
Most will get HPV at some time during their lifetime
Most, even with high-risk HPV, will clear or permanently suppress the virus.
However, some do not.
It is persistence of high-risk HPV that can lead to true pre-cancer
Long persistence of high-risk HPV and HPV-induced CIN3 are necessary for the accumulation of random mutations that lead to cancer.
Primary cervical cancer screening essentially began with the introduction of the Pap Smear.
Introduced in the 1940’s, by Dr. George N. Papanicolaou, the pap smear eventually became the standard screening test for cervical cancer and pre-malignant lesions.
The Pap test is based on a relatively simple principle. Cells from squamous epithelium exfoliate over time. Thus, the cells removed for cytologic examination represent epithelial cells, normal or abnormal, found at the surface.
Widespread use of the pap smear has decreased cervical cancer deaths by 70%.
Reference: Ferris et al. Modern Colposcopy. 2004: 2-4, 49.
Cervical cytology screening is, in many respects, the ideal screening test.
Cervical cancer has a defined premalignant phase of many years, which allows repeated tests to significantly reduce the impact of individual false-negative test results.
Cervical cytology is inexpensive and is readily accepted among American women.
However, cervical cytology, is not a diagnostic test. The sensitivity of the pap smear is low (ranges from 47-85%) and the specificity is high (95-98%).
Reference: Cervical Cytology Screening. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 45. 2003; 102:417-27.
In 1996, the FDA approved the first of two currently available liquid-based thin-layer cytology preparations for cervical screening.
Liquid-based thin-layer cervical cytology was introduced to help reduce the potential sampling errors. The Thin-Prep method appears to have increased sensitivity for detecting cancer precursor lesions over the conventional method, but the degree to which sensitivity is increased is unknown. The reported increase in sensitivity may make this method especially useful in women who are screened infrequently (fewer false negatives).
The difference in specificity between the liquid-based and conventional tests has not been determined. Although an increase in sensitivity will permit earlier detection of cancer precursor lesions, any decrease in specificity can result in increased cost and morbidity from false-positive diagnoses.
Both the conventional test and the liquid-based thin-layer test can be effective in population screening.
Providers selecting a cervical cytology method should consider the screening history of their patient, the cost of the test, and the possible effects of false-negative or false-positive results.
Reference: ACOG Practice Bulletin. Cervical Cytology Screening. 2003; 45:1-11.
The next several slides will review the newest guidelines for cervical cancer screening from the American Cancer Society, the United States Preventive Services Task Force and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
These guidelines specifically state how often screening should be done, when to initiate screening and when screening can be discontinued.
Reference: Cervical Cytology Screening. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 45. 2003; 102:417-27.
Key points:
The only currently available, FDA approved HPV vaccine is Gardasil, manufactured by Merck.
It is a quadrivalent vaccine, effective against 4 HPV types: 6, 11, 16, and 18.
Highly efficacious
Only approved for use in females 9-26 years old.
$120/dose plus cost of administering/physician charge, etc.
Reference: Cancer 2003;53(1): 27-43.
Important points:
Vaccination recommended for all females 9-26 years old.
Vaccine is most effective if administered before sexual activity
ACOG supports vaccination at 13-15 years of age during first visit to GYN
The vaccine can be given to women with previous CIN, abnormal cytology or genital warts, but it is not intended to treat these patients. Patients with these conditions should undergo the appropriate evaluation and treatment.
Women with suppressed immune systems can be vaccinated, although protection may be less than that of women with normal immune function.
Pap screening recommendations remain the same. The vaccine is a preventive tool and is not a substitute for cancer screening.
Reference: Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 344. 2006; 108: 699-705.
Important Points:
Vaccination of women over age 26 and of males is not currently recommended.
Pregnant women should not be vaccinated. The FDA classifies it as pregnancy category B. Although its use in pregnancy is not recommended, no teratogenic effects have been reported in animal studies. In clinical studies, the proportion of pregnancies with an adverse outcome were comparable in women who received the quadrivalent HPV vaccine and in women who received a placebo. If a woman discovers she is pregnant during the vaccine schedule, she should delay finishing the series until after she gives birth. The manufacturer’s pregnancy registry should be contacted if pregnancy is detected during the vaccination schedule.
It is unclear whether vaccine can be provided to women who are breastfeeding because inactivated vaccines do not affect the safety of breastfeeding for mothers or infants. It is not known whether vaccine antigens or antibodies found in the quadrivalent vaccine are excreted in human milk. ACOG and ACIP state that lactating women can receive the vaccine.
Reference: Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 344. 2006; 108: 699-705.
The Advisory Council on Immunization Practices has recommended the initial vaccination target of females aged 11 or 12. This is part of the “adolescent platform” that supports a routine well-child check at age 11-12 that would include discussion of HPV vaccine and other recommended immunizations (DTaP and Meningitis).
In summary
The earlier the vaccine is given, the better
Continue cervical cytology screening
Vaccine is prophylactic, not treatment
Reference: Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 344. 2006; 108: 699-705.
Health care providers are encouraged to discuss with their patients the benefits and limitations of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine and the need for continued routine cervical cytology screening.
Reference: Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 344. 2006; 108: 699-705.