Cervical cancer is the 13th most common cancer in Saudi women ages 15-44. The incidence rate in Saudi Arabia is low at 1.9 cases per 100,000 women. It is estimated that every year 152 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 55 die from the disease in Saudi Arabia. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes nearly all cases of cervical cancer; HPV integrates into host cells and expresses oncogenes that can lead to cancer over time if left untreated. Screening using the Pap test has significantly reduced cervical cancer rates in areas with organized screening programs by detecting pre-cancerous lesions early.
This presentation describes epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, clinical examination, staging and management of cervical carcinoma. SCREENING is not included
This is a concise presentation on the pathology of endometrial cancer based on the latest WHO female genital tumors latest edition, 5th edition
prepared on April 2022
this lecture for undergraduates, GP & gynecologists
it includes full simple explanation of CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)
how to do screening for cervical cancer
methods of screening that include pap smear and HPV testing
it also includes the diagnostic method for the cervical cancer by taking biopsy directed by colposcopy
colposcopy and its rule
how to deal with CIN different grades
follow up after CIN treatment
Cervical Cancer is common worldwide , ranking 3rd among all malignancies for women.
Second leading cause of cancer death.
Most of these cancers stem from infection with the Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV).
This presentation describes epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, clinical examination, staging and management of cervical carcinoma. SCREENING is not included
This is a concise presentation on the pathology of endometrial cancer based on the latest WHO female genital tumors latest edition, 5th edition
prepared on April 2022
this lecture for undergraduates, GP & gynecologists
it includes full simple explanation of CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)
how to do screening for cervical cancer
methods of screening that include pap smear and HPV testing
it also includes the diagnostic method for the cervical cancer by taking biopsy directed by colposcopy
colposcopy and its rule
how to deal with CIN different grades
follow up after CIN treatment
Cervical Cancer is common worldwide , ranking 3rd among all malignancies for women.
Second leading cause of cancer death.
Most of these cancers stem from infection with the Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV).
Presentation about the the second most common type of ovarian tumors which have a very unique property of being similar to the testicular germ cell tumors.
Advance in diagnosis & treatment of cancers has led to high cure rate & longer survival.
Nearly 1 in 12 cases detected before 40 years age.
Survivors have to face infertility or early menopause.
Fertility preservation in Cancer patientsArunSharma10
The need for fertility preservation
Chemotherapeutic drugs according to gonadotoxicity level
Fertility preservation: subject of continuous review by experts
Non-oncological conditions requiring fertility preservation
Delayed childbearing
AVAILABLE PROCEDURES FOR FP
Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation
Gain a deeper understanding of uterine and endometrial cancer symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and current research trends with Dr. Jason D. Wright, Division Chief of Gynecologic Oncology at New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center. This webinar is a collaboration with the Foundation for Women's Cancer.
The Cervical Cancer is the second most common cancers and it can be easily prevented by timely screening & proper education, awareness program for women.
Randomized comparison of adjuvant aromatase inhibitor exemestane (E) plus ovarian function suppression (OFS) vs tamoxifen (T) plus OFS in premenopausal women with hormone receptor positive (HR+) early breast cancer (BC):
Ovarian cancer usually happens in women over age 50, but it can also affect younger women. Its cause is unknown. Ovarian cancer is hard to detect early.
The sooner ovarian cancer is found and treated, the better your chance for recovery. But ovarian cancer is hard to detect early. Many times, women with ovarian cancer have no symptoms or just mild symptoms until the disease is in an advanced stage and hard to treat.
CANSA highlights the importance of screening and early detection for breast cancer as part of its Women’s Health Campaign this October.
http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
Apart from non-melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women of all races, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 35 in South Africa, according to the 2007 National Cancer Registry.
“We encourage all women to conduct regular self-examinations once a month. Know how your breasts look and feel – discuss any changes you observe with your health practitioner. It’s also very important to go for a mammogram every year from the age of 40,”
Presentation about the the second most common type of ovarian tumors which have a very unique property of being similar to the testicular germ cell tumors.
Advance in diagnosis & treatment of cancers has led to high cure rate & longer survival.
Nearly 1 in 12 cases detected before 40 years age.
Survivors have to face infertility or early menopause.
Fertility preservation in Cancer patientsArunSharma10
The need for fertility preservation
Chemotherapeutic drugs according to gonadotoxicity level
Fertility preservation: subject of continuous review by experts
Non-oncological conditions requiring fertility preservation
Delayed childbearing
AVAILABLE PROCEDURES FOR FP
Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation
Gain a deeper understanding of uterine and endometrial cancer symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and current research trends with Dr. Jason D. Wright, Division Chief of Gynecologic Oncology at New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center. This webinar is a collaboration with the Foundation for Women's Cancer.
The Cervical Cancer is the second most common cancers and it can be easily prevented by timely screening & proper education, awareness program for women.
Randomized comparison of adjuvant aromatase inhibitor exemestane (E) plus ovarian function suppression (OFS) vs tamoxifen (T) plus OFS in premenopausal women with hormone receptor positive (HR+) early breast cancer (BC):
Ovarian cancer usually happens in women over age 50, but it can also affect younger women. Its cause is unknown. Ovarian cancer is hard to detect early.
The sooner ovarian cancer is found and treated, the better your chance for recovery. But ovarian cancer is hard to detect early. Many times, women with ovarian cancer have no symptoms or just mild symptoms until the disease is in an advanced stage and hard to treat.
CANSA highlights the importance of screening and early detection for breast cancer as part of its Women’s Health Campaign this October.
http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
Apart from non-melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women of all races, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 35 in South Africa, according to the 2007 National Cancer Registry.
“We encourage all women to conduct regular self-examinations once a month. Know how your breasts look and feel – discuss any changes you observe with your health practitioner. It’s also very important to go for a mammogram every year from the age of 40,”
Cancer screening may discover many dormant, regressing, or slowly progressing tumors that would not have affected the screened individuals. Such findings with there therapies are obviously harmful. This lecture is highly based on the book "over diagnosed" by H. Gilbert Welch and was presented in 2013 to KFSH-Dammam physicians
Nulife module 6 screening for malignancies editedManinder Ahuja
These six modules from 2-7 are on mid life health care of women and were made with intention of training general gynecologist and other speciality into care of mid life women and have Mid Life OPD cards as mainstay of care.
breast cancer
cancer
epidemiology
community medicine
awareness of breast cancer
سرطان الثدي
وبائيات سرطان الثدي
epidemiology of breast cancer
prevention of breast cancer
risk factors of breast cancer
epidemiology of breast cancer in iraq
sign and symptoms of breast cancer
location of breast cancer
A prospective study of breast lump andclinicopathologicalanalysis in relation...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Welcoming remarks by Dr Osborne E Nyandiva on Symposium: Cervical cancer and its prevention
Co-Presenter Dr Giama. We are happy to present to you this very crucial discussion on Cancer.
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman's cervix (the entrance to the womb from the vagina).
Cancer of the cervix often has no symptoms in its early stages. If you do have symptoms, the most common is unusual vaginal bleeding, which can occur after sex, in between periods or after the menopause.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Cervical cancer
1. Cervical Cancer
KHALID SAIT FRCSC
PROFESSOR
COLLAGE OF MEDICINE
KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY
DIRECTOR OF GYNECOLOGICAL ONCOLOGY UNIT
2. Cancer of Cervix
According to the Saudi registry 2007
Is the 13th most frequent cancer in saudi women and the 6th in women age 15-44 years
This is in contrast to Canada where it is the second most common cancer
The incidence rate in Saudi Arabia is
one of the lowest in the world at 1.9 cases per 100,000
women, accounting for 2.6% of diagnosed cancer cases in
women .
3. In Canada, where they have active screening, the
most recent cervical cancer rate is 7 cases per 100,000
women and the most recent mortality rate is 3 deaths per
100,000 women. Prior to the introduction of screening,
the rates were greater than 25 cases per 100,000 women,
which is comparable to current rates in many nations in Central America
4. Current estimates in Saudi Arabia indicate that every
year, 152 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 55
die from the disease.
It is anticipated that as the population
ages, there will be a dramatic increase in the incidence of
cervical cancer. The estimated number of new cervical cancer cases and deaths in
2025 are 309 and 117,
8. On December 10 /
2008. a Nobel Prize
awarded for finding
HPV and proving its
link to cervical
cancer to
Dr Harad Zur Hausen
9. Human papillomavirus
n HPV is a relatively small virus1
containing circular double-stranded DNA
within a spherical shell (capsid)1
100 nm
1. Burd EM. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16:1–17.
10. Global HPV Statistics
16.6%4
Concordia, Argentina
40.2%–41.6%6
Harare, Zimbabwe
13.3%2
Ontario, Canada
18%*,7
Shanxi Province, China
*Among women 30–45 years of age
1. World Health Organization; 2001. Available at: http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/hpvrd/shtml. Accessed July 12, 2004.
2. Sellors JW, Mahony JB, Kaczorowski J, et al. CMAJ. 2000;163:503–508. 3. Lazcano-Ponce E, Herrero R, Muñoz N, et al.
Int J Cancer. 2001;91:412–420. 4. Matos E, Loria D, Amestoy GM, et al. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30:593–599. 5. Clavel C,
Masure M, Bory JP, et al. Br J Cancer. 2001;84:1616–1623. 6. Blumenthal PD, Gaffikin L, Chirenje ZM, McGrath J,
Womack S, Shah K. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2001;72:47–53. 7. Belinson J, Qiao YL, Pretorius R, et al. Gynecol Oncol.
2001;83:439–444.
n Worldwide prevalence of HPV infection is
estimated to be between 9% and 13%: ~630
million infected individuals.1
n Estimated prevalence of HPV infection in selected
geographic areas:
14.5%3
Morelos State, Mexico
15.3%5
Reims, France
14. How can HPV infection lead to cervical cancer?
n There are several steps in the pathway from HPV infection to cervical cancer
n Initial infection – viral entry into target basal epithelial
cells
n HPV integrates into the host genome
n HPV oncogenes (E6 & E7) are expressed
n Cytogenetic instability results
n Genetic changes allow uncontrolled cell growth
(immortalization)
n Malignant transformation to cervical carcinoma occurs
15.
16.
17.
18. Progression of cervical
carcinogenesis
Normal
cervix
Mild cytological abnormalities
and/or CIN1
Cervical
cancer
Progression
Infection
HPV-
infected
cervix
Precancer
Persistent
infection
CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; CIN1 = CIN grade 1
Precancer is equivalent to CIN2/3
Adapted from Schiffman M & Kruger Kjaer S. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2003; 31:14–19.
CIN1: 57%
CIN2: 43%
CIN3: 32%
Clearance
:
Months Years > 20 years
19.
20.
21. Cancer of the Cervix
Clinical presentation
n Abnormal vaginal bleeding
n Postmenopausal Vaginal bleeding
n Vaginal discharge
n Pain
n Asymptomatic
23. Cancer of the Cervix
Histological types
n Squamous cell carcinoma:cell
size/keratin/grade
n Adenocarcinoma
( endocervical ,
endometroid, villoglandular,
serious and clear cell)
n Adenosquamous
n Anaplastic small cell
carcinoma
(neuroendocrine type )
n Sarcoma
n Melanoma
n Lymphoma
24. Cancer of the Cervix
Mode of spread
n Direct
n Lymphatic
n Hematogenous
25. Cancer of the Cervix
Investigations
n EUA
n Complete blood count
n Liver function test
n Renal function tests
n CXR/IVP or CT
n Cystoscopy
n Sigmoidoscopy
26. Cancer of the Cervix
FIGO Staging ( clinical )
n I - Tumour confined to the cervix
n II- Upper 2/3 vagina / parametrium.
n III- Lower 1/3 vagina / pelvic side wall
or hydronephrosis
n IV- Adjacent organ / Distant metastasis
27. Cancer of Cervix
Prognostic Factors
n Stage/extend of
parametrial involvement
and margin
n Bulkiness/volume of
tumours
n LVS and nodal
involvement
n Technique: linac. vs
cobalt / point A dose/
RT delay / brachy
expertise
n Performance status/age/co-
morbidity/socioeconomic
n Tumour type-HPV, grade
n DNA poloidy
n Proliferation markers-
apoptosis index/SF2
n Raf kinase, p53
mutation,VEGF
n Tissue / tumour hypoxia/HG
level
28. Cancer of the Cervix
Treatment of patients
n Radical
Hysterectomy and
lymphadnectomy
n Radiation Therapy
and chemotherapy
34. The role of
chemotherapy
n To improve the results of RT
n Concurrent chemo during RT, (standard)
5 out of 7 randomized trails had shown
survival benefit (10-15%) with 50% reduction
in mortality.
n Cisplatin is the most active single agent
35. RECURRENT CERVICAL CANCER
n Treatment depends on:
n Site of recurrence
n Mode of primary therapy
n Pelvic recurrence after RH will be treated with
external beam radiation and possible brachytherapy
n Central local recurrence: Pelvic Exenteration:
n Anterior
n Posterior
n Total
Distal Recurrence need palliative
treatment with chemotherapy
36.
37. Cancer of the Cervix
stage/survival
Stage 5 years
survival %
Ia1 100
Ia2 95
Ib1 85
Ib2 70
II 50-60
III-IV 10-40
40. Pap Smear
n The data for effectiveness of pap come from
case control and cohort studies rather than
RCT.
n Pap test become diffused so quickly that an
RCT was not possible
41. Evidence of Benefit
n Cervical cancer rates have fallen more than
50% in the past 30 years in the US. The
incidence of cervical cancer fell from 14.8 per
100,000 women in 1975 to 6.5 per 100,000
women in 2006.
n Iceland: 80% reduction in mortality over 20
years
n Finland: 50% reduction
n Sweden: 34% reduction
45. Source: ThinPrep Pap Test Package Insert
ThinPrep Pap Test: FDA Labeling
n November 1996
n Approved as a replacement for the conventional
Pap
46. l Cells are
collected
in a vial of
solution
l Fully automated
l Minimizes blood,
mucus, non-diagnostic
debris
Dispersion Cell
collection
Cell
transfe
r
Processor
Liquid Based Cytology
47. Conventional Pap Smear" Liquid Based Pap
Overcoming the Limitations of the
Conventional Pap Smear
l Majority of cells not captured
l Non-representative transfer of
cells
l Clumping and overlapping of cells
l Obscuring material
l Virtually all of sample is
collected
l Randomized, representative transfer
of cells
l Even distribution of cells
l Minimizes obscuring material
Source: Hutchinson ML, et al. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101:215-219.
48. for Cervical Cytology: The
2001 Bethesda System
n Two types of atypical squamous cells (ASC)4
n Atypical squamous cells of undetermined
significance (ASC-US)
n Atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade
squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASC-H)
n Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL)4
n Low-grade SIL (LSIL): HPV infection, cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN 1)
n High-grade SIL (HSIL): Moderate and severe
dysplasia, CIN 2/3, carcinoma in situ (CIS)
Normal1 ASCUS2 LSIL3 HSIL3
49.
50. ACOG revised recommendations
November 20, 2009
n From age 21 if married
n Women from ages 21 to 30 be screened every two
years instead of annually, using either the standard
Pap or liquid-based cytology.
n • Women age 30 and older who have had three
consecutive negative cervical cytology test results
may be screened once every three years with either
the Pap or liquid-based cytology.
n It is reasonable to stop cervical cancer screening at
age 65 or 70 among women who have three or more
negative cytology results in a row and no abnormal
test results in the past 10 years.
51. ACOG revised recommendations
November 20, 2009
n •. Routine cervical cytology testing should be
discontinued in women (regardless of age) who have:
had a total hysterectomy for noncancerous reasons,
as long as they have no history of high-grade CIN
n • Women with certain risk factors may need more
frequent screening, including those who have HIV, are
immunosuppressed, were exposed to diethylstilbestrol
(DES) in utero, and have been treated for cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2, CIN 3, or cervical
cancer.
61. Basic of HPV vaccination
n Stimulate B cells to
produce neutraliize
antibodies.
n Neutralizing
antibodies bind to
HPV’s outer shell (L 1
capsid protein) and
prevent infection of
host cells
Infection
No infection
HPV infects target cells in the basal
layer of the cervical epithelium
Neutralizing antibodies prevent HPV
from infecting basal epithelial cells
Basal cell layer
of cervical epithelium
1. Stanley M, et al. Vaccine 2006; 24(Suppl 3):S106–S113.
62. Active protection via vaccination is mediated by neutralizing
antibodies at the cervix
HPV
Cervical canal
Neutralizing antibodies
Blood vessel
Epithelial tear
Basement membrane
Cervical
epithelium
1. Stanley M. Vaccine 2006; 24:S16–S22;
2. Giannini S, et al. Vaccine 2006; 24:5937–5949;
3. Nardelli-Haefliger D, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1128–1137;
4. Poncelet S, et al. IPC 2007(poster).
63. Components of HPV Vaccine
n Virus like particals ( VLPS): mimic the
native virus structure
n Adjuvant
Adjuvants augment the specific immune response to vaccine antigens
n Aluminium-based compounds are the most widely used adjuvants
n AS04 was designed to enhance the immune response even more than
traditional adjuvants by incorporating the immunostimulant MPL
65. Product characteristics –
prophylactic HPV vaccines
CervarixTM1 Gardasil®2
Antigen VLPs of HPV 16 & 18 VLPs of HPV 16, 18, 6 & 11
Adjuvant AS04 (Al(OH)3 + MPL) AAHS
Expression
system
Baculovirus expression
vector
Yeast
Administration
0, 1 & 6 months
by intramuscular injection
0, 2 & 6 months
by intramuscular injection
1. CervarixTM. European Summary of Product Characteristics, 2007;
2. Gardasil®. European Summary of Product Characteristics, 2008.
66. HPV VACCINE
n Sustained high efficacy for up to 7.5 years
against HPV 16 and 18 incident and
persistent infections, and CIN1+ and CIN2+
lesions
n Modelling studies predict that high antibody
titres could be sustained for decades
n The actual duration of protection will only be
established by long-term efficacy studies
67. Even with the vaccine
pap smear should continue to
be done…..
69. Suggested Screening Strategy
n Use the high sensitivity of HPV test initially
n Digene Hybrid capture 2 test is suitable
n Positive HPV test has reflex pap testing
n If both positive colposcopy is performed
n If HPV neg repeat screen in 5 years
n If HPV +ve and pap neg, repeat HPV and pap in 1 year
71. Jeddah Cervical Screening
program
n What are the unique about this program
v Free test .
v For Saudi and Non Saudi.
v Screening , diagnosis ( colposcopy) and treatment in one
center
v Continuous follow up and recall and reminder
v Maintaining confidentiality
v Academic staff and comfortable environment
v Raise awareness and education on prevention methods
v Allow self registration online
v Kauh file is not required
72. Jeddah Cervical Screening
program
n Objectives of the program
v Decrease the incidence of cervical cancer.
v Early detection of preinvasive cervical disease.
v Provide treatment and optimal management for
patients with cervical cancer.
v Provide recall and reminder systems to ensure
adequate follow-up of women with screen-detected
abnormalities.
v Ensuring optimal quality of Pap smear reading
through a quality assurance program for
laboratories
73.
74.
75. Cervical Cancer
KHALID SAIT FRCSC
PROFESSOR
COLLAGE OF MEDICINE
KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY
DIRECTOR OF GYNECOLOGICAL ONCOLOGY UNIT