The document provides information about different generations of computers. It discusses Babbage's Analytical Engine as an early predecessor to modern computers. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, expensive machines. The second generation used transistors, making computers smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers even smaller and faster. Later generations incorporated microprocessors, leading to the development of personal computers. The document also discusses some examples of specific early computers like the IAS and IBM 360.

1. WELCOME TO OUR
PRESENTATION
Topic Name: Computers Generation
Group Name: Ethernet
(Computer Architecture & Organization)

2. Md. Touhidur Rahman
Student ID: 152-15-6232

3. INTRODUCTION
Computer Architecture
Instruction set, number of bits used for
data representation, I/O mechanisms,
addressing techniques.
Organization
Control signals, interfaces, memory
technology

4. DIFFERENCE
Both Intel and AMD processors have the
same X86 architecture, but their computer
organizations
The same programs run correctly on both,
because the architecture is the same, but
they may run at different speeds, because the
organizations are different.

5. BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL
ENGINE
Arithmetic
Logic unit
(the mill)
Main Memory
(the store)
I/O Equipment
(printer and
card punch )
Program Control Unit
Operation cards Variable cards
Data
Instruction

6. FIRST-GENERATION
COMPUTER
Main Memory
(Programs and
data for
execution)
Central processing
unit (CPU)
Input-output equipment
Secondary memory,
keyboard, printer. etc.
Data processing
Program control
Instruction
Data
Programs,
data, operator
commands
Fig 1.2 Organization of a first-generation computer

7. IAS COMPUTER
.
.
.
.
M (0)
M (1)
M (2)
M (4,096)
M (4,095)
1
2
3
4094
4095
Instruction
decoder
Program
Control
Unit (PCU)
IBR PC
IR AR
DR
Arithmetic-logic unit
AC MQ
Data
Processing
Unit (DPU)
Legend
Program Control Unit (PCU)
AR: Memory Address Register
IR: Instruction opcode register
IBR: Next-instruction buffer register
PC: Program counter
Data Processing Unit (DPU)
AC: Accumulator register
DR: General-Purpose Data register
MQ: Multiplier-quotient register
Main Memory M Fig: Organization of the CPU and
main memory of the IAS
computer.

8. THE TWO MAIN PARTS OF THE CPU
RESPONSIBLE FOR:
Fetching instructions from main memory and
interpreting them this part is variously
known as the program control unit (PCU) or
the I-unit (instruction unit).
Executing instructions and is known as the
data processing unit (DPU), the data path, or
the E-unit (execution unit).

9. Sree Joyanto Chandro
Barmon
Student ID: 152-15-6236

10. SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTERS
During the period of 1956 to 1963 second generation of
computers were developed. The second-generation
computers development of transistors. The transistor was
invented in 1947 by three scientists J. Bardeen, H.W.
Brattain and W. Shockley. A transistor is a small device
made up of semiconductor material like germanium and
silicon. Even though the Transistor were developed in 1947
but was not widely used until the end of 50s. The transistor
made the second generation computers faster, smaller,
cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their
first-generation computers.

11. CHARACTERISTICS
Transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes.
Second generation computers were smaller in comparison
with the first generation computers.
They were faster in comparison with the first generation
computers.
They generated less heat and were less prone to failure.
They took comparatively less computational time.
Assembly language was used for programming.
Second generation computers has faster input/output
devices.

12. SOME COMPUTERS OF THE
SECOND GENERATION
INCLUDE
IBM 7000 Series
CDC 1620
CDC 3000 Series
UNIVAC 1107

13. ARCHITECTURE OF
SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTER

14. COMPARED OF FIRST
GENERATION AND SECOND
GENERATION COMPUTER

15. SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTER
In this time second generation computer also used U.S. Navy
Research and Development Center in Washington, D.C. Second
generation computers replaced machine language with assembly
language, allowing abbreviated programming codes to replace long,
difficult binary codes. During this second generation many high level
programming languages were introduced, including FORTRAN
(1956), ALGOL (1958), and COBOL (1959). Important commercial
machines of this era include the IBM 704 and its successors, the 709
and 7094. The latter introduced I/O processors for better throughput
between I/O devices and main memory.
Then 1962: Max V. Mathews leads a Bell Labs team in developing
software that can design, store, and edit synthesized music.

16. Hasan Md. Sad Abdullah
Student ID: 152-15-6232

17. FOURTH GENERATION
COMPUTERS
A computer built using Very Large Scale Integration
(VLSI).
Advantages over third generation:
Are very powerful in operation.
Having huge memory & a fast processing speed.

19. IN FOURTH GENERATION
Technology used: Microprocessor
Size and speed: reduce size & tremendous speed.
Language used: high level language (like c, c++ etc)
Software & Applications
 Multiprocessor operating system, Language, compilers, and
parallel software tools

20. FEATURES
Portable and reliable.
Very small size.
Concept of internet was introduce.
Reduce cost

21. Md. Saddam Hossain
Student ID: 152-15-6229

22. THIRD GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS
Advantages and Disadvantages of Third Generation
Computer:
 More reliable than the first and second generation computer.
 Smaller than first and second generation.
 Save more electricity than first and second generation computer.
 These computers Produce low heat than first and second generation.
 Need cold weather.
 The functions of this computer are critical compare to first and
second generation.

23. STRUCTURE OF IBM/360
Main Memory
Control Unit
Main
Memory
M
IO
Processor
(channel)
IO
Processor
(channel)
IO
devices
Four 64-bit
Floating point
registers
Floating-point
ALU
Fixed-point
ALU
Decimal
ALU
SR PCIR AR
Program status word PSW
Program
Control
Unit PCU
Instruction decoder
(may be micro
programmed)
Control
Signal
IO
devices
Data processing unit, DPU
Sixteen
32-bit
General
registers
Fig: Structure of IBM System/360

24. THIRD GENERATION
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Integrated Circuits (IC), which first commercially appear 1961 to
replace transistor (discrete electronic circuits) used in second
generation.
 The transistor continued as the basic switching device, but IC
allowed large numbers of transistor associated components to be
combined on a tiny piece of semi conductor material, usually
silicon.
 IC technology initiated a long-term trend in computer design
toward smaller size, higher speed and lower hardware cost.

25. THIRD GENERATION
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Structure of the IBM System/360
• The special control states gave rise to the concept of a program
status word (PSW) which was store in a special CPU register, now
generally referred to as a status register (SR).
• The SR register encapsulated the key information used by the CPU
to record exceptional conditions such as CPU-detected errors.

26. THIRD GENERATION
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
• The architecture includes the computer’s instruction set, data
formats and addressing modes as well as the general design of its
CPU, main memory and IO subsystems.
• The architecture therefore defines a conceptual model of a
computer at a particular level of abstraction.
• A computer’s implementation, on other hand, refers to the logical
and physical design techniques .
• computer organization refers to the logical aspects of the
implementation but the boundary between the terms architecture
and organization is vague.

27. Tusher Chandra Ghosh
Student ID: 152-15-6237

29. History
o In 1982, the FGCS project begins and receives $450,000,000
worth of industry funding and an equal amount of
government funding.
o Also in 1982, during a visit to the ICOT, Ehud
Shapiro invented Concurrent Prolog, a novel concurrent
programming language that integrated logic programming
and concurrent programming.
o 1985, the first FGCS hardware known as the Personal
Sequential Inference Machine (PSI) and the first version of
the Sequential Inference Machine Programming Operating
System (SIMPOS) operating system is released. SIMPOS is
programmed in Kernel Language 0 (KL0), a
concurrent Prolog-variant with object oriented extensions.

30. characteristics
o The fifth generation computers will use super
large scale integrated chips.
o They will have artificial intelligence.
o They will be able to recognize image and
graphs.
o Fifth generation computer aims to be able to
solve highly complex problem including decision
making, logical reasoning.
o They will be able to use more than one CPU for
faster processing speed.
o Fifth generation computers are intended to
work with natural language.

31. o Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will be used in this technology.
o The term "fifth generation" was intended to
convey the system as being a leap beyond existing
machines.
o It was widely believed at the time that this would
instead turn to massive numbers of CPUs for
added performance.
o The project was to create the computer over a
ten-year period, after which it was considered
ended, and investment in a new "sixth generation"
project would begin.
o Opinions about its outcome are divided: either it
was a failure, or it was ahead of its time.
characteristics

32. Al is an emerging branch in
computer scince, which
interprets means and method of
making computer think like
human beings. All the high-level
language like C and C+, Java,
Net etc are used in this
generation.
Language

33. One of the biggest breakthroughs of artificial
intelligence was in 1997, when an IBM Computer
successfully beat the world champion of chess at
his own game. It was the first time a computer
had beat a human being.
Gaming

34. Neural Network
Neural networks typically consist of
multiple layers or a cube design, and the
signal path traverses from front to back.
Back propagation is where the forward
stimulation is used to reset weights on
the "front" neural units and this is
sometimes done in combination with
training where the correct result is
known. More modern networks are a bit
more free flowing in terms of stimulation
and inhibition with connections
interacting in a much more chaotic and
complex fashion

35.  It is more reliable and works faster.
 Available in different sizes with unique features.
 Smallest in size it's because of the high component
density.
 Low cost than first, second and third generation
Computer.
Advantages:
The disadvantages of fifth generation computers have
yet to be agreed upon, but many feel that they are two
of its advantages: AI and the overall advanced
technology. The addition of AI worries many due to the
computers possibly becoming smart enough to replace
humans altogether, and many people are becoming
reliant on the advanced technology for tasks that they
can do without computers.
Disadvantages:

36. Present
4k throw projector from
Sony september 4, 2014
Apple iwatch – November 3, 2014
Windows 10 -2015
Surface book

37. Note book
Chrome Book
Smart Phone
Smart Tab

38. Future Technology

39. Thank You