This document contains chapters from the textbook "Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World" that discuss computer hardware components. It describes the various parts inside a computer system unit including the motherboard, processor, memory, ports, and expansion slots. The processor contains a control unit and arithmetic logic unit. Memory comes in volatile and non-volatile types. Various ports and connectors are explained such as USB, FireWire, and Bluetooth. Buses and bays are also summarized. Input and output devices are introduced along with biometrics.

1. STID1103 Computer Applications in Management
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 14
1
Topic Four
Computer Hardware

2. Objectives Overview
Differentiate among various
styles of system units on
desktop computers,
notebook computers, and
mobile devices
Identify chips, adapter
cards, and other
components of a
motherboard
Describe the control unit
and arithmetic logic unit
components of a processor,
and explain the four steps in
a machine cycle
Identify characteristics of
various personal computer
processors on the market
today, and describe the
ways processors are cooled
Define a bit and describe
how a series of bits
represents data
Explain how program
instructions transfer in and
out of memory
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
2See Page 209
for Detailed Objectives

3. Objectives Overview
Differentiate among the various
types of memory
Describe the purpose and types
of expansion slots and adapter
cards, and differentiate among
slots for various removable flash
memory devices
Differentiate between a port and
a connector, and explain the
differences among a USB port,
FireWire port, Bluetooth port,
SCSI port, eSATA port, IrDA port,
serial port, and MIDI port
Describe the types of buses in a
computer
Explain the purpose of a power
supply and describe how it keeps
cool
Understand how to clean a
system unit on a computer or
mobile device
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
3See Page 209
for Detailed Objectives

4. The System Unit X
• Unit sistem adalah satu kes yang yang mengandungi komponen
elektronik komputer yang digunakan untuk memproses data.
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
4Page 210
Figure 4-1

5. The System Unit
• The inside of the system unit on a desktop
personal computer includes:
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
5Page 211
Figure 4-2
Drive bay(s)
Power supply
Sound card
Video card
Processor
Memory

6. The System Unit X
• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the
system unit
– A computer chip contains integrated circuits
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
6Page 212
Figure 4-3

7. Processor
• The processor, also called the central processing
unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
– Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
7Page 213
Multi-core
processor
Dual-core
processor
Quad-core
processor

8. Processor
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
8Page 213
Figure 4-4

9. Processor X
• The control unit is the component of the
processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
9Page 214

10. Processor X
The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold
data and instructions
The system clock controls the timing of all computer
operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed,
and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
10Page 216

11. Processor
• The leading
manufacturers of
personal computer
processor chips are Intel
and AMD
11

12. AMD Processor
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
12Page 216

13. Intel Processor
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
13Page 216

14. AMD Versus Intel

15. Intel Clean Room
15

16. Processor
• Determine how you plan to use a new computer
before selecting a processor
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
16Page 218
Figure 4-8

17. Processor
• A processor chip
generates heat that
could cause the chip to
burn up
• Require additional
cooling
– Heat sinks
– Liquid cooling
technology
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
17Pages 219 - 220
Figures 4-9 – 4-10

18. Processor
• Parallel processing uses multiple processors
simultaneously to execute a single program or task
– Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of
processors
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
18Page 220
Figure 4-11

19. Memory X
• Memory consists of electronic components that
store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
• Stores three basic categories of items:
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
19Page 223
The operating
system and other
system software
Application
programs
Data being
processed and the
resulting
information

20. Memory
• Each location in memory has an address
• Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes
(TB)
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
20Page 223
Figure 4-17

21. Memory X
• The system unit contains two types of memory:
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
21Pages 223 - 224
Volatile memory
Loses its contents when
power is turned off
Example includes RAM
Nonvolatile memory
Does not lose contents
when power is removed
Examples include ROM,
flash memory, and
CMOS

22. Memory
• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module
and are inserted into memory slots
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
22Page 225
Figure 4-20

23. Memory
• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer
often depends on the types of software you plan
to use
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
23Page 226
Figure 4-21

24. Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips
storing permanent data and instructions
• Firmware
A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a
blank ROM chip that can be written to permanently
• EEPROM can be erased
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
24Page 228

25. Memory X
• Flash memory can be erased electronically and
rewritten
– CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes
little power
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
25Pages 228 – 229
Figure 4-23

26. Memory
• Access time is the amount of time it takes the
processor to read from memory
– Measured in nanoseconds
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
26Page 229
Figures 4-24 – 4-25

27. Ports and Connectors
A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or
communicates with a system unit (sometimes referred
to as a jack)
A connector joins a cable to a port
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
27Page 232

28. Ports and Connectors
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
28Page 232
Figure 4-29

29. Ports and Connectors
• On a notebook computer, the ports are on the
back, front, and/or sides
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
29Pages 232 - 233
Figure 4-30

30. Ports and Connectors
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
30Page 233
Figure 4-31

31. Ports and Connectors
• A USB port can connect up to 127 different
peripherals together with a single connector
– You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB
port with a USB hub
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
31Page 234
Figure 4-32
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click USB Ports
below Chapter 4

32. Ports and Connectors
• Other types of ports include:
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
32Pages 234 - 236
Firewire
port
Bluetooth
port
SCSI port
eSATA
port
IrDA port Serial port
MIDI port

33. Ports and Connectors
A Bluetooth wireless port
adapter converts a USB port into
a Bluetooth port
A smart phone might
communicate with a notebook
computer using an IrDA port
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
33Page 235
Figures 4-33 – 4-34

34. Buses
• Expansion slots connect to expansion buses
• Common types of expansion buses include:
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
34Page 238
PCI bus
PCI Express
bus
Accelerated
Graphics Port
USB and
FireWire bus
PC Card bus

35. Bays
• A bay is an opening
inside the system unit in
which you can install
additional equipment
– A drive bay typically
holds disk drives
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
35Page 238
Figure 4-37

36. Putting It All Together
Home
Intel Core 2 Quad or
Intel Core 2 Duo or
AMD Sempron
Minimum RAM: 2 GB
Small Office/
Home Office
Intel Core i7 or
Intel Core i7 Extreme or
AMD Athlon X2 or AMD
Athlon II X2 Dual-Code
Minimum RAM: 4 GB
Mobile
Intel Core i7 Extreme or
AMD Turion X2
Minimum RAM: 2 GB
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
36Page 239
Figure 4-38

37. Putting It All Together
Power
Intel Itanium 2 or AMD
6-Core Opteron or Intel
Quad Core Xeon
Minimum RAM: 8 GB
Enterprise
Intel Core i7 or Intel
Core i7 Extreme or AMD
Athlon X2 or AMD
Athlon II X2 Dual-Core
Minimum RAM: 4 GB
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4
37Page 239
Figure 4-38

38. 38
The Input Devices

39. 39
What Is Input?
p. 234 and 236 Fig. 5-1 Next
 Input device is any hardware component that allows
users to enter data and instructions
 Data or instructions entered into memory of
computer

40. 40
What Is Input?
• What are the two types of input?
p. 234 Next
 Unprocessed text,
numbers, images,
audio, and video
 Instructions
 Programs
 Commands
 User responses
 Data

41. 41
Biometric Input
• What is biometrics?
p. 262 Fig. 5-42 and 5-
43
Next
 Authenticates person’s identity by
verifying personal characteristic
 Fingerprint scanner captures
curves and indentations of
fingerprint
 Hand geometry system measures
shape and size of person’s hand

42. 42
Biometric Input
• What are examples of biometric technology?
p. 263 – 264 Figs. 5-44—5-45 Next
 Voice verification system compares live
speech with stored voice pattern
 Signature verification system recognizes
shape of signature
 Iris recognition system reads
patterns in blood vessels in back of
eye
 Biometric data is sometimes stored on smart
card, which stores personal data on
microprocessor embedded in card

43. 43
The Output Devices

44. 44
What is Output?
p. 300 - 301 Fig. 6-1 Next
 Data that has been processed into a useful form,
 Output device is any hardware component that can convey
information to user

45. Future Technology – Microsoft 2019
45

46. Additional Resources
1. Hardware Central:
http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/
2. Multiprocessing:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessing
3. PC Mechanic: http://ww.pcmech.com/
46