AP Environmental Science Ch. 15, part 2 Coal and Natural Gas
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This document discusses the pros and cons of coal as an energy source. Coal provides around 40% of the world's energy but is also the largest source of air pollution. The biggest users of coal are China, the USA, and India. Burning coal releases sulfur, soot, carbon dioxide, mercury and radioactive materials into the air. It is estimated that coal reserves could last 200-1100 more years but coal mining and use also have significant environmental impacts. China in particular relies heavily on coal which contributes greatly to its air pollution problems. While coal is abundant, alternatives are needed due to the environmental and health effects of coal use.
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This document discusses different methods of generating and transmitting electricity. It compares renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Non-renewable sources like coal, oil and gas are cheap but will run out over time and produce pollution. Renewable sources like solar, wind and hydroelectric do not produce pollution but have higher upfront costs and can be unreliable. Electricity is transmitted through the National Grid at high voltages to reduce power loss over long distances before being stepped down for homes. The cost of electricity depends on power usage and cost per kilowatt hour.
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1. The document provides three important tips for improving observations in science: avoid vague terms, avoid subjective statements, and use quantitative statements whenever possible.
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CP Chemistry types of observations
This document contains information about distinguishing between qualitative and quantitative observations. It provides examples of qualitative observations, like describing a color or smell, and quantitative observations, which include measured numbers. The document guides the reader through identifying types of observations and comparing their observations of a candle to how a chemist might observe the same candle. It emphasizes that scientific observations should be objective and without subjective opinions.
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Students will label 47 element symbols on the periodic table, make flashcards with the symbols and corresponding element names, and study the flashcards to memorize the 47 elements. The assignment is due the next day for an element quiz on the following day. Students are instructed on how to correctly label the elements, make the flashcards by folding paper into boxes and cutting them out, and study by sorting the flashcards into known and unknown piles to gradually move all cards to the known pile.
The respiratory system
The document outlines plans for the week of respiratory system notes and labs, including a respiratory notes worksheet on Monday, a lung capacity lab on Tuesday, circulatory notes and worksheets on Wednesday, and pulse labs on Thursday and Friday. Students are instructed to bring a notebook and writing utensils. The remainder of the document details the structures and functions of the respiratory system, gas exchange process, common respiratory illnesses, and career options in respiratory therapy.
connecting body systems
This document provides information about four body systems - the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and excretory systems. It includes:
1. Lists and definitions of the four systems.
2. An objective to write a story connecting the journey of a red blood cell through these systems.
3. An activity where students will fill in a chart with the functions of each system and discuss how the systems work together.
4. Prompts for students to write a story and storyboard about a red blood cell's journey through the heart, lungs, small intestine, and kidneys as it interacts with each system.
Immune system notes as fold-able for freshmen biology
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The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its major components and how it functions. It discusses how (1) the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which controls and coordinates the body's activities, and (2) the peripheral nervous system connects to and controls the rest of the body through nerves. It also describes how (3) neurons transmit signals through electrical and chemical processes, allowing the nervous system to sense the environment and direct the body's responses.
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Human body systems general overview
This document provides instructions and materials for a lesson on the human body systems. It includes an outline of the 11 major organ systems, their organs and tissues, and their primary functions. Students are asked to identify and label organs on a diagram, then assemble the systems into a book with folded bodies labeled with the system name and function. The objective is for students to understand how cells, tissues and organs work together across body systems to maintain homeostasis.
The Immune System AP Biology Ch. 35
The immune system has multiple lines of defense to protect the body from pathogens. The first line of defense consists of non-specific barriers like skin and mucous membranes. If pathogens breach these barriers, the second line of defense involves patrolling leukocytes that seek out and destroy foreign invaders. The third and most specific line of defense utilizes lymphocytes and antibodies that can remember and quickly destroy specific pathogens they have encountered before through acquired immunity.
Students use the encyclopedia of life to research and classify animals
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AP Biology Circulation and Gas Exchange
Circulatory systems transport gases, nutrients, wastes, and more between cells and the environment. Open circulatory systems have blood directly bathe organs, while closed systems have blood in vessels separated from lymph. The mammalian heart has double circulation, pumping oxygenated blood through the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs through diffusion as oxygen moves from high to low pressure areas in tissues, lungs, gills, and trachea.
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The document provides an overview of animal form and function, including:
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2) It explains how animals use the chemical energy from food to maintain homeostasis through metabolic processes like endothermy and ectothermy.
3) Key concepts around thermoregulation, homeostasis, and the mechanisms that animals use to exchange heat and regulate internal temperatures are summarized.
Modes of selection lesson
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The evolution of populations population genetics
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This document discusses several topics related to speciation and the evolution of new species:
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2. It explores mechanisms that can lead to reproductive isolation between populations like prezygotic barriers like habitat isolation and postzygotic barriers like hybrid sterility.
3. It discusses examples of allopatric speciation driven by geographic barriers and sympatric speciation driven by mechanisms like polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection.
Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow
Mutations and genetic recombination introduce genetic variation within populations. Natural selection acts on this variation, favoring traits that increase reproductive success. Over generations, this leads to adaptation and evolution of populations as allele frequencies change. Genetic drift also causes random changes in allele frequencies, especially in small, isolated populations. Gene flow moves alleles between populations through migration.
GMO argumentative essay - a letter
This document provides instructions and materials for students to write a letter to their congressman arguing their position on genetically modified (GM) foods. It includes background information on bills regarding GM foods, as well as objectives for the letter such as developing claims and counterclaims while supplying evidence from the provided article. Students indicate their initial position on GM foods, read sections of the article while taking notes, and discuss pros and cons in a group. The document outlines steps for outlining and drafting the letter, including considering the audience and using evidence from the text to support statements.
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AP Environmental Science Ch. 15, part 2 Coal and Natural Gas
- 1. Nonrenewable Energy - COAL Ch. 15
- 2. Pros and Cons of Coal Coal - – Solid – Formed in several stages from plants that died 300-400 mya – Produces ~40% of world’s energy
- 3. Coal burned to heat water that spins turbines to make electricity
- 5. Coal…lots but its dirty USGS estimates our supply could last 200 - 1,100 more years U.S. has 25% of the world’s coal Russia 15% India 13% Australia 8% South Africa 7%
- 6. dirrrrrrty Environmental costs of burning coal – Severe air pollution • Sulfur released as SO2 • Large amount of soot • CO2 • Trace amounts of Hg and radioactive materials Nice sky dude I know! It’s hecka messed up!
- 7. And of course… The environmental effects of burning coal are not included in the actual cost of coal Solution: tax power plants for each unit of CO2 produced
- 8. Coal and China Burns 1/3 the coal produced worldwide 70% of it’s energy from coal – US - uses 25% of the world’s coal, gets 49% of it’s energy from coal Keeps adding more coal burning power plants – On average 3/week At its current rate, its coal reserves will only last 10-15 years
- 9. Coal and China China makes the most SO2 pollution H2SO4 & smog CO2 emissions climate change
- 10. In 5-10 days, their air pollution reaches us in western USA (specifically, Los Angeles) Creates ozone pollution for us Toxic mercury from burning coal in China found in our fish in the west
- 12. A hazy day in CA’s Central Valley
- 14. China… Has 20 of the world’s most polluted cities 650,000 to 700,000 deaths/year due to pollution
- 15. Pros and Cons of Coal Pros – Lots of it – Good net energy – Jobs
- 16. Pros and Cons of Coal Cons – The BIGGEST source of air pollution • Accounts for at least ¼ of all CO2 emissions – Mining coal has severe impact on land (strip mining, subsurface mining), water pollution (from overburden and spoils) and worker health – Public opinion is anti-coal more and more
- 17. Source of CO2 emissions CO2 Emissions Per Unit of Electrical Energy Produced for Energy Sources Best?Worst?Is CO 2 thewholepicture?
- 18. We can covert coal into synthetic natural gas Solid coal into synthetic natural gas (SNG) by coal gasification Solid coal into synthetic liquid gasoline or methanol by coal liquefaction
- 19. Synthetic Fuels (synfuels) Requires mining 50% more coal Production and burning adds 50% more CO2 to atmosphere Low net energy
- 21. Nonrenewable Energy - NATURAL GAS
- 22. What is Natural Gas? –mostly methane (CH4) –Some propane and butane
- 25. Propane and butane liquefied and stored in pressurized tanks as LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)
- 27. Video clip
- 28. Russia has largest reserves, then Iran and Qatar.
- 29. Natural gas is used to: – Heat homes – Heat water – Produce electricity – Propel vehicles Natural gas is: – Cleaner burning than oil, coal – Cheaper to purify and provide to customers • Not easy to move overseas though
- 31. Earthquakes magnitude 3 or higher in Oklahoma https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geXcRQpvOmE
- 32. Reserves should last 62-125 years Will natural gas be the bridge fuel helping us make the transition to a more sustainable energy future?
- 33. Fracking Videos Fracking 1. Fracking Explained • Facts: 2. Facts about Fracking • Facts:
- 34. http://electrocity.co.nz/ • Build a city • Try to build the “best” city – Largest population – Wealthiest – High Score