Environmental Friendly Coal Power Plants
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a three-step process to reduce carbon dioxide emissions: 1) Capture CO2 from power plants or industrial processes, 2) Transport captured CO2 via pipelines or ships, 3) Inject CO2 deep underground for long-term storage. CCS has potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80-90% and enable continued use of fossil fuels for electricity generation while mitigating climate change. However, CCS also faces challenges of high costs and uncertainties around long-term storage and potential leakage of injected CO2.
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Environmental Friendly Coal Power Plants
- 2. Capture harmful gases from exhaust of thermal power plants With different techniques valuable by products are obtained Handling remaining gases safely
- 5. RENEWABLE NON RENEWABLE Biomass and Solid Wastes COAL, Oil and Gas Emits: CO2, CO, NOx, heavy metals, dioxines Emits: CO2, SO2, NOx, Mercury . Carbon emissions from burning biomass is more dangerous than fossil fuel energy resources. About 41.3% of world total energy is get from Coal. As compared to oil and gas COAL released more CO2
- 8. NOx (NO Nitric Oxide & NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide) Its form from Nitrogen Gas and Oxygen gas during Combustion specially at High Temperature Causes 1) Acid Rain 2NO2 + H2O → HNO2 (Nitrous acid) + HNO3 3HNO2 → HNO3 (Nitric Acid) + 2NO + H2O 4NO (Nitric Oxide) + 3O2 + 2H2O → 4HNO3 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 → 4HNO3 2) SMOG(FOG)
- 9. It is Toxic Gas Sulfur dioxide is the product of the burning of sulfur or of burning materials that contain sulfur: S + O2 → SO2 Causes Acid Rain SO2 (g) + H2O → SO2·H2O SO2·H2O → H+ + HSO3 − HSO3 → − H+ + SO3 2−
- 10. Its usually form during combustion process: CH4(methane) + 2O2 → CO2+ 2H2O C(Coal) + O2(g) → CO2(g) It is a main source of Green House effect Its also source of Ocean Acidification since its dissolve with seawater to form Carbonic Acid
- 11. The process removing of pollutant gases from power plant/industry exhaust system is called Scrubbing. Two major types of Scrubber Wet Scrubber: In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to remove the pollutants Dry Scrubber: This type of Scrubber filter is accomplished by firing a series of dry ingredients or Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or fabric filter at high speeds into the gases to neutralize pollutants
- 12. It cleans about 90% of harmful gases that are produced due to Coal burning and make their by-products. The plant products following by-products from Coal combustion: 1. Gypsum [Used in Fertilizer and soil conditioner] 2. Nitrogen Gas [Used in aircraft tires] 3. Mercury [ Used in fluorescent lamps] 4. CO2 [ Used in Oil recovery] 5. Water Vapors [Used as recycled water] 6. Ash [Used in making concrete and road material]
- 13. The input to the power plant is a renewable energy source which may include wood, agricultural waste, crops, animal waste and last but not the least our sewage waste. The Thermal processes of Bio Mass and Waste mass is nearly same as Coal combustion but it some more harmful gasses and heavy metals. After combustion the flue are treated with the active carbons that remove Dioxins, Furan and Heavy Metals In next stage HCL scrubber is used to remove acids
- 14. In this chamber sulfur dioxide is converted into solid sulfur which is then sent to the scrubber. The waste gases we obtain are equally Not harmful.
- 15. Flue gas Desulfurization of done by using ‘Fluidized Bed Combustion’(FBC) this separate SO2 to form Gypsum(CaSO4.2H20) and also efficient the transfer of heat. Nitrous Oxide is treated with Ammonia which make Nitrogen Gas and Water Vapor Mercury can be extracted using Wet Scrubber Ash remove by Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and Wet Scrubber processes
- 16. Amine (organic compound) used to capture Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Slag: Used in concrete HCL: use in industry Scrap Iron Non Ferrous Metal: Aluminum, Copper, Brass etc
- 17. The Thermal Power Plant may design as Cogeneration Power Plant to generate Electricity and useful Heat (Water Steam) Consolidated Edison (USA) provide biggest steam service produces 66 billion KG of 180o of steam per year Cogeneration is still common in pulp and paper mills, refineries and chemical plants
- 18. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is used in number of uses link beverages, fire extinguisher etc Large amount of CO2 remain unused which causes Green house effect is out in the environment The CO2 is carefully treated and store/sequestration The processes of handle CO2 is known as Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)
- 19. Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration (CCS) is a set of technologies that can greatly reduce CO2 emissions from new and existing coal- and gas-fired power plants and large industrial sources. CCS is a three-step process that includes: 1. Capture of CO2 from power plants or industrial processes 2. Transport of the captured and compressed CO2 (usually in pipelines). 3. Underground injection and geologic sequestration (also referred to as storage) of the CO2 into deep underground rock formations. These formations are often a mile or more beneath the surface and consist of porous rock that holds the CO2. Overlying these formations are impermeable, non-porous layers of rock that trap the CO2 and prevent it from migrating upward.
- 20. Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration (CCS) could play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while enabling low-carbon electricity generation from power plants. As estimated in the U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks , more than 40% of CO2 emissions in the United States are from electric power generation. At present CSS dramatically reducing CO2 emissions (by 80- 90%) from power plants that burn fossil fuels. Applied to a 500 MW coal-fired power plant, which emits roughly 3 million tons of CO2 per year, the amount of Green House Gases emissions avoided (with a 90% reduction efficiency) would be equivalent to: Planting more than 62 million trees, and waiting at least 10 years for them to grow.
- 21. That means Planting of such a massive amount of trees and waiting at least 10 years for them to grow is something that cannot be done overnight but through CSS it can be accomplished. YES THIS IS AWESOME AND PROMISING!!! Avoiding annual electricity-related emissions from more than 300,000 homes. CCS could also viably be used to reduce emissions from industrial process such as cement production and natural gas processing facilities. End uses of CO2 include enhanced oil recovery (EOR), food and beverage manufacturing, pulp and paper manufacturing, and metal fabrication.
- 22. Post- combustion capture • Here flue gas reacts with chemicals that absorb CO2 and then heat the chemicals to release CO2. NOTE: Flue gas : Mixture of nitrogen ,water vapor and 15 % of Carbon dioxide
- 23. Oxy-fuel combustion ◦ Use of pure oxygen to support the fossil fuel combustion. The flue gas is then mostly CO2 and water making it to separate easily.
- 24. Pre- combustion capture Removing of carbon before combustion. By gasifying the coal through the reaction with more oxygen, it is possible to mix of mostly CO2 and hydrogen.
- 25. Many point sources of captured CO2 would not be close to geological or oceanic storage facilities. In these cases, transportation would be required. The main form of transportation ◦ Pipeline ◦ Shipping
- 27. In a study it is found that when CO2 is injected into basalt, it eventually turns into limestone -- essentially converting to rock.
- 28. Two storage mechanism has been proposed • Dissolving CO2 at mid-depth. • Injecting the CO2 at depths greater than 3 km , where it would form lakes of liquid CO2 . Below 3 km liquid CO2 would be denser than sea water and would sink to the ocean floor.
- 29. Geochemical Monitoring Seismic Monitoring Non-Seismic Monitoring
- 30. The diagram is from a BP news release from the abandoned Miller project, UK North Sea.
- 31. CCS technologies actually require a lot of energy to implement and run transporting captured CO2 by truck or ship, require fuel. Creating a CCS-enabled power plant also requires a lot of money. What happens if the carbon dioxide leaks out underground? We can't really answer this question. Because the process is so new, we don't know its long-term effects. Slow leakage would lead to climate changing. Sudden catastrophic leakage is dangerous, and causes asphyxiation. The more CO2 an ocean surface absorbs, the more acidic it becomes, higher water acidity adversely affects marine life.
- 32. http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/sccs/storage/stor ageSites.html http://network.carboncapturejournal.com/vid eo/2018151:Video:4342 http://www.futuregenalliance.org/about.stm
Editor's Notes
- Capturing Green House gasses 1. CO2 2. Methane CH4 3. N20 4. Fluorinated gases
- http://www.manicore.com/anglais/documentation_a/greenhouse/sequestration_a.html http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energysubsidies/ http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110615/images/474256a-i5.0.jpg
- Biomass is a renewable energy source using organic materials. These include: Wood and wood wastes Agricultural wastes and crops produced for use as bio fuels Bio-derived fuels, including: municipal solid waste, refuse-derived fuel, sewage sludge, animal waste Dioxins:Dioxins are highly toxic and can cause reproductive and developmental problems, damage the immune system, interfere with hormones and also cause cancer. Furan is a heterocyclic organic compound, consisting of a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen. The class of compounds containing such rings are also referred to as furans. Active carbon:You can think of activated carbon as space enclosed by carbon atoms. A single gram of activated carbon makes available over 1200m2 of surface area for adsorption or chemical reactions. Activated carbon is a distinctive material with its immense capacity for adsorption in gas and liquid phases. It occupies a special place in producing a clean environment involving water and air purification, as well as separations and treatment in the chemical and associated industries.
- Sulfur Dioxide is remove from Flue-gas FLUE GAS: contain CO2, Nox etc
- Lime-stone absorb sulfur during combustion which allow efficient heat transfer from boiler to water tubes. Thus it required less fuel to burn This allow to burn Coal at temperature which emit less Nitrous Oxide which can be traded later to convert it into Nitrogen gas.
- NOTE: But extracting oxygen from air is very expensive and consumes energy and combustion with pure oxygen occur at higher temperature.
- The main complication with CO2 transport is that CO2 behaves differently under varying pressures and temperatures and therefore transport of CO2 must be carefully controlled to prevent solidification and blockages occurring. Pipelines would require a new regulatory regime to ensure that proper materials are used (CO2 combined with water, for instance, is highly corrosive to some pipeline materials) and that monitoring for leaks and health and safety measures are adequate. However, these are all technically possible, and pipelines in general currently operate in a mature market.
- After we collect and transport all that carbon dioxide (CO2), we're going to need somewhere to put it. There are two places we've found to store CO2 -- underground and underwater. In fact, estimates project that the planet can store up to 10 trillion tons of carbon dioxide. This would allow 100 years of storage of all human-created emissions
- Geological storage can take place in oil and gas reserves, deep saline aquifers and unminable coal beds. The injection of CO2 at pressure into these formations, generally at depths greater than 800m, means that the CO2 remains a liquid and displaces liquids, such as oil or water, that are present in the pores of the rock. Researchers have found that when they inject CO2 into basalt, it eventually turns into limestone -- essentially converting to rock.
- In addition to underground storage, we're also looking at the ocean for permanent CO2 storage. Some experts claim that we can safely dump CO2 directly into the ocean -- provided we release it at depths greater than 11,482 feet (3500 meters). At these depths, they think the CO2 will compress to a slushy material that will fall to the ocean's floor. Ocean carbon storage is largely untested, and there are many concerns about the safety of marine life and the possibility that the carbon dioxide would eventually make its way back into the environment.
- Monitoring and verifying the quantities of CO2 stored is essential. Any CO2 storage options would also need to verify that there is no leakage of CO2 from the storage reservoir.
- Methane gas (also called natural gas) is produced from offshore gas fields, and is brought onshore by pipeline. Using existing oil-refinery technology, the gas is 'reformed' into hydrogen and CO2. The CO2 is then separated by a newly-designed membrane, and sent offshore, using a corrosion-resistant pipeline. The CO2 goes to an oilfield, which is near to the end of its normal life of oil production. But, like many fields, more than 30% of the oil is still un-produced. The CO2 makes the remaining oil easier to produce - partly paying for the operation. The CO2 is stored in the oilfield, several km below sea level, instead of being vented into the atmosphere from the power station.