16. Non-commercial / Non-conventional Energy Sources Several multiple megawatt wind turbines are in operation and many more are in construction. There are number of small wind turbines and wind Pumps in use. Electricity Mechanical Energy (Pumping Transport) Wind The kinetic energy Millions of solar water heaters and solar cookers are in use. Solar cells and Power Towers are in operation. Low temperature heat (Space heating water heating and electricity) Solar Total solar radiation absorbed by the earth and its atmosphere is 3.8 x 10 24 J/Yr. Comment From / Application Resource
17. Non-commercial / Non-conventional Energy Sources There are million of biogas plants in operation, most of them are in China. Bio-gas (Cooking, mechanical power etc.) The world’s standing bio-mass has a energy content of about 1.5X10 22 J Biomass (principally wood accounts for about 15% of the world’s (commercial fuel) Consumption; It provides over 80% of the energy needs of many developing countries. High temperature heat (Cooking, Smelting) Biomass Total solar radiation absorbed by plants is 1.3X10 21 J/Yr Comment From / Application Resource
18. Non-commercial / Non-conventional Energy Sources Installed capacity Is more than 2500 MW but output is expected to Increase more than seven fold by 2000. Electricity The total amount of heat stored in water or steam to a depth of 10 km is estimated to be 4 X 10 21 J that stored In the First 10 km of dry rock Is around 10 27 J/yr Geothermal energy supplies about 5350 MW of heat for use in bathing principally in Japan, but also in Hungary Ice land and Italy. More than one lakh houses are supplied with heat from geothermal wells. The installed capacity is more than 2650 MW (thermal) Low temperature heat (Bathing space and water heating) Geothermal The heat flux from the Earth's interior through the surface is 9.5 X 10 20 J/Yr. Comment From / Application Resource
19. Non-commercial / Non-conventional Energy Sources The Japanese wave energy research vessel, the Kaimel. has an Installed capacity of about 1 MW. There are In addition several hundred waves powered navigational buoys designs after large prototype Electricity Wave The amount of energy stored as Kinetic Energy in weaves may be of the order of 10 18 J Only one large tidal barrage is in operation (In France) and three are small schemes In Russia and China total Installed. Capacity is about 240 MW and the out put around OS TWh/Yr. In addition China has several small tidal pumping stations. Electricity Tidal Energy dissipated In connection with slowing down the rotation of the earth. Comment From / Application Resource
20. Non-commercial / Non-conventional Energy Sources Large hydro schemes provide about one quarter of worlds total electricity supply and more than 40% of the electricity used in developing counties. The installed capacity is more than 363GW. The technically usable Potential is estimated to be 2215GW or 19000 TWh/Yr There are no accurate estimates of the number of capacity of small hydro-plants currently in operation. Electricity Hydro The annual precipitation land amounts to about 1.1 x 10 17 Kg. of water. Taking the average elevation of land area as 840 m. The annually accumulated potential energy would be 9 x 10 20 J Comment From / Application Resource
21. Economies of Wind Power Wind Power cost v/s conventional Power Cost Years of Operation
37. Basic Components of a Wind Turbine Aero Turbine Gearing Coupling Electric Generator Wind Output Power Controller Yaw Control & Pitch control Wind Speed & Direction Speed Speed & Torque
71. Indirect Grid connection of Wind Turbines Rotor, Gearbox, and Generator Variable Direct Irregular Grid Frequency Current Switched Frequency AC (DC) AC AC
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80. Wind Energy Worldwide World Leaders in Wind Capacity December 2003 Country Capacity (MW) Germany 14,609 United States 6,374 Spain 6,202 Denmark 3,110 India 2,110 Netherlands 912 Italy 904 Japan 686 United Kingdom 649 China 568
81. Wind Energy Potential in India State-wise Power Installed Capacity in India (As on 31 st December, 2003) Source: MNES
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