Energy Management in Agriculture is a course which explains how energy can be managed and conserved in order to use it efficiently without harming the environment in the context of Agriculture.
This course explains the best solution for direct and immediate reduction of energy consumption. ... It includes planning and operation of energy-related production and consumption units especially in context of agriculture. The course also detailed the main objectives of energy management.
Sustainable energy is the form of energy obtained from non-exhaustible resources, such that the provision of this form of energy serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Types of sustainable energy include the Wind energy,
Solar energy ,Hydro power, Tidal power ,Geothermal energy ,Energy from bio mass.These energies have been used successfully in the agriculture in various applications.
Therefore the sustainable energy usage in agriculture is a good alternative for the high demand of energy requirements.
This course explains the best solution for direct and immediate reduction of energy consumption. ... It includes planning and operation of energy-related production and consumption units especially in context of agriculture. The course also detailed the main objectives of energy management.
Sustainable energy is the form of energy obtained from non-exhaustible resources, such that the provision of this form of energy serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Types of sustainable energy include the Wind energy,
Solar energy ,Hydro power, Tidal power ,Geothermal energy ,Energy from bio mass.These energies have been used successfully in the agriculture in various applications.
Therefore the sustainable energy usage in agriculture is a good alternative for the high demand of energy requirements.
different types of solar cooker,parabolic solar cooker largest solar steam cooking plant in INDIA at SHIRDI ,parabolic solar cooker stirling engine,steam cooking by parabolic reflectors at MOUNT ABU RAJISTHAN ,INDIA
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Small Hydro power plant. Small Hydro Power (SHP) is hydro plant with power under 10 MW as defined by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO):
Choice of technology and site
Small hydro technology is mature and well-established in the market
Improvements: equipment designs, differents materials, control sistem
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
b) Pondage Plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
A Run of River plant uses the available river flow
A Run of River plant has a little cumulative water
High cost
Typologies of Hydropower plants
b) Pondage Plants
Cumulative water flows permits storage of water for few weeks
Pondage Plant can works when the level of river is low.
Typology of hydropower plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Energy prodution of a Reservoir Plant is based on cumulative water flows
Construction of a very large dam to cumulate water
Usually this kind of plant is not a SHP
Plan SHP
Control national and regional law
Who using the water and how
Story analisis of river flow
Study hidrogeologic and hidrografic of site
Chek principal parameters (Q) river flow avieble and (H) head for calculate power of site
Pubblicity of project and consalting citizen.
Hydroelectric plants
Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
SHP emissions
As all other renewable energy sources, SHP plays an important role in reducing the emissions.
Externality of SHP are very low.
This is very important and positive, expecially for Kyoto protocol.
What to do for goal with SHP
Act cordinated strategy:
Informing
Including the people in the projects
Dialogue with opponents
Implementing social compain
different types of solar cooker,parabolic solar cooker largest solar steam cooking plant in INDIA at SHIRDI ,parabolic solar cooker stirling engine,steam cooking by parabolic reflectors at MOUNT ABU RAJISTHAN ,INDIA
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Small Hydro power plant. Small Hydro Power (SHP) is hydro plant with power under 10 MW as defined by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO):
Choice of technology and site
Small hydro technology is mature and well-established in the market
Improvements: equipment designs, differents materials, control sistem
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
b) Pondage Plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
A Run of River plant uses the available river flow
A Run of River plant has a little cumulative water
High cost
Typologies of Hydropower plants
b) Pondage Plants
Cumulative water flows permits storage of water for few weeks
Pondage Plant can works when the level of river is low.
Typology of hydropower plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Energy prodution of a Reservoir Plant is based on cumulative water flows
Construction of a very large dam to cumulate water
Usually this kind of plant is not a SHP
Plan SHP
Control national and regional law
Who using the water and how
Story analisis of river flow
Study hidrogeologic and hidrografic of site
Chek principal parameters (Q) river flow avieble and (H) head for calculate power of site
Pubblicity of project and consalting citizen.
Hydroelectric plants
Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
SHP emissions
As all other renewable energy sources, SHP plays an important role in reducing the emissions.
Externality of SHP are very low.
This is very important and positive, expecially for Kyoto protocol.
What to do for goal with SHP
Act cordinated strategy:
Informing
Including the people in the projects
Dialogue with opponents
Implementing social compain
Ms PowerPoint presentation of source of energy which can help you in your school, college PPTs or projects. it contain 28 slides fully awesome and the effects of the slides if just mind blowing. less than 1 MB.
you also can make change for your comfort.
This was a ppt made by me.I have not made it by my own. I have taken full help of internet in it. But I have make sure that this ppt will be helpful to you
This ppt contains slides on renewable Energy with components:-
Solar energy
Wind energy
Tidal energy
Ocean Thermal energy
Geothermal energy
Biomass energy
Fuel cell
Energy to waste
Hydro power plant
A well designed and good looking ppt for school projects
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Energy management in agriculture lecture notes
1. Lecturer: Jean de Dieu IYAKAREMYE, Msc.
E-mail:iyakjdd@gmail.com
UR/College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences
and Veterinary Medecine
2. Energy is the driver of growth
Energy provides better living conditions to its
citizens
Its growth has to be balanced and sustainable
energy management and energy conservation
measures are: eco-friendly, minimum
pollution and carbon emission
3. The fundamental goal of energy management
is: produce goods, provide services with the
least cost and the least environment effect
The definition of energy management is:“The
judicious and effective use of energy to
maximise profits (minimise costs) and
enhance competitive positions”.
4. Objectives:
To achieve and maintain optimum energy
procurement and utilization, throughout the
organization
To minimize energy costs / waste without
affecting production, comfort and quality. To
minimize the environmental effects.
5. Energy in any form is a scarce commodity and
most valuable resource
As by prediction showing that the life
expectancy of world population will increase
so energy could, in the future, be in short
supply
6. There are two main sources of energy. They are conventional
and non conventional sources of energy.
i) Conventional sources of energy :- are wood, flowing water and
fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas).
ii) Non conventional sources of energy :- are solar energy, wind
energy, biomass energy, ocean energy (tidal energy, wave
energy,
ocean thermal energy), geothermal energy, nuclear energy etc.
Some sources of energy are renewable like sun, wind, flowing
water, ocean, wood, biomass etc.
Some sources of energy are non renewable like coal,
petroleum and natural gas.
7. a) Fossil fuels :- are fuels formed inside the earth from the
remains of plants and animals after millions of years. The
fossil fuels are coal, petroleum and natural gas. Fossil
fuels are non renewable sources of energy so they
should be conserved and used judiciously.
Disadvantages of fossil fuels :-
i) Burning of fossil fuels release gases and harmful particles
which causes air pollution.
ii) Burning of fossil fuels release acidic oxides of sulphur and
nitrogen which causes acid rain which is harmful for living
organisms, affects soil and water, causes damage to buildings,
corrosion of metals etc.
iii) Burning of fossil fuels release a large amount of carbon
dioxide gas which increases the temperature of the atmosphere
and causes global warming (green house effect).
8.
9. b) Thermal power plants :
In thermal power plants the heat energy produced
by burning fossil fuels like coal, petroleum or
natural gas is used to heat water and change it
into steam which rotates the turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
c) Hydro power plants :
In hydro power plants water from rivers are stored
by constructing dams. The water from the dam
flows down through pipes and rotates theturbines
of generators to produce electricity.
10. Advantages of hyropower:
i) Flowing water is a renewable source of energy.
ii) The electricity produced does not cause
pollution.
iii) The water stored in dams can also be used to
control floods and for irrigation.
Disadvantages of hydropower:
i) The initial cost is high.
ii) Large areas of land gets submerged and the
decomposition of vegetation produces methane gas
which is a green house gas.
iii) It causes displacement of people from large
areas of land.
11.
12.
13. d) Biomass energy :
The waste materials and dead parts of living
things are called biomass. Eg :- wood, animal
dung, vegetable waste, agricultural waste,
sewage etc. Biomass is decomposed by
anaerobic microorganisms to produce biogas.
Biogas is a mixture of gases containing
methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and
hydrogen sulphide.
14. Biogas plant :
The biogas plant has a large underground tank
made of bricks and cement. The lower part is the
digester and the upper part has a dome with a gas
outlet. On one side of the tank above the ground is
a mixing tank and on the other side is an overflow
tank.
Animal dung is mixed with water in the mixing
tank and the slurry is sent into the digester. In the
digester the slurry is decomposed by anaerobic
microorganisms and after a few days biogas is
produced.
The gas is taken out through the gas outlet and
used for heating and lighting purposes. The slurry
left behind is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus and
is used as manure for crops.
15.
16. e) Wind energy :
Wind energy is used in wind mills which converts
the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical or
electrical energy.
The kinetic energy of wind can be used to do:
mechanical work like lifting water from wells or
grinding grains in flour mills.
It can also be used to rotate the turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
A single wind mill produces only a small amount
of electricity.
So a large number of wind mills in a large area
are coupled together to produce more electricity
in wind energy farms.
17. Advantages :
i) It is a renewable source of energy.
ii) It does not cause pollution.
iii) The recurring cost is less.
Disadvantages :
i) Wind is not available at all times.
ii) It requires a large area of land.
iii) A minimum wind speed of 15 km/h is
required.
18.
19. a) Solar energy :
Solar energy is the energy obtained from the sun in
the form of heat and light. The heat energy is used
in solar heating devices like solar cooker, solar
water heater, solar furnaces etc.
The light energy is used in solar cells.
i) Solar cooker :
The box type solar cooker has an insulated box
painted black inside.
It is covered by a glass plate which allows heat to
enter inside but does not allow heat to escape out.
It has a mirror to reflect more sunlight into the box.
The food to be cooked is kept in containers inside
the box It can produce a temperature of 100° to
140°.
20. ii) Solar water heater :
A solar water heater has an insulated box
painted black inside with a system of copper
tubes. It is covered with a glass plate which
allows heat to enter inside but does not allow
heat to escape out. When water flows through
the copper tube it absorbs heat and becomes
hot.
21. iii) Solar cells :-
Solar cell is a device which converts solar energy into electrical
energy.
Solar cells are made from semi conductors like silicon,
germanium, gallium etc.
A single solar cell produces a voltage of about
0.5 to 1 V and produces about 0.7 W electricity.
So several solar cells are arranged in a solar panel to produce
more electricity.
Advantages :
i) It uses renewable source of energy.
ii) It produces electricity which does not cause pollution.
iii) It can be used in remote areas where there is no power
supply.
22. Disadvantages of solar cells:
i) It uses a special grade of silicon which is
expensive.
ii) Since silver is used for connecting the cells
together it is more expensive.
iii) The current produced is DC and to convert it
to AC increases the cost.
23.
24.
25.
26. b) Energy from the sea :
Energy from the sea is obtained in three different forms. They
are
Tidal energy, Sea wave energy and Ocean thermal energy.
i) Tidal energy :
The periodic rise and fall of sea level due to gravitational
attraction of the moon causes tides.
A dam is constructed at a narrow opening
between the land and sea.
The movement of water during high tide and low tide can be
used to rotate the turbines of generators to produce
electricity.
ii) Sea wave energy :-
When strong wind blows over the sea it produces huge
waves.
The kinetic energy of the moving waves can be used to
rotate the turbines of generators to produce electricity.
27. iii) Ocean thermal energy :
There is a temperature difference between the
warm surface water and the cold water at the
bottom of the oceans.
This difference is about 20°C. The warm surface
water is used to boil liquid ammonia and the
vapour is used to rotate the turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
The cold water from the bottom is then
pumped up to cool the vapour back to liquid.
28.
29.
30.
31. The deeper regions of the earth’s crust is very
hot.
This heat melts rocks and forms magma.
The magma moves up and collects below at
some places called Hot spots. The
underground water in contact with hot spot
gets heated into steam at high pressure.
By drilling holes into hot spots the steam
coming out can be used to rotate turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
32.
33.
34. d) Nuclear energy :
Nuclear energy is the energy is the energy released during nuclear
reactions.
During nuclear reactions some mass is converted into energy and so a
very
large amount of energy is produced during nuclear reactions.
Nuclear reactions are of two types. They are Nuclear fission and nuclear
fusion.
i) Nuclear fission : is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of a heavy
atom like uranium, plutonium, etc. splits into smaller nuclei with the
release of a large amount of energy. It is used to make atom bombs and
to produce electricity.
In a nuclear power plant the heat energy produced by a controlled
nuclear fission chain reaction is used to produce steam which rotates
the turbines of generators to produce electricity.
35. ii) Nuclear fusion :- is a nuclear reaction in which small nuclei
fuse together to form a heavier nucleus with the release of a
very large amount of energy. The energy of sun is produced
by the fusion of hydrogen nuclei to form helium nucleus.
It is also used to make the hydrogen bomb.
Advantages of nuclear energy :
i) It produces a very large amount of energy per unit mass
than any other
source of energy.
ii) If safety measures are taken, it is more environment
friendly than fossil fuels.
Disadvantages of nuclear energy :
i) The cost of a nuclear reactor is very high.
ii) The availability of nuclear fuel is limited.
iii) Nuclear reactors produce harmful nuclear wastes which is
difficult to dispose.
36. The mobile farm power comes: from human,
draught animals, power tillers, tractors and
self propelled machines
The stationary power is obtained from oil
engines (diesel, petrol, kerosene) and electric
machines.
37. Human Power
The average power availability, in sustained
working,
from a male agricultural worker is considered
as 60 watts (0.06 kW)
while for a female worker it is considered as
48 watts (0.048 kW) and
For child worker as 30 watts (0.03 kW)
38. Draught animal power: The power available from
draught animals is related to its body weight
For ex:
Bullocks : 10-12% of body weight in summer and
12-14% in winter
Buffaloes : 12% of body weight in all seasons
Camels : 18% of body weight up to 7 h, 26% up to
6 h following 2 h work + 2 h rest schedule.
Donkeys : 32% of body weight up to 6 h and 36%
up to 4 h in two shifts.
39. Mobile Power from Tractors, Power Tillers and
Self-Propelled Reapers and Combines
Big range of power are available on the
market depending on your land and
production
40. Stationary Power from Diesel Engines and
Electric Motors
Depending on the size of thefarm and the
purpose of use
41. Energy Conservation is the deliberate practice
or an attempt to save: electricity, fuel oil,
mechanical power, gas or any other
combustible material
Energy Conservation is to be able to put to
additional use for additional productivity
without spending any additional resources or
money.
42. Energy conservation is achieved when: growth
of energy consumption is reduced,
measured in physical terms
Energy conservation can be the result of
several processes or developments( increase
of productivity or technology)
Energy conservation and Energy Efficiency are
separate, but related concepts.
43. Energy efficiency is achieved when energy
intensity in a specific product, process or
area of production or consumption is reduced
without effecting output, consumption or
comfort levels.
Promotion of energy efficiency will contribute
to energy conservation and is therefore an
integral part of energy conservation
promotional policies.
44. For example, replacing traditional light bulbs
with Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) (which
use only 1/4th of the energy to same light
output). Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps are
also used for the same purpose.
45. i) Minor ECOs
These are simple, easy to implement, and
require less investment implementation time.
These may correspond to stopping of:
- leakage points, avoiding careless waste,
lapses in housekeeping
- and maintenance etc.
46. ii) Medium ECOs
These are more complex, and required
additional investment and moderate
implementation time.
For example, replacement of existing
household appliances or any other energy
source by new energy efficient ones.
47. iii) Major ECOs
These provide significant energy saving. They
are complex and demand major investment
and long implementation periods.
For example, replacement or major renovation
of old buildings, machineries etc.
48.
49. Psycho-social (people do not like to change:
social taboos and traditions)
Economic (replacements often costly).
50. Is the key of energy conservation and
management
Energy audit is defined as "The Verification,
Monitoring and Analysis of use of energy
including: submission of Technical Report
containing recommendations for improving
energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis,
and an action plan to reduce energy
consumption".
51. Energy Accounting
Energy accounting simply means record of
energy used in an establishment for comparison
against a budget or another standard of
performance.
52. Systematic Approach To Decision Making
Energy Audit is the key to systematic approach
for decision making in the areas of energy
management. It attempts to balance the total
energy inputs with its use and serves to identify
all the energy streams in a facility. It quantities
the energy usage according to its discrete
functions.
53. Effective Tool for Energy Management
Energy Audit is an effective tool in defining and
pursuing comprehensive energy management
programme. In this field also, the basic
functions of management like planning,
decision making, organizing and controlling,
apply equally as in any other management
subject.
54. Ways of Usage of Energy
Energy Audit will help to understand more
about the ways energy and fuel are used in any
establishment, and help in identifying the areas
where waste can occur and where scope for
improvement exists.
55. Construction and Stream Lining
The Energy Audit would give a positive
orientation to the energy cost reduction,
preventive maintenance and quality control
programme which are vital for production and
utility activities/.
56. Ideas and Feasible Solution
In general, Energy Audit is the translation of
conservation ideas into realities, by blending technically
feasible solutions with economic and other
organizational considerations within a specified time
frame.
In brief energy audit is an in-depth study of a facility
to determine how and where energy is being used or
converted from one form to another, to identify
opportunities to reduce energy usage, to evaluate the
economics and technical practicability of
implementing these reductions and to formulate
prioritized recommendations for implementing
measures to save energy.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62. Comparison of energy utilization of different
crops
Energy accounting of a specific crop from
tillage to harvesting.
Energy Audit in a small scale village industry
Energy accounting of a brick kiln
Energy accounting of flour mill
Energy Audit in ISAE Farm
63. Students will be given different papers to
analyze and submit the findings
Three types of papers are given
64. 1. Explain how conventional energy sources
are used in Rwandan Agriculture and give 5
examples
2. Describe Non conventional energy sources
use in Rwandan Agriculture and give 5
examples
3. What are the most used energy sources in
Rwandan Agriculture? Why is it so?
4. In your own words define “Energy
management for Agriculture”
65. Read the Paper and understand it before answering
these following questions
Paper Title: Energy Efficiency of Conventional,
Organic, and Alternative Cropping Systems for
Food and Fuel at a Site in the U.S. Midwest( by S I
E G L I N D E S . SN A P P , A N D G . P H I L I P R O
B E R T S O N )
1. What are the objectives of this study?
2. Describe the need of this study
3. Discuss briefly on materials and methods used
4. Compare energy efficiencies in 5 systems which
are discussed in this paper
66. Read the Paper and understand it before answering
these following questions
Paper Title: Impacts of organic farming on
efficiency of energy use in Agriculture (by David
Pimentel)
1. Write down the main objectives of this paper
2. What are the main differences in energy
requirement between conventional and organic
farming?
3. What are the benefits of organic farming over
conventional farming?
4. Why organic farming is preferred?
67. Read the Paper and understand it before answering
these following questions
Paper Title: Energy use pattern analyses of
greenhouse vegetable production (By M. Canakci, I.
Akinci)
1. Describe the objectives of this study
2. What is the relationship between energy input
and crop yield on different crops discussed in
this paper.
3. Briefly discuss materials and methods used in
this paper.
4. Which plant does not require much energy for
production?