2. Basic of Power Generation
Basic information on Coal/Fuel Oil
Combustion Process
Power Plant Cycle
4 Main Path come across in any thermal
power plant
Boilers and Turbines
Transmission of Power and Switching
2
3. A thermal power station is a power plant in which the
Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam
turbine and does some other work and produce
electricity .
After it passes through the turbine, the steam is
condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it
was heated, this is known as a Rankine cycle
3
10. Coal - 12000 Ton/day
Water – 98000 Cubic meter /
day
Oil - 100 Cubic meter / day
Air - 50000 Tons/ day
This also result in the following
Ash - 4200 tons/ day
CO2 - 30000 tons/ day
So2 - 600 tons/ day
No2 - 80 tons/ day
10
11. 11
NR
WR
SR
ER
NER
Ennore
Kudankulam
Kayamkulam
Partabpur
Talcher/Ib Valley
Vindhyachal
Korba
MAJOR ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA
LEGEND
Coal
Hydro
Lignite
Coastal
Nuclear
Vizag
Simhadri
Kaiga
Tarapur
Mangalore
Krishnapatnam
RAPP
53,000MW
23,000MW
1,700MW
SIKKIM
MYANMMAR
CHICKEN
NECK
Cuddalore
SRI LANKA
COLOMBO
NEPAL
BHUTAN
DESH
BANGLA
South Madras
Pipavav
Generation Load-Centre
Kolkata
Bhubaneswar
Patna
Lucknow
Delhi
Mumbai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bhopal
Guwahati
Jammu
Ludhiana
Jaipur
Gandhinagar
Indore
Raipur
Thiruvananthapuram
Kozhikode
Hyderabad
* Hydro Potential : 1,10,000
> 25,000MW already installed
> 19,000MW under implementation
> 66,000MW still to be exploited
* 90% coal reserves in ER & WR
12. 12
Share of Coal in Power
Generation
Advantages of Coal Fuel
•Abundantly available in
India
•Low cost
•Technology for Power
Generation well developed.
•Easy to handle, transport,
store and use
Shortcomings of Coal
•Low Calorific Value
•Large quantity to be
Handled
•Produces pollutants, ash
•Disposal of ash is
Problematic
•Reserves depleting fast
•India’s Coal Reserves are estimated to be 206 billion tonnes. Present consumption is
about 450 million tonnes.
•Cost of coal for producing 1 unit of electricity (Cost of coal Rs 1000/MT) is Rs 0.75.
•Cost of Gas for producing 1 unit of electricity (Cost of Gas Rs 6/SMC) is Rs 1.20.
Coal
55%
Gas
10%
Diesel
1%
ydel
6%
RES
5%
Nuclear
3%
14. 14
Coal Analysis Typical composition
Proximate Analysis Moisture, Volatile , Ash and
Fixed Carbon
Ultimate Analysis Hydrogen, Sulphur , Oxygen,
Ash and Mineral Content of Ash and Mineral
Grind ability Grind a specific coal to the
particles size necessary for
effective combustion
Rank Stage of coal has reached on
the coalification
Physical Characteristic - Hardness , Color, Weight, Volume
15. Carbon, hydrogen, sulfur are sources of heat on
combustion
Surface moisture removed on heating during
pulverization.
Inherent moisture and volatiles are released at
higher temperature, making coal porous and
leading to char/ coke formation. (Thermal
preparation stage)
15
16. Main reactions
2C + O2 = 2CO + 3950 BTU/lb (Deficit air)
C + O2 = CO2 +14093 BTU/lb
Secondary reactions
2CO + O2 = 2CO2 + 4347BTU/lb
C + CO2 = 2CO -7.25MJ/kg
16
17. Carbon reaction
2C + O2 =2CO [Eco =60kJ/mol]
C + O2 =CO2 [Eco2 =140kJ/mol]
reaction at 1200oC
4C + 3O2 =2CO + 2CO2 (Ratio 1:1)
Reaction at 1700oC
3C + 2O2 = 2CO +CO2 (Ratio 2:1)
It is desirable to supply combustion air at lower temperature
regime in furnace
17
19. Anthracite
Semi-anthracite
Bituminous
Semi-Bituminous
Lignite
Peat
High CV, low VM
High CV, low VM
Medium CV, medium VM
Medium CV, medium VM
Low CV, high VM, high TM
Very low CV, high VM & TM
19
21. liquid fuels used in power plants
Light Diesel Oil (LDO) -
Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) -
Droplet formation on atomization (by steam/
compressed air/ mechanical pressurization)
Combustion initiation by High energy spark
ignition
21
24. 24
one would come across in any
thermal power plant layout are
- Coal and Ash Circuit
- Air and Gas Circuit
- Feed Water and Steam Circuit
- Cooling Water Circuit
25. Wagon Tripler Conveyer Belt Magnetic
Separation Crusher (20-25 mm) Bunker
Mill Burner
25
31. Steam generating device for a
specific purpose.
Capable to meet variation in load
demand
Capable of generating steam in a
range of operating pressure and
temperature
For utility purpose, it should generate
steam uninterruptedly at operating
pressure and temperature for
running steam turbines.
31
32. Raw materials for design of boilers
1. Coal from mines
2. Ambient air
3. Water from natural resources
4. (river, ponds)
o Generating heat energy
o Air for combustion
o Working fluid for steam
o generation, possessing heat
energy
32
A 500MW steam generator consumes about 8000 tonnes of coal every
day
It will be considered good, if it requires about 200 cubic meter of DM
water in a day
It will produce about 9500 tonnes of Carbon di Oxide every day
33. 33
ARRANGEMENT OF MAIN BOILER (STEAM
GENERATOR)
A STEAM GENERATOR IS A COMPLEX INTEGRATION OF THE
FOLLOWING ACCESSORIES:
* ECONOMISER * REHEATER
* BOILER DRUM * DIV PANEL
•DOWN COMERS * CCW PUMPS
* BOTTOM RING HEADER * BURNERS
* WATER WALLS * APHs
34. Water Tube Boiler:
Here the heat source is
outside the tubes and
the water to be heated
is inside. Most high-
pressure and large
boilers are of this type.
In the water-tube
boiler, gases flow over
water-filled tubes.
These water-filled
tubes are in turn
connected to large
containers called
drums.
34
44. 44
The steam turbine is a
form of heat engine that
derives much of its
improvement in
thermodynamic efficiency
from the use of multiple
stages in the expansion
of the steam
48. 48
Switchyard One line Diagram
G
Transfer Bus 400 KV
Main Bus II
Main Bus I
CB CB
CB
GT
20.5/400KV
Gen Bay Feeder Bay
Bus
Isolator
Transfer Bus
Bay
