This document discusses laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). It begins by defining LPR as reflux of stomach contents into the larynx and pharynx without vomiting or belching. It then covers the epidemiology, relevant anatomy, pathophysiology, etiology, presentation/symptoms, investigations including pH monitoring, and treatment including lifestyle modifications, medications, and voice therapy. The key aspects of LPR are that it involves reflux into the upper aerodigestive tract without classic acid reflux symptoms and often presents with hoarseness, cough, globus sensation, and other laryngeal symptoms.
Poremećaj prometa vode i elektrolita, odjeljci tjelesnih tekućina, dehidracija, hipokalijemija, dehidracija, edemi, patofiziologija i podjela edema, onkotički i hidrostatski edem
This document discusses chronic cough and its various causes. It begins by describing the normal cough reflex and then discusses chronic cough. It notes that chronic cough often has more than one cause. Common causes of chronic cough discussed include GERD, post-infectious cough, asthma, and non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. The document then presents two case studies of patients with chronic cough and discusses their evaluations and treatments. It concludes by emphasizing that chronic cough often has multiple contributing factors and most patients respond well to appropriate therapy.
Approach to patient with chronic coughJoyshree Das
This document discusses the approach to a patient presenting with chronic cough lasting more than 8 weeks. It describes the cough reflex pathway and etiologies of chronic cough, including upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, and ACE-inhibitor use. It provides details on diagnosing and managing these conditions through clinical history, examinations, diagnostic tests, and treatment trials. Other potential causes discussed include psychogenic cough and underlying structural lung diseases.
Group 4 dysphagia 2016 version 3.1 validatedDennis Lee
This document discusses dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) including its anatomy, physiology, causes, investigation, and management. It covers the anatomy of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. The physiology section describes the three phases of swallowing - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. Common causes of dysphagia include presbyphagia, laryngopharyngeal reflux, xerostomia, tonsillitis, epiglottitis, oropharyngeal/hypopharyngeal malignancies, and pharyngeal pouches. Investigations include endoscopy, barium swallow, and manometry. Management is tailored based on the cause and resource availability,
Chronic cough. Self study materials for medical students.Anton Litvin
This document provides an overview of chronic cough, including its definition, physiology, causes, and management. Some key points:
- Chronic cough is defined as lasting 8 weeks or longer in adults and 4 weeks in children. It is a common reason for visiting a primary care physician.
- Common causes of chronic cough include postnasal drip, asthma, GERD, COPD, and less commonly, bronchiectasis, use of ACE inhibitors, and occult infection.
- The cough reflex involves irritation of cough receptors triggering afferent and efferent pathways that lead to forced expulsion of air to clear irritants from the lungs.
- Evaluation of chronic cough includes assessing duration
Škola za medicinske sestre Vinogradska,
Smrt stanice, tkiva i organizma, apoptoza i nekroza, ishemija, vrste i oblici smrti, znakovi smrti - rani, vjerojatni (sigurni) i kasni. Mrtvačka ukočenost, pjege, hladnoća i blijedoća.
Patologija i patofiziologija, Škola za medicinske sestre Vinogradska - Prilagodbe (atrofija, hipertrofija i hiperplazija, metaplazija), Barrettov jednjak, bronhalna metaplazija
2. UVOD
• Kašalj je zaštitni refleksni mehanizam, kojim se otklanjaju strane
čestice i sekret iz bronha i bronhiola
• dvije su vrste kašlja – suhi (podražajni) i produktivni (sa
iskašljajem)
• lijekove za ublažavanje suhog kašlja nazivamo antitusicima
• lijekove koji potiču i olakšavaju iskašljavanje nazivamo
ekspektoransima
• antitusici se ne daju kod produktivnog kašlja
3. LIJEKOVI ZA UBLAŽAVANJE KAŠLJA
• Antitusici djeluju na moždano deblo, deprimirajući centar za kašalj
• pretežno se kao antitusici rabe opioidni analozi
1. KODEIN (metilmorfin)
• opijat, no ne stvara značajnu ovisnost
• učinkovit supresor suhog kašlja
• nuspojava: konstipacija
2. FOLKODIN
• neanalgetski opijat
3. PANATUS
• sirup ili dražeje
4. Ostali (korijen sljeza, cvijet lipe, Favora)
4. SREDSTVA ZA ISKAŠLJAVANJE
• ekspektoransi (mukolitici) su tvari koje olakšavaju izbacivanje
iskašljaja (sekreta) koji se nakuplja u dišnim putovima
• otapaju gustu sluz i razrjeđuju je – takvu sluz lakše je iskašljati
1. Fluimukan
2. Bisolex
3. Bisolvon
4. biljni sirupi (Favora sirup za iskašljavanje –jaglac i timjan)
5. RINOLITICI
• sredstva koja se primjenjuju za liječenje akutnih bolesti nosa,
praćenih jakom sekrecijom – akutni rinitis, alergijski rinitis, prehlada,
sinuitis
• najčešće se kao vazokonstriktori koriste simpatikomimetici – stišću
krvne žile u nosu te tako smanjuju sekreciju i edem sluznice
• Efedrin kapi, Operil, Nazolin