The document discusses antigens and antibodies. It defines antigens as foreign substances that elicit an immune response, usually proteins or polysaccharides from microbes. Antibodies are immune system proteins called immunoglobulins that are produced in response to antigens and bind to them with high specificity. The document outlines the nature, synthesis, and binding of both antigens and antibodies and how their interaction leads to immune responses like neutralization and activation of the complement system.
3. • Antigen
• Antibodies
• Nature of antigens
• Nature of antibodies
• Synthesis of antigen
• Synthesis of antibodies
• Binding of antibodies to antigens
• variation in antigen
• Variations in antibodies
• Mechanism of action
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4. • Some chemical that creates immune response
• Most are proteins or large polysaccharides
from a foreign organism.
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5. • Proteins that recognize and bind to a particular
antigen with very high specificity .
• Made in response to exposure to the antigen.
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6. NATURE OF ANTIGENS
• Proteins or polypeptide
• Components of invading microbes
• Nonmicrobial antigens
• Epitopes
• Molecular weight 10000
• Haptens
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16. • Antigen- Antibody complex
• Mechanisms involve in it
o neutralization
o agglutination
o precipitation
o activation of complement
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17. IMMUNE COMPLEX
• An immune complex is formed from the integral binding
of an antibody to a soluble antigen. The bound antigen
acting as a specific epitope, bound to an antibody is
referred to as a singular immune complex.
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19. REACTIVITY
• Avidity refers to the
strength of all
interactions
combined. An
antibody may cross-
react with different
epitopes.
• Affinity refers to the
strength of single
interactions between
antigen and antibody
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26. Chains in antibody
o Constant regions
o Variable regions
Somatic point mutations
Variation IN STRUCTURE
OF ANTIBODIES
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27. T-INDEPENDENT
ANTIGEN
• T independent antigens have repeating
units that are able to cross linked several
antigen receptors on the same B cell.
These antigen stimulate the B cell to
make antibodies without the aid of helper
T cell.
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30. • T .F.Case, G.J.Tortora, B.R.Funke, Microbiology An
Introduction, ed. Fifth, part II, chapter 17 pg.(426-443)
• P.R. Marray, Medical Microbiology, ed. seventh,
Chapter no 1, (pg. 19).
• ww.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/bound
less-microbiology-textbook/immunology-
applications-12/diagnostic-immunology-
148/antibody-
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