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The document compares and contrasts the anatomy and physiology of humans and chickens. It discusses their taxonomy, habitats, food chains, and various body systems including integumentary, respiratory, digestive, excretory, reproductive, circulatory, nervous, and skeletal systems. For each system, it highlights key anatomical structures and physiological processes in both humans and chickens.

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Rimsha Farooq (BBS153009)
Syeda Rehab Gillani(BBS153012)

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
HUMAN VS CHICKEN

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Physiolog
y
• The science that deals with the
functions of the living
organism and its parts.

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Anatomical
Terms
• Dorsal
• Ventral
• Cranial
• Caudal

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Anatomy
• The science of the structure
of animals
• Derived from the Greek work
“to cut up

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Some
Interesting
Facts
A rooster announces to a flock of chickens that he’s found
food with a “took, took, took.” But the hens don’t pay
attention if they already know that there is food around.
Roosters perform a little dance called ‘tidbitting’ in which
they make sounds (food calls) and move their head up and
down, picking up and dropping a bit of food. Researchers
have found that females prefer males that often perform
tidbitting and have larger, brighter combs on top of their
heads.
The chicken was the first bird to have its genome
sequenced, in 2004.

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Some
Interesting
Facts
Which came first, the chicken or the
egg? Well, all vertebrates have eggs, but
the hardshelled variety first appeared
among reptiles

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Taxonomy
Kingdom:
Anamalia
(animals)
Domain:
Eukaryota
(eukaryotes)
Phylum:
Chordata
(chordates)
Family:
Phasianidae
Genus:
Gallus
Order:
Galliformes
Species:
gallus
Class: Aves
(birds)
Domain:
Eukarya
Class:
Mammalia
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Species:
Sapiens
Family:
Hominidae
Order:
Primate
Genus:
Homo
Human Chicken

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Habitat of
human

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Habitat of
chicken
• Their feeding
areas
• The lower
branches of trees
Wild ChickensCaptive chickens
• Chicken coop
• Wooden building

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Habitat of
chicken

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Food Chain
of human

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Food Chain
Of chicken

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Mating
Behavior of
chicken

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Body
Systems
 Integumentary
 Respiratory
 Skeletal
 Digestive
 Circulatory
 Urinary
 Reproductive

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Integumentary
System of
human
• Skin
• Hair
• Nails
• Glands

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Integumentary
System of chicken
The skin, feathers, and
beak.
Function: to protect the
bird from external harm.
• Plumage
• Wattle

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Beaks vs. Lips
and Teeth
Birds have beaks as opposed to
lips and teeth.
The beak is used for eating and
drinking, as well as in self-
defense and protection from
other animals

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Respiratory
System of
human
• Larynx
• Right and Left Lungs
• Pharynx
• Trachea
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Respiratory
System of
chicken

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Respiratory
System
 Smaller lungs
 Unidirectional flow
 9 air sacs

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Respiratory
System

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Digestive
System(human)
• Mechanical digestion
• Chemical digestion
• Mastication
• Stomach
• Esophagus
• Small Intestine
• Large Intestine

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Digestive
System of
chicken

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Digestive
System

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Excretory
System of
human
• Kidneys And Their
Structure
• Ureters
• Urinary Bladder
• Urethra
• Nephrons
Formation of Urine
• Filtration
• Reabsorption
• Secretion

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Excretory
System of
chicken
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Cloaca
• Uric Acid Excretion

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Reproductive
System
(human)
Female
Cervix
Uterus
Fallopian Tubes
Mammary glands
The Female Reproductive Cycle
• Menopause
• ovulation

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Reproductive
System(human)
• Testes
• Epididymis
• Ductus Deferens
• Seminal Vesicles
• Penis
Male

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Reproductive
System
chicken
Female

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Reproductive
SystemFemale

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Reproductive
System

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Reproductive
SystemMale system

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Circulatory
System(human)
• The Heart
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
• Blood

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Circulatory
System(chicken)

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Circulatory
SystemHeart

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Circulatory
System

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Nervous
System(human)
• Autonomic Nervous
System
• Central Nervous System
o Nervous Tissue
o Brain

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Nervous
System
(Chicken)
• ANS and CNS

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Skeletal
System(human)
• Bone is composed of cells
surrounded by calcified
substances
• Cartilage is composed of
similar cells

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
Skeletal
System(chicken)
• Pneumatic Bones
• Medullary Bone
• Fused Bones

Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018
REFERENCE
S

Introduction: RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression. It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences. dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants. This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes. What are small ncRNAs? micro RNA (miRNA) short interfering RNA (siRNA) Properties of small non-coding RNA: Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts. Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long. Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered). Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA. Discovery of siRNA? The first small RNA: In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the development of the worm C. elegans. Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14. Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions. Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA) MiRNA Length (23-25 nt) Trans acting Binds with target MRNA in mismatch Translation inhibition Si RNA Length 21 nt. Cis acting Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence Piwi-RNA Length ; 25 to 36 nt. Expressed in Germ Cells Regulates trnasposomes activity MECHANISM OF RNAI: First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces. Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands. The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it. THE RISC COMPLEX: RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA. DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III) Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute ARGONAUTE PROTEIN : 1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA 2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity. MiRNA: The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .

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Slide 1: Title Slide Extrachromosomal Inheritance Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus. Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids. Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria. Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring. Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy. Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts. Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species. Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA. Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes. Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation. Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering. Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance. Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells. Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression. Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells. Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration. Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells. Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases. Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification. Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA. Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases. Slide 10: Conclusion Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology. Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications. Slide 11: Questions and Discussion Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.

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1. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Rimsha Farooq (BBS153009) Syeda Rehab Gillani(BBS153012)

2. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 HUMAN VS CHICKEN

3. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Physiolog y • The science that deals with the functions of the living organism and its parts.

4. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Anatomical Terms • Dorsal • Ventral • Cranial • Caudal

5. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Anatomy • The science of the structure of animals • Derived from the Greek work “to cut up

6. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Some Interesting Facts A rooster announces to a flock of chickens that he’s found food with a “took, took, took.” But the hens don’t pay attention if they already know that there is food around. Roosters perform a little dance called ‘tidbitting’ in which they make sounds (food calls) and move their head up and down, picking up and dropping a bit of food. Researchers have found that females prefer males that often perform tidbitting and have larger, brighter combs on top of their heads. The chicken was the first bird to have its genome sequenced, in 2004.

7. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Some Interesting Facts Which came first, the chicken or the egg? Well, all vertebrates have eggs, but the hardshelled variety first appeared among reptiles

8. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Taxonomy Kingdom: Anamalia (animals) Domain: Eukaryota (eukaryotes) Phylum: Chordata (chordates) Family: Phasianidae Genus: Gallus Order: Galliformes Species: gallus Class: Aves (birds) Domain: Eukarya Class: Mammalia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Species: Sapiens Family: Hominidae Order: Primate Genus: Homo Human Chicken

9. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Habitat of human

10. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Habitat of chicken • Their feeding areas • The lower branches of trees Wild ChickensCaptive chickens • Chicken coop • Wooden building

11. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Habitat of chicken

12. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Habitat of chicken

13. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Food Chain of human

14. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Food Chain Of chicken

15. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Mating Behavior of chicken

16. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Body Systems  Integumentary  Respiratory  Skeletal  Digestive  Circulatory  Urinary  Reproductive

17. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Integumentary System of human • Skin • Hair • Nails • Glands

18. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Integumentary System of chicken The skin, feathers, and beak. Function: to protect the bird from external harm. • Plumage • Wattle

19. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018

20. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Beaks vs. Lips and Teeth Birds have beaks as opposed to lips and teeth. The beak is used for eating and drinking, as well as in self- defense and protection from other animals

21. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Respiratory System of human • Larynx • Right and Left Lungs • Pharynx • Trachea • Bronchioles • Alveoli

22. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Respiratory System of chicken

23. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Respiratory System  Smaller lungs  Unidirectional flow  9 air sacs

24. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Respiratory System

25. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Respiratory System

26. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Digestive System(human) • Mechanical digestion • Chemical digestion • Mastication • Stomach • Esophagus • Small Intestine • Large Intestine

27. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Digestive System of chicken

28. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Digestive System

29. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018

30. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018

31. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Excretory System of human • Kidneys And Their Structure • Ureters • Urinary Bladder • Urethra • Nephrons Formation of Urine • Filtration • Reabsorption • Secretion

32. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Excretory System of chicken • Kidneys • Ureters • Cloaca • Uric Acid Excretion

33. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Reproductive System (human) Female Cervix Uterus Fallopian Tubes Mammary glands The Female Reproductive Cycle • Menopause • ovulation

34. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Reproductive System(human) • Testes • Epididymis • Ductus Deferens • Seminal Vesicles • Penis Male

35. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Reproductive System chicken Female

36. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Reproductive SystemFemale

37. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Reproductive System

38. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Reproductive System

39. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Reproductive SystemMale system

40. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Circulatory System(human) • The Heart • Arteries • Capillaries • Veins • Blood

41. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Circulatory System(chicken)

42. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Circulatory SystemHeart

43. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Circulatory System

44. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Nervous System(human) • Autonomic Nervous System • Central Nervous System o Nervous Tissue o Brain

45. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Nervous System (Chicken) • ANS and CNS

46. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Skeletal System(human) • Bone is composed of cells surrounded by calcified substances • Cartilage is composed of similar cells

47. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 Skeletal System(chicken) • Pneumatic Bones • Medullary Bone • Fused Bones

48. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018

49. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 REFERENCE S

50. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018 REFERENCE S

51. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018

52. Capital University Of Science And Technology Islamabad 13-3-2018

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