The document outlines the practical applications of immunology, focusing on vaccines and diagnostic immunology. It discusses the history and principles of vaccination, describing different types of vaccines such as live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and conjugated vaccines. It also covers the development of new vaccines and safety testing. For diagnostic immunology, it explains immunologic diagnostic tests and specific techniques such as monoclonal antibodies, precipitation reactions, agglutination reactions, neutralization reactions, fluorescent-antibody techniques, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). These diagnostic methods detect antibodies or antigens in patient samples.

1. PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS OF
IMMUNOLOGY

2. Outline
I. VACCINES
I. History
II. Principles and Effects of Vaccination
III. Types of Vaccines
IV. Development of New Vaccines
V. Safety of Vaccines
II. DIAGNOSTIC IMMUNOLOGY
I. Immunologic-Based Diagnostic Test
II. Monoclonal Antibodies
III. Precipitation Reactions
IV. Agglutination Reactions
V. Neutralization Reactions
VI. Complement-Fixation Reaction
VII. Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques
VIII. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

3. VACCINES
• suspension of organisms or
part of organisms used to
induce immunity
•Immune response mimics
recovery from disease

4. Principles and effects of
Vaccination

5. vid
• How Do Vaccines Prevent Illness_.mp4

6. Vaccines (cont…)
•Best way to control viral
diseases
•HERD IMMUNITY- immunity
in most of a population that
limits the spread of a
disease

7. Vaccines (history)
• Variolation
• Vaccine- (latin vacca – cow), a suspension of organisms used
to induce immunity
EDWARD JENNER (1798)
Small pox

8. TYPES OF VACCINES

9. TYPES OF VACCCINES
•LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES
•Closely resemble actual infection
•Typical lifelong immunity
•Problem: live microbe can
mutate to virulent form

11. TYPES OF VACCINES
•INACTIVATED WHOLE-AGENT
VACCINES
•Killed microbes
•Formalin and phenol

12. -Rabies
-influenza

13. TYPES OF VACCINES
•TOXOIDS
•Inactivated toxins
•Boosters are required
•Boosters- supplementary dose of
a vaccine

15. TYPES OF VACCINES
•SUBUNIT VACCINES
•Antigenic fragment
•Virus protein coat

17. TYPES OF VACCINES
•CONJUGATED VACCINES
•Polysaccharide combined with
antigen
•Used in children for early
immunization
•Hib Vaccine

18. TYPES OF VACCINES
•DNA (Nucleic Acid) VACCINES
•Naked DNA inserted thru “Shot
gun” method
•West Nile virus vaccine for
horses

19. Routes of Administration

21. Vaccine summary
• How do vaccines work_ - Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut.mp4

22. Diagnostic Immunology
Immunologic-Based Diagnostic
Test
•Tests based on interactions of
antibodies and antigens to
determine the presence of
antibodies or antigens in patients

23. Monoclonal Antibodies
• Technique to make a single type of
antibody in unlimited amounts
• Fusion of an antibody producing B cell
with a myeloma cell – immortal antibody
producing cell
• HYBRIDOMA
• Hybridoma cells produce large quantities
of a specific antibody

24. Monoclonal Antibodies
Uses and Problems
• Uses
• Diagnostic
• Pregnancy tests
• Therapeutic
• Transplant rejection
• Cancer treatment – Herceptin
• Problems
• Antibodies are mouse protein and cause
reactions in the human body

25. Monoclonal Antibodies

26. Precipitin Reactions
• Reaction of soluble antigens with IgG
and IgM antibodies
• Form visible molecular aggregates
called LATTICES
• Precipitation only occurs where the
ratio of antigen to antibody is optimal

27. Precipitation curve

28. Precipitation Reactions

29. Agglutination Reactions
• Form visible clumps or aggregates
• Very sensitive and easy to read
• Direct agglutination tests
• Detect antibodies against large cellular
antigens – RBC’s, bacteria, fungi
• Antibody titer
• Indirect agglutination tests
• Antigens absorbed onto latex spheres

30. Agglutination reaction

31. Direct agglutination

32. Indirect Agglutination

33. Viral hemagglutination

34. Neutralization Reactions
• Antigen-antibody reaction that can
block the harmful effects of toxins or
viruses
• Neutralizing substance is an antibody
produced by the host
• Called an ANTITOXIN
• Antitoxin combines with the toxin and
the toxin is neutralized

36. Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques
• used to identify microorganisms in
clinical specimens or antibodies in
serum
• Combine antibodies with a
fluorescent dye
• Direct FA tests
•Microorganisms in clinical samples
• Indirect FA tests
•Detect antibodies in serum

38. Enzyme –linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA)
• Antigen- antibody reactions are detected
by enzyme activity.
• If the indicator enzyme is present in the
test well, an antigen- antibody reaction
has occurred.

39. Enzyme –linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA)
• Direct ELISA
• Detects antigen
• Common use is in drug screening in
urine
• Indirect ELISA
• Detects antibodies in patient sample
• Common example is screening blood for
antibodies to HIV

40. Direct and Indirect ELISA

41. Salamat!