Climate Change Impacts on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems.pptx
Immuno ppt porject copy
1. Project Supervisor: Dr. Sahar Fazal
* Rimsha Farooq (bbs153009)
Syeda Rehab
Gillani(bbs153012)
CUST Islamabad 31
March 2018
2. CUST Islamabad 31
March 2018
Colorectal Cancer Immunity
and Inflammation
Topic of
Presentation
3. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
Colorecta
l Cancer
A malignancy that arises from
the inner lining of the colon
cancer.
Risk factor of colon
cancer include the family
history or ulcerative
colitis.
4. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
• Complex and multi-
faceted role in cancer
• Interaction and signaling
Immune
Cells
Tumor
Progression
Tumor
Suppression
Introduction
7. CUST Islamabad
31 March 2018
Immuno-
Surveillance
Immune cells patrol the
body monitoring for the
altered cells that become
cancer in a process known
as “Immunosurveillance”.
NK
cells
Macr
opha
ges
DCs
Neutr
o-
phils
CD8+
T
cells
CD4
+ Th
1
CD4
+Th
17
8. CUST Islamabad 31 March
2018
Immuno-editing
and Immune
Deficiencies In Cancer
• “Three Es of cancer
immunoediting”.Elimination
Escape
Equilibrium
9. Pro-tumor Immune
Responses
• Microenvironment
• Release of TGF
β
First
mechanism
• Recruitment of
immunosuppressive
cells i.e. Tregs and
CD11b+Gr1+
myeloid-derived
suppressor cells
Second
mechanism
CUST Islamabad
31 March 2018
10. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
Conditioning The
Tumor Micro-
environment
• Tumor-associated
Macrophages
• Angiogenesis promotion and
homing of
cancer cells by (HMGB1)
• Proliferation of CCs
Homing
Inflammation
Proliferation
Metastasis
11. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
Chronic
Inflammation
and Cancer
Microenvironment
initiated
Damage to ROS
Pro survival pathways
The most notable is the
gram-negative bacillus
Helicobacter pylori which is
associated with gastric
cancer and has been shown
both in murine models and
humans to cause chronic
inflammation that promotes
cancer.
12. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
Immune Cells
As Prognostic
Factors
• Presence of specific
immune cells as prognostic
factor
• Growth and survival of
tumor cells, angiogenesis
• Specific immune responses
within the tumor site were
found to influence clinical
outcome at all stages of
CRC.
Immune cells in
cancer prognosis
Memory T
cells Th1
CD8+ T
cells
CTLs
Cytotoxic
types
NK cells
Antigen
presenting
cells DCs
13. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
Immunotherapy
• Harnesses the immune
system
• Anti-tumor immune
response through strategies
such as vaccination in
combination with immune
stimulatory cytokines
15. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
Cancer Vaccines
• Tumor-associated antigens
• Surveillance to protect against
its regrowth.
16. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
Whole Tumor Vaccine
• Autologous whole tumors have
been used as cancer vaccines to
induced cytotoxic anti-tumor
immune responses
• immune response generated by
whole tumor vaccines is
generally insufficient to
provide benefit to patients
17. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
Peptide Vaccines
• Develop an immune response
against a specific known tumor
antigen
• Peptides employed are
designed for MHC Class I, the
MHC recognized by CD8+
cytotoxic T cells
18. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
Viral Vector Vaccine
• The body has already
developed multiple pathways
to recognize.
19. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
DC Vaccines
The central cells for this process
are DCs, which can provide all
three signals for a productive
anti-tumor immune response and
thus, many groups have
attempted to utilize DCs for
vaccination
20. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
Adoptive Cell
Transfer (ACT) Therapy
Extracts autologous T cells from
the tumors of patients, activates
them with cytokines and expands
them into large numbers in vitro,
all in preparation for transfer
back into the patient
21. CUST Islamabad 31 March
2018
Antibody-based Cance
Immunotherapy
• The pathway of inhibiting
VEGF as a treatment for
Colorectal cancer using mAbs.
• mAbs targeting the inhibitory
immune receptors CTLA-4,
programmed cell death 1 (PD-
1), and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1)
have produced successful
results in patients with
advanced melanoma and
NSCLC
22. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
Combined Immuno-
therapy:
Key To Success?
Stimulating an immune response
via vaccines, in combination with
blocking inhibitory pathways
such as CTLA-4 or PD-1
23. CUST Islamabad 31 March 2018
Conclusions
Tremendous progress has been
made in understanding the role
of the immune system in driving
the development of Colorectal
Cancer.