This document discusses antidotes used to treat various types of poisonings. It begins by defining poisoning and classifying antidotes into physiological, chemical, and mechanical categories. Heavy metal poisonings from substances like arsenic, lead, and mercury are then examined in more detail, along with their treatments using antagonists and chelating agents. Cyanide poisoning is also discussed, noting its mechanism of stopping cellular respiration and the use of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulphate injections as antidotes.

1. Antidotes In Poisoning

2. Content
 What is Poisoning?
 Antidotes
 Classification of Antidotes
 Heavy Metal Poisoning
 Treatment of Heavy Metal
 Cyanide Poisoning
Poisoning
 Treatment of Cyanide Poisoning
2

3. What is Poisoning?
 Poison:- A substance that is harmful or lethal to a
living organism.
 Poisoning:-
poisoning.
Administration of poison is known as
 Poisoning can occurs in various ways.
 Most commonly, poisoning occurs due to heavy metals
present in the environment.
 Many times, the metal are leached from utensils and
cookware's leading
intentional).
to inadvertent poisoning (not
 It can also be due to insecticides or pesticides.
 It can be occurs due to excessive use of drug (drug
overdose).
3

4. Antidotes
 Antidotes are the agents which are used to
stop or counteract the action of poisons.
 Classification of Antidotes:
reverse,
Based on mechanism of action antidotes can be
classified as:
1. Physiological Antidote
2. Chemical Antidote
3. Mechanical Antidote
4

5. Classification
1. Physiological Antidote
It acts by producing the Antagonistic effect (opposite)
to that of poison, or counteract the effect of poison
physiologically.
2. Chemical Antidote
It acts usually by combining with the poison and
thus changes its chemical nature, so the poison
cannot act more.
3. Mechanical Antidote
It act by preventing the absorption of poison in the
body or expelling out the poison by emesis or
elimination through urine.
5

6. Heavy Metal Poisoning
 The common heavy metals which causes poisoning
are, the salts of arsenic, lead, mercury, iron and
cadmium.
 Heavy metal poisoning occurs due to the overdose
or incomplete metabolism in the body.
 The most commonly widely
chelate
adopted method
complex
is to
with
use antagonist,
them.
which or forms
6

7. Iron Poisoning
 The overdoses of iron preparations can cause serious
problems
patients.
leading to death particularly young
 It is important to Keep iron preparations away from
children.
 Treatment:
 Usually treated by gastric lavage, followed by giving
Sodium bicarbonate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate
which converts iron into insoluble iron salts.
 If there is no
is
evidence of kidney damage then
the
deferoxamine orally administered to prevent
absorption of iron.
7

8. Treatment of Heavy Metal Poisoning
 The initial treatment is administration of charcoal to
adsorb the heavy metal.
 This is followed by the administration of the
compounds produces emesis. Which eliminates the
possibility of any poison remaining in the stomach,
being absorbed for circulation.
 In case of poison being absorbed in the body
effective organic antidotes are used.
8

9. Sodium Nitrite
 Medicinally it is mainly used as antidote in cyanide
poisoning.
ferrous ions (Fe++)
 Sodium Nitrite reacts with of
of
ion (Fe+++)
hemoglobin and converts into ferric
methaemoglobin.
 The methaemoglobin then combines with serum
cyanide thus reduces the conc. of cyanide ions.
 Other Uses:
 It has hypotensive effect and has relaxant action on
smooth muscles.
 It prevents rusting of surgical instruments and it is also
used as food preservative.
22

10. Sodium Thiosulphate
 It is specifically used as antidote in cyanide
poisoning.
 Sodium
converts
thiosulphate reacts with cyanide ions and
less
into Sodium Thiocyanate, which is
toxic than cyanide.
 Other Uses:
 It also have antioxidant and cathartic action.
 It is used in photography and analytical laboratory.
23

11. Heavy metal Antagonist
The inorganic compounds used as antidotes are as
follows.
Activated Charcoal
Kaolin
Copper Sulphate
Magnesium Sulphate
Sodium Phosphate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Calcium disodium
D-Penicillamine
Deferoxamine
Dimercaprol
Succimer
Edetate
9
Organic Compounds

12. 1. Activated
 Properties:
 It occurs as a fine
Charcoal
black, odourless, tasteless powder.
 The powder is smooth to touch and free from gritty
particles.
 It is almost insoluble in water, alcohol and other solvents.
 Action and Uses:
 It is a general type adsorbent used in poisoning.
 It not only adsorbs heavy metals but also
sedative alkaloids and gases like carbon
dioxide, nitrous oxide etc.
 It is normally used in the ratio 5:1 or
Poison).
 It is administered in the form of tablets.
 It is also used in the treatment of diarrhea
adsorbs drugs like
monoxide, carbon
10:1 (Charcoal to
to adsorbs toxins.
10

13. 2. Kaolin
 Action and Uses:
 It is mainly used as adsorbent in treatment of food and
alkaloidal poisoning as it absorbs toxins.
 (A toxic substance
organisms.)
produced by the biological processes or biological
11

14. 3. Copper Sulphate
 Action and Uses:
 It is mainly used as emetic in a dose of 300 mg in 30 ml
water.
 It acts as antidote in phosphorus poisoning.
 Externally it is used as astringent and also as fungicide
in 1 – 5% solution.
 It is an ingredient of Benedict’s and Fehling’s reagent.
12

15. 4. Magnesium Sulphate
 Besides acting as saline cathartic, it is used in the
treatment of barium and lead poisoning.
 These heavy metals get precipitate as insoluble
sulphates.
13

16. 5. Sodium Phosphate
 Besides acting as Saline Cathartics, it is mainly used
as an antidote for iron poisoning.
 It forms insoluble iron phosphate salt when
administered orally.
14

17. 6. Calcium Disodium Edetate
It is a universal type of antidote as it forms a chelate
with many metals.

The compound and its infusion is official in B. P.

1988.
It
It
It
is effective in systemic poisoning of heavy metals.
is mainly effective in lead poisoning.


 is given parenterally in 200 mg/ml by
Intramuscular (IM) route.
It should be used judiciously
a general antidote and shows
(in good manner) as
side effects.
it is

15

18. 7. D-Penicillamine
 It is given in the form of tablets in Copper,
Magnesium and Lead poisoning.
 The usual dose is 500 mg to 1.5
doses orally.
g per day in divided
 It forms complexes with heavy
its elimination through urine.
metal and promotes
16

19. 8. Deferoxamine
 Deferoxamine mesylate and its injection
B. P. 1988.
is official in
Fe++
 It is mainly effective against ion.
 It is given in 500 mg by IM route in acute poisoning.
 In chronic poisoning it is given in 0.5 to 1 g per day.
17

20. 9. Dimercaprol
 Dimercaprol and its injection is official in B. P. 1988.
 It is given by deep IM route in 1% solution in oil.
 The dose depends
metal poisoning.
upon the nature and amount of
 It forms a chelate
and metal.
between sulphadryl – SH group
 It is mainly effective against arsenic, gold and
mercury poisoning.
18

21. 10. Succimer
 It is a disulphydryl compound similar in action
dimercaprol.
as of
 It is orally active and is relatively nontoxic.
 It is
lead
effective in
poisoning.
treatment of mercury, arsenic and
19

22. Cyanide Poisoning
 Cyanide poisoning occurs accidently or when it is
taken intentionally for suicidal purpose.
 In cyanide poisoning, cyanide ion combines with
ferric ion of Cytochrome oxidase (an enzyme
responsible for electron transfer reactions).
 This leads to stoppage of cellular respiration and
metabolic reaction.
 Cyanide poisoning is usually fatal (Causing death), if
it is not treated immediately.
20

23. Treatment of Cyanide Poisoning
 Sodium Nitrite injection
and
 Sodium Thiosulphate injections are given to
counteract the effects of cyanide poison.
21