The document defines antidotes as therapeutic substances that counteract the toxic actions of xenobiotics. Antidotes are classified based on their mode of action into physiological, physical, and chemical antidotes. Physiological antidotes counteract poisons through opposing pharmacological effects, while physical antidotes interfere with poisons through adsorption, coating, or dissolving. Chemical antidotes specifically interact with or neutralize toxins through complex formation or metabolic conversion into less toxic products. Common ways antidotes work include inert complex formation, accelerated detoxification, reduced toxic conversion, receptor site competition, receptor site blockage, and bypassing toxic effects.