Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
Broad spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol, anaerobic,soil bacteria. Description includes Physicochemical Properties,Mechanism of action-50S ribosome ,Inhibits Bacterial protein synthesis,Resistance,Interactions,Indications of chloramphenicol-Pyogenic meningitis.
Anaerobic infections.
Intraocular infections.
Enteric fever
Drug of choice in some conditions.
Urinary tract infections
Topically In conjunctivitis & external ear Infections. Snehal chakorkar
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
Broad spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol, anaerobic,soil bacteria. Description includes Physicochemical Properties,Mechanism of action-50S ribosome ,Inhibits Bacterial protein synthesis,Resistance,Interactions,Indications of chloramphenicol-Pyogenic meningitis.
Anaerobic infections.
Intraocular infections.
Enteric fever
Drug of choice in some conditions.
Urinary tract infections
Topically In conjunctivitis & external ear Infections. Snehal chakorkar
Hospital pharmacy
Objectives,Functions,Location,Layout,Flow chart of materials and men,Personnel and facilities requirements including equipment,requirements and abilities for Hospital Pharmacists.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
2. Antibiotics: An antibiotic is a naturally occurring
semisynthetic or synthetic type of agent that
destroy or inhibit the growth of pathogenic
microorganism & used in the treatment of
external & internal infections.
Ideal characteristics of antimicrobials:
Kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens
Cause no allergic reaction to host cell
Don’t cause damage to host cell
Should be stable when stored in liquid or
solid form.
4. Continue….
Nitrofuran-Nitrofurantoin
Nitroimidazole-Metronidazole
Nicotinic acid-Isoniazid
Polyene-Nystatin
According to mechanism of action:
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Interference with cell membrane Integrity
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
Inhibition of protein synthesis
5. Continue…..
Inhibition of certain metabolic pathway.
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis:
Target- peptidoglycan.
Beta lactum antibiotics bind to the PBPs.
Activation of autiolytic enzyme in the cell wall
Degradation of peptidoglycan due to removal od
terminal D-alanine which is required for cross linking
6. Interference with cell membrane
Antibiotics have affinity for phospholipid of cell
membrane
Come close to the bilayer.
Orient itself within phospholipid according to their
hydrophilic –hydrophobic portion.
Formation of pseudopore from where ions, elec
trolytes leak out
Cell death
Example-Polymyxin B against Gm( -ve) bacteria only.
7. Nucleic acid synthesis Inhibitors:
Sulphonamides inhibit tetrahydrofolate &
Trimethoprim inhibit Di-hydrofolate reductase ( that
inhibit purine synthesis).
Trimethoprim & sulfa-methaxazole produce
sequential blocking.
Example-Novobiocin inhibit beta subunit of DNA
gyrase.
Rifampicin binds to DNA dependent RNA
polymerase that block the initiation of bacterial
RNA synthesis
8. Inhibition of protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides attached to specific receptor
Blockage of activity of m-RNA on recognition region
Wrong amino acid inserted thus activity slowly
stopped.
Example-chloramphenicol inhibit peptydyl
transferase which prevent synthesis new peptide
bonds.
9. Inhibition of certain metabolic pathway
Folate inhibitors
Inhibit folic acid synthesis that is required for DNA
synthesis.
When folic is inhibited then metabolic pathway is
disrupted.
Cell death occurs.
Example- Sulfadoxine, sulfasalazine.
10. According to Spectrum of activity:
Broad spectrum antibiotic: Acts against wide
range of disease.
Example-Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol.
Short spectrum antibiotic: Acts against narrow
range of disease.
Example- Penicillin G, vancomycin.
According to mode of action:
Bacteriostatic: Agents that stop reproducing the
bacteria but not necessarily killing them.
Example-Tetracycline
11. Continue…
Bactericidal: That kills the bacteria.
Example- Penicillin, Cephalosporin.
According to absorbability from site of
administration:
Locally acting- Polymixin B .
Systemic acting-Tetracycline HCL.
12. Conclusion:
Antibiotics are the agents that derived from
microorganism or produced synthetically that
destroy or limits the growth of a living
orgnism.They are classified according to their
spectrum of activity, mode of action, according to
their chemical structure and so on.