Cephalosporins are a group of antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium. The first cephalosporin was discovered in 1948. They have a bicyclic molecular structure containing a beta-lactam ring. Cephalosporins are classified into generations based on their spectrum of activity, with later generations having broader spectra. They work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Common indications include UTIs, respiratory infections, and surgical prophylaxis. Side effects include allergic reactions and nephrotoxicity. Resistance can develop through beta-lactamase production or alterations in penicillin-binding proteins. Cephalosporins are commonly used oral and parenteral antibiotics with broad spectrums

1. A Presentation On
Cephalosporin

2. Md. Ashraful Zaman Akash ID-131017
Asraful Islam Rayhan ID-131039
Md. Nazmus Sakib ID-131032
Sanzida Afroze ID-131004
Shamsunnahar Lipa ID-131021
Md. Rubel Haque ID-131024
Presented
By……….

3. Outlines……
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation...

4. Any of a group of widely used broad-spectrum
antibiotics, originally isolated as a product of
fermentation from the fungus Cephalosporium
acremonium are called Cephalosporins.
Definition
Cephalosporium acremoniumFig:

5. The first chemical compounds of
the cephalosporin group were
isolated from Cephalosporium
acremonium, a cephalosporin-
producing fungus, first discovered
by Giuseppe Brotzu in 1948.
The Cephalosporines are isolated from
Cephalosporium species
Prepared semisynthetically
Giuseppe Brotzu
(1895-1976) Italy.
History:

6. It has a bicyclic system containing 4-
membered 𝜷 -lactam ring fused to a six
membered dihydrothiazine ring system
.Nucleous of the most cephalosporin is 7-
amino-cephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) .
Possible modifications
•7-Acylamino side chain
•3-Acetoxymethyl side chain
•Substitution at C-7
Chemistry of Cephalosporin:
N
O
HHH
N
O
S
CO2H
O
C
Me
O
H2N
CO2H
7
H
6
1
2
3
4
58
N
O
HH
H2N S
CO2H
O
C
Me
O
7-Aminocephalosporinic acid
(7-ACA)
Dihydrothiazine
ring
b-Lactam
ring

7. Properties of cephalosporins
Broad spectrum activity
They are water soluble
The molecular weight of cephalosporins is 400-450
Relatively stable to pH and temperature changes
Nucleus of cephalosporin is 7-amino cephalos
poranic acid
Their activity is not reduced by serum

8. Range from very narrow spectrum to very
broad spectrum
nucleus Consists of dihydrothiazine ring
fused to a β–lactam ring
7-aminocephalosporanic acid has been
modified by addition of different side chains
to create a whole family of cephalosporin
antibiotics.

9. Classification of cephalosporins:
 According to generations Cephalosporins
are following types…
First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation
Fourth Generation
Fifth Generation
Sixth Generation

10. First Generation:
 Parenteral Drugs:
 Cefazolin
 Cephalothin
 Cephapirin
 Cephradine
 Oral
 Cephalexin
 Cephradine
 Cefadroxil

11. –Most gram-positive cocci
–Strepto,
–Pneumo,
• Modest activity against E. coli, K.
pneumoniae & Proteus mirabilis
•Exhibit good activity against gram-positive
bacteria

12. Second Generation:
 Parenteral Drugs
 Cefamendole
 Cefonicid
 Cefoxidin
 Oral Drugs
 Cefaclor
 Cefuroxime axetil

13.  Exhibit somewhat increased activity against
gram negative organisms,
but much less active than third generation
agents.
 Less active against gram positive cocci & bacilli
compared to first gen. drugs.

14. Third Generation:
 Parenteral Drugs
 Cefotaxime
 Cefriaxone
 Ceftazidime
 Cefoperazone
 Oral Drugs
 Cefixime
 Cefotaxime
 Cefdinir
 Cefpodoxime proxetil

15. Highly augmented activity against gram-negative
organisms
All are highly resistant to β-lactamases from
gram negative bacteria.
 Some members of this group have enhanced ability
to cross the blood-brain barrier eg. Ceftriaxone .

16. Fourth Generation:
Parenteral Drugs:
Cefepime
Cefpirome
Cefozopran

17.  Highly active against G –ve organisms
 Effective against bacterial infections
resistant to earlier drugs.

18.  Ceftobiprole
 Ceftaroline
 Active against, g +ve cocci especially MRSA
 penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae
and enterococci
Fifth Generation:

19. Pharmacokinetics:
 Rout of administration:
 Oral
 Parenteral
 Distribution
 Body fluid
 Joint fluid
 Pleural fluid
 CNS
 Elimination
 Unchanged in urine
 Renal tubules
 Plasma Half-life: 1-4 hours mostly

20.  Peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structure integrity of
bacteria .
The final step in synthesis of peptidoglycan ( Transpeptidation) is
facilitated by transpeptidase ( PBP- Penicillin Binding Protein )
Cephalosporin comptitively inhibit PBP as it mimics the structure of
D-Ala-D-Ala link to which PBP bind for cross-linking of peptidoglycan
.
 As it disrupting the cross-linking process the cell wall will lose
its strength which results in cell lysis.
Mechanism of action:

22. MECHANISM OF ACTION:

23. By Flow Chart:
Cephalosporin
Act as transpeptidase enzyme
Inhibit transpeptidation reaction
Block peptidoglycine synthesis
Activation of Autolytic enzyme
Increase the permeability of cell membrane
Cell explodes and lysed
Death of microorganism

24. oUTI
oInfection of gut
oRespiratory tract infection
oBoils, abscess
oProphylaxis in surgery
oBiliary sepsis
oPerson allergic to penicillin
Indication..

25. oMeningitis
oGonorrhoea
oInfected burns
oSepticaemia
oAspirin Pneumonia
oMixed infection
oTonsillitis

26. Contraindication:
Renal failure
Hepatic impairment
Rheumatic fever
 These drugs are contraindicated in patient with
known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin & penicillin
.
Lactating patient and anaerobic infections.
Pregnancy & Breastfeeding

27. Therapeutic Uses:
 Extensively used & therapeutically importan
antibiotics
 Effective therapeutic & prophylactic agents

28. AdverseEffect..
Allergic reaction
 Anaphaylaxis
 Serum sickness
 Urticaria
 Skin rash
 Haemolytic anaemia etc..
GIT upset
 Nausia
 Vomiting
 Diarrhoea

29. Nephrotoxicity:
 Interstitial Nephritis
 Renal Tubular necrosis
Others:
Disulfiram-like reaction
Local irritation after I/M injection
Thromboflavitis after repeated I/V
Bleeding tendency
Eosinophilia and thrombocytosis
Defect of newborn babies
Pharyngitis ( Throat infection)
Stillbirth or Miscarriage

30.  Impermeability to the antibiotic.
-to reach its site of action
 Alteration in PBPs -antibiotics bind with low
affinity
 Elaboration of β-lactamases; that can
hydrolyze the β-lactam ring and inactivate the
cephalosporin (most prevalent mech)
Resistance

31. Similarity :
 Both obtained from fungus
 Structural similarity
 Mechanism action ( Cell wall inhibitor )
Dissimilarity :
Resistant to beta lactamase
Antibiotic spectrum
 Precursor
COMPARISON WITH PENICILLIN

32.  Broad spectrum of activity
 Stability to Beta-lactamase
 Oral and parenteral preparations
 Widely accepted
 Treats ‘Day to Day’ as well as serious infections.
 High safety profile.
Why Cephalosporin is used-

33.  Extremely widely used :-
 Safe :
Side effects specific to individual members of
the family as well as the family as a whole
Not necessarily cross reaction with penicillin
hypersensitivity

34. Market Preparation Of Cephalosporin…

35. LORACEF (Square)
Doses form: Dose:
 Suspension 125mg/5ml
 Capsule 500mg
 Drop 100mg/1ml

36. CLOBAC (Opsonin)
-Dose:
100mg/1ml drop
125mg/5ml suspension
-Price:
100ml bot: 180.00 MRP
15ml bot: 125.00 MRP

37. CEFLON (Eskayef)
Doses form: Dose:
 Suspension 125mg/5ml
 Capsule 500mg
 Drop 100mg/1ml

38. CEFTICLOR (Renata)
-Dose:
250mg & 500mg/capsule
125mg/5ml suspension
100mg/1ml drop
-Price:
250mg x 12s pack: 252.00 MRP; 500mg x 12s pack: 456.00 MRP
100ml bot: 190.00 MRP
15ml bot: 125.00 MRP

39. References :
Lippincott’s Illustrated Pharmacology ,
Champ P.C - Essentials of Medical Pharmacology ,
Tripathi K.D - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ,
Katzung B.G.
www. Wikipedia.com