Anesthesia 5th year, 11th lecture (Dr. Aamir)
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Post operative complications can include hypotension, hypertension, and cardiac dysrhythmias. Hypotension is most commonly caused by hypovolemia from inappropriate fluid replacement pre or post operatively. Management involves confirming accurate blood pressure measurements, giving IV fluids if blood pressure is low and central venous pressure is low, and using inotropic drugs or antibiotics if other factors are present. Hypertension can be caused by hypoxemia, pain, preexisting conditions, or hypervolemia, and is managed by correcting the underlying cause with hypotensive drugs if needed. Cardiac dysrhythmias can result from hypoxemia, electrolyte abnormalities, medications, or preexisting conditions, though most do not require treatment beyond addressing the
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Complications and management_slide[1] final to be put on slideshare
Complications and management_slide[1] final to be put on slideshare
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Similar to Anesthesia 5th year, 11th lecture (Dr. Aamir)
Heart failure update 2012
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. It discusses systolic and diastolic heart failure, highlighting key differences. Medical treatments that improve survival in systolic heart failure are reviewed, including ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, spironolactone/eplerenone, hydralazine/nitrates, and ARBs. The roles of diuretics, neurohormonal activation, and beta blockers are explained. Carvedilol is positioned as superior to metoprolol based on direct comparison trials.
Heart Failure
Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by structural or functional abnormalities of the heart. Common causes include coronary artery disease and hypertension. Symptoms vary depending on whether the left or right side of the heart is predominantly affected, but may include shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Diagnosis involves blood tests, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, and echocardiogram. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, treating underlying causes, and medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers. Prognosis depends on severity and can include complications like arrhythmias, kidney impairment, and cachexia.
Pediatric_Shock.pptx
This document discusses the stages and types of shock. It begins by outlining the stages of shock as compensated, uncompensated, and irreversible. It then defines the main types of shock as hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive. For each type of shock, the document provides the etiology, clinical presentation, differentiation from other types, and general management approach. It particularly focuses on hypovolemic/hemorrhagic, cardiogenic, and septic shock, outlining their specific therapies which include fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, antibiotics, and other targeted interventions.
cardio emergencies I.pptx
It includes emergency situations related to the cardiovascular aspect of humans. it focuses on the critical care aspect to manage certain emergencies. Nursing care is also included thus, fosters a better aspect of nursing individuals to manage a cardiovascular emergency.
Hemodialysis catastrope
The document discusses several common acute complications that can occur during hemodialysis treatments. It notes that hypotension occurs in 25-55% of patients and is the most frequent complication. Other common complications include muscle cramps (5-20% of patients), nausea/vomiting (5-15%), chest pain (2-5%), and back pain (2-5%). The document provides details on the causes, risk factors, prevention, and treatment of these complications, particularly hypotension and muscle cramps. It also discusses less common but potentially life-threatening issues like dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, air embolism, and seizures.
Pharmacology- Management of Heart Failure- w Updates
This document provides an overview of the pharmacological management of congestive heart failure. It discusses the pathophysiology of heart failure and compensatory mechanisms. It describes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its role in heart failure. The document outlines the classification, causes, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic criteria of heart failure. It discusses the goals and types of drugs used to treat heart failure, including vasodilators, diuretics, beta blockers, and angiotensin-modulating agents like ACE inhibitors. The document provides details on commonly used ACE inhibitors and their mechanisms and effects in treating heart failure.
IVMS-CV-Pharmacology- Management of Congestive Heart Failure
This document provides an overview of the pharmacological management of congestive heart failure. It discusses the pathophysiology of heart failure and compensatory mechanisms. It describes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its role in heart failure. The document outlines the classification, causes, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic criteria of heart failure. It discusses the goals and types of drugs used to treat heart failure, including vasodilators, diuretics, beta blockers, and angiotensin-modulating agents like ACE inhibitors. The document provides details on commonly used ACE inhibitors and their mechanisms and effects in treating heart failure.
11 heart failure
Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It affects over 5 million Americans. The prevalence increases with age, reaching nearly 10% in those over 80. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling, and more. Treatment focuses on reducing cardiac workload through diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other drugs. Device therapies like CRT can also help certain patients. Lifestyle changes and strict medication adherence are important for managing the condition.
Congestive heart failure basics
1) Congestive heart failure results from any structural or functional abnormality that impairs the ventricle's ability to eject or fill with blood.
2) The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a role in the vicious cycle of congestive heart failure by stimulating sodium and water retention.
3) Treatment for systolic heart failure involves correcting underlying factors, lifestyle modifications, and maximizing medications like loop diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and aldosterone antagonists.
hear failure.ppt
This document discusses heart failure, including its definition, causes, types, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, management, and considerations for dental care. Heart failure refers to the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is usually caused by conditions that damage the heart muscle such as coronary artery disease and hypertension. Management involves treating the underlying cause, using medications like ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers, restricting salt intake, and treating complications. Dental care requires identifying patients' heart failure status, coordinating with their physician, and providing treatment appropriately tailored to their condition and symptoms.
Congestive Heart Failure.pptx
Heart failure results from structural or functional abnormalities that impair the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently. It can involve systolic or diastolic dysfunction. As the heart pumps less effectively, blood moves through the heart and body more slowly and pressure builds up in the heart. This prevents the heart from supplying enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's needs. Heart failure prevalence is increasing and is a major cause of hospitalization. Risk factors include coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. Symptoms depend on whether the left or right side of the heart is predominantly affected and include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and irregular heart rhythms. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, BNP levels, chest x-
A brief synopsis of acute decompensated heart failure
This document provides an overview of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). It defines ADHF as a clinical syndrome characterized by the development of respiratory distress due to rapidly accumulated fluid in the lungs. The document categorizes heart failure based on systolic vs diastolic function, left vs right sided, acute vs chronic onset, and NYHA functional classification. Common symptoms, physical exam findings, causes, risk factors, differential diagnoses, and initial investigations are described. Imaging findings on chest x-ray indicative of different stages of heart failure are also summarized.
shock cme.pptx
Shock is an acute condition characterized by inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues due to low blood flow. The main types of shock in children are hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive. Septic shock is a leading cause of mortality worldwide in children. Early recognition and intervention, including fluid resuscitation and inotropic support, as well as treating any underlying infection, are important to prevent progression to uncompensated shock and organ failure. Outcomes have improved with educational efforts promoting rapid evaluation and management.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood effectively. There are three main types: dilated cardiomyopathy causes the heart chambers to enlarge; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy results in abnormal thickening of the heart muscle; and restrictive cardiomyopathy occurs when heart muscle is replaced with scar tissue causing stiffness. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and heart failure. Treatment involves medications, surgically implanted devices, and possibly heart transplant for severe cases.
Heart failure basics
1) Congestive heart failure results from any structural or functional abnormality that impairs the ventricle's ability to eject or fill with blood.
2) The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a role in the vicious cycle of congestive heart failure by stimulating sodium and water retention.
3) Treatment for systolic heart failure involves lifestyle modifications, medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and devices or transplantation for refractory cases.
(5) nursing care plans (ncp) for cardiogenic shock
The document provides information on cardiogenic shock, including its causes and nursing care plans. Cardiogenic shock is caused by the heart's inability to pump sufficiently due to impaired contractility. It is usually associated with conditions like myocardial infarction.
The nursing care plans for cardiogenic shock involve careful assessment, monitoring of vital signs and fluid status, and adjusting medications based on assessments. Five specific nursing care plans are outlined covering impaired gas exchange, decreased cardiac output, ineffective tissue perfusion, excess fluid volume, and anxiety. The plans describe potential signs and symptoms, desired outcomes, and nursing interventions with rationales.
SHOCK.pptx bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is usually caused by heart muscle damage from a myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, or other acute cardiac conditions. Key features include low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, impaired thinking, and poor peripheral circulation. Treatment focuses on supporting heart function through inotropic drugs or devices, reducing workload on the heart, and treating any underlying causes.
Heart failure
Heart failure is a common and serious condition where the heart muscle is unable to pump sufficiently. It can have multiple causes and the prevalence increases significantly with age. Prognosis remains poor with high mortality rates. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, signs, and testing like echocardiogram. Management focuses on general measures like diet, exercise, and reducing risk factors as well as specific treatments targeting the underlying cause and physiology of heart failure.
Anesthesia for non cardiac surgery in adults with Congenital Heart Disease
This document discusses anaesthetic management considerations for adults with congenital heart disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery. It outlines common congenital heart defects seen in adults and their long-term consequences, including pulmonary hypertension, bleeding/thrombosis risk, heart failure, and dysrhythmias. It provides guidance on preoperative evaluation, intraoperative monitoring tailored to specific defects, management strategies for defects like Fontan circulation, and postoperative care focused on preventing complications in the ICU.
Heart failure (3)
This document provides information about heart failure including its definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to supply sufficient blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by systolic or diastolic ventricular dysfunction, valvular abnormalities, or other cardiac or extracardiac issues. Common symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, edema, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves examinations like echocardiography and tests such as electrocardiograms and natriuretic peptide levels. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, addressing the underlying cause, and may include medications like ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and anticoagulants.
Similar to Anesthesia 5th year, 11th lecture (Dr. Aamir) (20)
Pharmacology- Management of Heart Failure- w Updates
Pharmacology- Management of Heart Failure- w Updates
IVMS-CV-Pharmacology- Management of Congestive Heart Failure
IVMS-CV-Pharmacology- Management of Congestive Heart Failure
A brief synopsis of acute decompensated heart failure
A brief synopsis of acute decompensated heart failure
(5) nursing care plans (ncp) for cardiogenic shock
(5) nursing care plans (ncp) for cardiogenic shock
SHOCK.pptx bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
SHOCK.pptx bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
Anesthesia for non cardiac surgery in adults with Congenital Heart Disease
Anesthesia for non cardiac surgery in adults with Congenital Heart Disease
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Pediatrics 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Tara Husain)
This document outlines guidelines for neonatal life support, including drying and warming the baby, assessing need for intervention, establishing an airway, ventilating the lungs, performing rescue breathing or chest compressions, and administering drugs if needed. It discusses delaying cord clamping, using air or blended oxygen for resuscitation, and wrapping preterm babies. Guidelines for compression to ventilation ratio, meconium suction, and therapeutic hypothermia are also presented. Steps for basic and advanced life support are outlined.
Pediatrics 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Adnan)
Growth and development milestones from birth through age 5 are outlined. Growth refers to increases in cell mass and number, while development is the differentiation of functions. Key milestones are provided for gross and fine motor skills, communication/language, and cognitive/social development according to average ages. Growth is also defined for weight, height/length, and head circumference based on age.
Tubes, Suture Materials, IV Fluids photos
This document contains a list of various medical equipment and supplies used for anesthesia and airway management. Items on the list include different types of endotracheal tubes, laryngeal masks, tracheostomy tubes, airway devices, sutures, IV fluids, and wound closure materials. The list appears to be an inventory of available anesthesia and surgical supplies.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Aram Baram)
I examined this patient's peripheral vascular system. On inspection from the end of the bed, the patient appeared comfortable at rest with no signs of vascular disease. Both limbs were pink and well perfused with normal capillary refill times. All pulses were present and equal bilaterally. Buerger's test was negative. To complete my examination, I would assess the cardiovascular system and test the relevant muscles and nerves of the affected limb, and perform duplex scans and ankle-brachial pressure indexes.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Aram Baram)
This document summarizes common venous disorders, including varicose veins, superficial thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and their causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
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- DVT occurs when blood clots form in the deep veins, usually in the legs. It can cause leg swelling/pain and potentially fatal pulmonary embolism. Risk increases with age, surgery, trauma, cancer, and genetic factors. Ul
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Hamid)
This document summarizes the surgical management of lumbar disc herniation. It outlines the absolute and relative indications for surgery, as well as the optimal timing. The available surgical interventions are listed, along with their common complications and results. Cauda equina syndrome is the absolute indication for surgery and requires immediate treatment. Relative indications include failure of conservative treatments and severe, intractable radicular pain. Open discectomy is considered the gold standard, while microdiscectomy has shorter recovery times. Patient selection influences surgical outcomes.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. AbdulWahid)
The origins of surgery can be traced back many centuries, with practitioners using various materials and techniques for closing wounds. Ancient methods included using ants or thorns to close wounds. In more modern times, catgut made from sheep intestine was used. Post-World War II, sutures were developed with needles attached to reduce tissue trauma. Sutures are classified based on material and absorbability, and appropriate suture selection depends on factors like the tissue and wound characteristics.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Ali A. Nabi)
The document discusses the anatomy and examination of the knee joint. It details the two knee joints - the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints. It describes the ligaments that provide stability to the tibiofemoral joint, including the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. The document outlines how to examine a patient's knee through obtaining a history, assessing symptoms, performing physical signs and tests of stability. Common tests mentioned include the Lachman test, McMurray's test and apprehension test. Imaging options like x-rays, MRI and arthrography are also summarized.
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This document discusses hydrocephalus, including its definition, causes, classification, presentation, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- Hydrocephalus is an abnormal enlargement of the ventricles due to excessive CSF accumulation from disturbances in flow, absorption or secretion.
- It can be obstructive, caused by blockages, or communicating, caused by issues outside the ventricles or with CSF absorption.
- Common causes include tumors, infections, bleeding and congenital abnormalities.
- Treatment involves surgically inserting shunts to drain CSF from the brain to the abdomen, or performing third ventriculostomies to create openings and bypass blockages.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Khalid Shokor Mahmood)
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. AbdulWahid)
Lower GI hemorrhage can originate from the colon or small bowel. Common causes include bleeding diverticulosis, colonic angiodysplasia, and neoplasms. Evaluation involves laboratory tests, colonoscopy, video capsule endoscopy, or angiography to locate the bleeding site. Treatment options depend on the cause but may include endoscopic therapies, angiographic embolization, or surgery.
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Developmental dysplasia of the hip is a condition where the hip joint is unstable or partially dislocated. It affects 1-50 out of every 1000 live births, with 60% being detected by 1 week of age and 90% by 8 weeks. The document discusses the anatomy, aetiology, pathology, clinical features, imaging, and different treatment approaches depending on if the patient is under 6 months, 6 months to 6 years, or above 6 years of age.
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This document summarizes the management of upper GI hemorrhage. It outlines the steps to take which include obtaining a complete history and physical exam, performing laboratory tests, considering radiological scans, stabilizing the patient, identifying the source of bleeding through endoscopy, and various pharmacological and endoscopic interventions depending on the underlying cause of bleeding such as PPIs, octreotide, angiography, embolization, surgery, or TIPS procedure. Refractory cases may require repeat endoscopy, angiography, embolization or surgery.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. AbdulWahid)
- Gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a common medical problem, accounting for 1-2% of hospital admissions. The most common causes are peptic ulcer disease (50%), esophageal varices (10-20%), and gastritis (10-25%).
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Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. AbdulWahid)
The document discusses different types of drains used in medical procedures including closed and open drains. Closed drains have lower infection rates but limit mobility while open drains are softer and more comfortable. Examples of closed drains include pigtail catheters and urinary catheters while open drains include Penrose and corrugated drains. Potential problems with all drains include tissue trauma, erosion, herniation, leaks, bacterial infection, and fluid/electrolyte loss.
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Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Sarwar Noori)
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Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. AbdulWahid)
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance and management. It covers the composition of body fluids, mechanisms that regulate fluid homeostasis, and types of parenteral fluid therapy including crystalloids like saline solutions and dextrose solutions, as well as colloid solutions. It provides guidelines on fluid replacement and maintenance requirements, and examples of intravenous fluid orders.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Bakhtyar Baram)
This document discusses various types of orthopedic infections including acute and subacute hematogenous osteomyelitis, chronic osteomyelitis, purulent infectious arthritis, soft tissue infections, and postoperative, posttraumatic, and postarthroplasty infections. It covers the incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. Key factors that can influence infections include patient factors like general health, immunology, and alcohol/medicine use as well as surgical factors such as preparation, sterilization, and operating theater. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, laboratory tests, imaging like x-rays, ultrasound, CT, and MRI scans. Treatment depends on the type and severity of infection but generally involves antibiotics, biopsy or aspiration, surgery
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Aso Omar)
The kidneys can be injured by blunt or penetrating trauma, requiring timely medical evaluation. The kidneys are normally protected by back muscles but can be damaged by severe impacts or objects piercing the skin. Blunt trauma may cause bruising while penetrating injuries like gunshots can enter elsewhere and travel to the kidneys. Most kidney injuries are minor but evaluation with imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scans helps classify the injury and guide management, which may include rest, antibiotics, surgery, or nephrectomy in more severe cases.
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Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
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Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
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Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
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Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
acne vulgaris -Mpharm (2nd semester) Cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
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ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION in community setting
“Environmental sanitation means the art and science of applying sanitary, biological and physical science principles and knowledge to improve and control the environment therein for the protection of the health and welfare of the public”.The overall importance of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil ), and to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate .Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment, etc. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean come under sanitation. Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean and promotes public health is the necessary in todays life.
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Fallopian tube blockage may cause female infertility. For treatment, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
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Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
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