Heart is the center of your cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood through your body, carrying nutrients in and taking waste out. Having good cardiovascular health is an important factor of optimal wellness.
An adult has a mass of 250-350 grams.
Each day, the average heart beats 100,000 times, pumping about 2,000 gallons (7,571 liters) of blood.
By the end of a long life, a person's heart may have beat (expanded and contracted) more than 3.5 billion times.
By the end of a long life, a person's heart may have beat (expanded and contracted) more than 3.5 billion times.
Heart has four chambers and four valves present in the heart control the flow of blood in the heart.
The human heart heart length, width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5 cm, and 6 cm, respectively. In addition, the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males and 230-280 g in females.
The human heart heart length, width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5 cm, and 6 cm, respectively. In addition, the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males and 230-280 g in females.
Blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and CapillariesAmir Rifaat
It is one of the circulatory systems. This explains the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It also differentiate between the arteries, veins and capillaries. This slide also explained the pulmonary circuit and systemic curcuit. This is an interesting notes and easy to be understand.
Here's a Presentation made by GROUP F on CORONARY CIRCULATION. This slide was created for Problem Based Learning (PBL) wrap up session Held At Kathmandu University- Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital (BMCTH).
feel free to Download and share this slide. You can leave comments for further improvement on other presentations. Thankyou. Cheers!
Human heart anatomy and physiology Part -1Ritu Sharma
The heart is the pump responsible for maintaining adequate circulation of oxygenated blood around the vascular network of the body. It is a four-chamber pump, with the right side receiving deoxygenated blood from the body at low presure and pumping it to the lungs (the pulmonary circulation) and the left side receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumping it at high pressure around the body (the systemic circulation).
Blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and CapillariesAmir Rifaat
It is one of the circulatory systems. This explains the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It also differentiate between the arteries, veins and capillaries. This slide also explained the pulmonary circuit and systemic curcuit. This is an interesting notes and easy to be understand.
Here's a Presentation made by GROUP F on CORONARY CIRCULATION. This slide was created for Problem Based Learning (PBL) wrap up session Held At Kathmandu University- Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital (BMCTH).
feel free to Download and share this slide. You can leave comments for further improvement on other presentations. Thankyou. Cheers!
Human heart anatomy and physiology Part -1Ritu Sharma
The heart is the pump responsible for maintaining adequate circulation of oxygenated blood around the vascular network of the body. It is a four-chamber pump, with the right side receiving deoxygenated blood from the body at low presure and pumping it to the lungs (the pulmonary circulation) and the left side receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumping it at high pressure around the body (the systemic circulation).
B. Pharm SEM -I; Unit V- Cardiovascular system. Heart – anatomy of heart, blood circulation, elements of conduction system of heart and heart beat, its
regulation by autonomic nervous system, cardiac output, cardiac cycle. Regulation of
blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram
Herbal drugs / herbal medicines include
herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and
finished herbal products, that contain as active ingredients, part of plants, or other plant materials, or combinations.
Herbal medicines comprise of therapies employing plant based products.
It is an integral part of Ayurveda and some indigenous medical systems.
Herbal drugs are becoming more popular in the modern world for their application to cure variety of diseases with less toxic effects and better therapeutic effects
OSI Reference Model - internationally standardised network architecture.
OSI = Open Systems Interconnection: deals with open systems, i.e.systems open for communications with other systems.
Specified in ISO 7498.
Model has 7 layers.
Supercomputers...are used to process very large amounts of information including processing information to predict hurricanes, satellite images and navigation, and process military war scenarios
Mainframes...are used by government and businesses to process very large amounts of information.
Mini-Computers...are similar to mainframes...they are used by business and government to process large amounts of information.
Personal Computers (PC
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
They were often enormous and taking up entire room.
First generation computers relied on machine language.
They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.
Chromatography is an analytical method in which compounds are physically separated and measured.
The main purpose of chromatography is to separate and quantify the target sample.
The Chromatography technique used to separate a mixture of compounds in pharmaceutical sciences , analytical analytical Chemistry with the purpose of identifying, quantifying and purifying the individual components of the mixture.
The Hedgehog pathway was discovered in fruit fly (Drosophila) and is conserved in vertebrates (including humans)
The Hedgehog pathway is involved in cell growth and differentiation to control organ formation during embryonic development.
Hedgehog signalling regulates embryonic development, ensuring that tissues reach their correct size and location, maintaining tissue polarity and cellular content.
In the skin, the Hedgehog pathway is critical for regulating hair follicle and sebaceous gland development.
Germline mutations in components of the Hedgehog signalling pathway results in a number of developmental abnormalities.
Hedgehog signalling normally remains inactive in most adult tissues
Oxygen is highly reactive atom that is capable of becoming part
of potentially damaging molecule commonly called “free radical.”
Free radicals are capable of attacking cells of the body, causing
them to lose their structure and function.
Free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of at
least 50 diseases.
Free radial formation is controlled naturally by various compounds
known as antioxidants.
It is when the ability of antioxidant is limited that this damage can
become cumulative and debilitating.
Following criteria should be considered while selecting an antioxidant.
It should be able to produce desire redox reaction.
It should be physiologically and chemically compatible.
It should be physiologically inert.
It should be non-toxic both in the reduced and oxidized forms.
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should provide prolonged stability to the formulation.
These are the substances which are added in the formulation along the therapeutic agent so as to impart specific qualities in the formulation.
These are have very little or no therapeutic value but are necessary in the manufacture of various dosage forms.
Purposes served by Additives:
Provide bulk to the formulation.
Facilitate drug absorption or solubility and other pharmacokinetic considerations.
Aid in handling of “API” during manufacturing .
Provide stability and prevent from denaturation etc
Exists without actions of humankind in the form of matter/energy which is available in the earth and get used by living thing.
Or exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, air and as well as a living organism such as a fish.
Or it may exist in an alternate form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, petroleum, and most forms of energy.
Extraction is a process of separation or isolation of pharmaceutical active ingredients
from plant or animal drugs with the help of solvent.
On the basis of the physical nature of crude drug to be extracted i.e. liquid or solid ,the extraction process may be:
Liquid –Liquid Extraction Or
Solid –Liquid Extraction.
The solvent used for extraction is called as ‘Menstruum’ and the residue left after extracting desired constituents is called ‘Marc’.
Required Ideal Properties of Menstruum :
Should be inert and non –toxic
Should extract only the desirable constituent of the crude drug .
Should be cheap and easily available
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most chronic, slowly progressive age associated
neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta, leads to deficiency or depletion dopamine (DA) in the striatum.
Idiopathic - (unknown cause)
Genetic - (clustering of early-onset pd in some families)
Drug induced (Anti-depressant, calcium channel blockers)
Toxins – (Environmental and Neurotoxins)
Head Trauma – (During accidental conditions)
Cerebral Anoxia
Histamine is an endogenous substance that is amine synthesized, stored and released by the various cells of the body: (a) Mast cells, which are abundant in the skin, GI, and the respiratory tract,
(b) Basophils in the blood, and (c) Some neurons in the CNS and peripheral NS.
It is an “Autocoid” that is secreted locally and regulate the activity of various near lying cells and neurons.
Huntington's disease is slowly progressive, rapidly growing hereditary brain disease that causes abnormal motor coordination, thinking, behavior and ultimately leads to dementia.
Its necessary to diagnosis earlier i.e. onset of movement disorder, particularly
with chorea and impaired voluntary movement.
Autosomal dominant inheritance with 2000 people are diagnosed each year.
No drug therapy is available
The worldwide prevalence of Huntington’s Disease is 5-10 cases per 10000 which affects men and women equally
SPECTROSCOPY is defined as the study of the interactions between radiations and matter as function of wavelength λ .
Interactions with particle radiation or a response of a material to an altering field
or varying frequency.
SPECTRUM : A plot of the response as a function of wavelength or more commonly frequency is referred to as spectrum.
SPECTROMETRY : It is measurement of these responses and an instrument which performs such measurements is a spectrophotometer or spectrograph, although
these terms are more limited in use to original field of optics from which the
concept sprang.
HPTLC is the improved method of TLC which utilizes the conventional technique of TLC in more optimized way.
It is also known as planar chromatography or Flat-bed chromatography.
Chromatography is a physical process of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between 2 immiscible phases-a stationary phase which has a large surface area and mobile phase which is in constant motion through the stationary phase.
These are the organic products of natural or synthetic origin which are basic in
nature & contain one or more than one nitrogen atoms, normally of heterocyclic nature &
possess specific physiological actions on human or animal body, when used in small quantites.
The term is derived from the word ‘alkali-like’ & hence they resemble some of characters
of naturally occuring amines.
The term is derived from the word ‘alkali-like’ & hence they resemble some of
characters of naturally occuring amines.
A Ward round is a visit made by a medical practitioner, alone or with a team of health care professionals and medical students to hospital in-patients at their bedside to review and follow-up the progress in their health.
Usually at least one ward round is conducted
everyday to review the progress of each
patient outcome.
Pharmacist’s participating in medical ward
rounds promotes health care
Participation of the Pharmacists in ward
rounds in various practice settings helps to
provide rational drug use.
PHARMACOVIGILANCE
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Pharmacovigilance as “the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem.”
ADVERSE DRUG REACTION
According to WHO “ADR is a response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modifications of physiological function.”
Have full fleged clinical trial data management systems which bring them a good amount of business and revenue.
CDM is a fundamental process which controls data accuracy of each trial besides helping the timelessness to be achieved.
It helps in linking clinical research co-ordinator = who monitor all the sites & collects the data.
it Links with biostatisticians = who analyze, interpret and report data in clinically meaningful way.
Pyrogens include any substance capable of eliciting a febrile (or fever) response upon injection or infection
Endotoxin is a subset of pyrogens that are strictly of gram- negative bacterial origin; they occur (virtually) nowhere else in nature.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)is a part of endotoxin, or, endotoxin is the natural complex of LPS occurring in the outer layer of the bilayered gram-negative bacterial cell
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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1. Anatomy and Physiology of the
Heart
KUSHAL KUMAR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY
ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
WEBSITE: - WWW.ISFCP.ORG
EMAIL:KUSHAL1KUMAR@GMAIL.COM
ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga
Ghal Kalan, GT Road, Moga- 142001, Punjab, INDIA
Internal Quality Assurance Cell - (IQAC)
2. Introduction
Heart is the center of your cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood
through your body, carrying nutrients in and taking waste out. Having good
cardiovascular health is an important factor of optimal wellness.
An adult has a mass of 250-350 grams.
Each day, the average heart beats 100,000 times, pumping about 2,000 gallons (7,571 liters) of
blood.
By the end of a long life, a person's heart may have beat (expanded and contracted) more than
3.5 billion times.
By the end of a long life, a person's heart may have beat (expanded and contracted) more than
3.5 billion times.
Heart has four chambers and four valves present in the heart control the flow of blood in the
heart.
2
3. 3
Layers and Chambers of the Heart
There are three layers that make up your heart:
Pericardium – the thin outer protective sack
Myocardium – composed of specialized cells that make up the thick
muscular wall
Endocardium – the thin inner lining of the heart
Chambers:
Your heart has 4 chambers. The upper chambers are called the left and
right atria, and the lower chambers are called the left and right
ventricles.
A wall of muscle called the septum separates the left and right atria
and the left and right ventricles. The left ventricle is the
largest and strongest chamber in your heart.
The left ventricle's chamber walls are only about a half-inch thick, but
they have enough force to push blood through the aortic valve and
into your body.
Ref:
http://www.texasheart.org/HIC/Anatomy/a
natomy2.cfm
4. 4
Valves of the Heart
Ref: https://www.cardiosmart.org/heartvalvedisease
Ref:
https://bilingualbiology11a.blogspot.in/2014/03/the-
circulation-system.html
Four valves regulate blood flow through your heart:
The tricuspid valve regulates blood flow between the right atrium
and right ventricle.
The pulmonary valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle
into the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to your lungs
to pick up oxygen.
The mitral valve lets oxygen-rich blood from your lungs pass from
the left atrium into the left ventricle.
The aortic valve opens the way for oxygen-rich blood to pass
from the left ventricle into the aorta, your body's largest
artery.
5. 5
Ref:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle_of_His
Electrical impulses from your heart muscle (the myocardium)
cause your heart to beat (contract). This electrical signal
begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node, located at the top of the
right atrium.
The SA node is sometimes called the heart's "natural pacemaker."
When an electrical impulse is released from this natural
pacemaker, it causes the atria to contract. The signal then
passes through the atrioventricular (AV) node.
The AV node checks the signal and sends it through the muscle
fibers of the ventricles, causing them to contract. Although
the SA node sends electrical impulses at a certain rate, your
heart rate may still change depending on physical
demands, stress, or hormonal factors.
Conduction system of the Heart
6. 6
Coronary systole and diastole
Ref:
http://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Disease/HD002
At any given time the chambers of the heart may found in one of
two states:
Systole. During systole, cardiac muscle tissue is contracting to
push blood out of the chamber.
Diastole. During diastole, the cardiac muscle cells relax to
allow the chamber to fill with blood. Blood pressure
increases in the major arteries during ventricular systole and
decreases during ventricular diastole.
This leads to the 2 numbers associated with blood pressure—
systolic blood pressure is the higher number and diastolic
blood pressure is the lower number. For example, a blood
pressure of 120/80 describes the systolic pressure (120) and
the diastolic pressure (80).
7. 7
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle includes all of the events that take place during
one heartbeat. There are 3 phases to the cardiac cycle: atrial
systole, ventricular systole, and relaxation.
Atrial systole: During the atrial systole phase of the cardiac cycle, the
atria contract and push blood into the ventricles. To facilitate
this filling, the AV valves stay open and the semilunar
valves stay closed to keep arterial blood from re- entering
the heart. The atria are much smaller than the ventricles, so
they only fill about 25% of the ventricles during this phase.
The ventricles remain in diastole during this phase.
Ref:
http://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Disease/H
D002
8. 8
Relaxation phase: During the relaxation phase, all 4 chambers of the
heart are in diastole as blood pours into the heart from the
veins. The ventricles fill to about 75% capacity during this
phase and will be completely filled only after the atria enter
systole.
Ventricular systole: During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract
to push blood into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The pressure of
the ventricles forces the semilunar valves to open and the AV
valves to close.
Continue…
Ref:
http://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Disease/H
D002
9. 9
Blood flow through the heart
Deoxygenated blood returning from the body first enters the heart from the superior
and inferior vena cava. The blood enters the right atrium and is pumped through
the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, the blood is
pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk.
The pulmonary trunk carries blood to the lungs where it releases carbon dioxide and
absorbs oxygen. The blood in the lungs returns to the heart through the pulmonary
vein. From the pulmonary veins, blood enters the heart again in the left atrium.
The left atrium contracts to pump blood through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left
ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve into
the aorta. From the aorta, blood enters into systemic circulation throughout the
body tissues until it returns to the heart via the vena cava and the cycle repeats.
Ref:
http://hd-m.com/heart-diagram-
of-blood-flow/
10. 10
The Electrocardiogram
The electrocardiogram (also known as an EKG or ECG) is a non-invasive
device that measures and monitors the electrical activity of the heart
through the skin. The EKG produces a distinctive waveform in
response to the electrical changes taking place within the heart.
The first part of the wave, called the P wave, is a small increase in voltage of
about 0.1 mV that corresponds to the depolarization of the atria during
atrial systole. The next part of the EKG wave is the QRS complex
which features a small drop in voltage (Q) a large voltage peak (R) and
another small drop in voltage (S). The QRS complex corresponds to the
depolarization of the ventricles during ventricular systole. The atria also
repolarize during the QRS complex, but have almost no effect on the
EKG because they are so much smaller than the ventricles.
Ref:
https://www.datasci.com/solutions/car
diovascular/ecg-research
11. 11
The final part of the EKG wave is the T wave, a small peak
that follows the QRS complex. The T wave represents
the ventricular repolarization during the relaxation
phase of the cardiac cycle. Variations in the waveform
and distance between the waves of the EKG can be
used clinically to diagnose the effects of heart attacks,
congenital heart problems, and electrolyte imbalances.
Continue…
Ref:
http://research.vet.upenn.edu/smallanimalcardiology/ECGT
utorial/tabid/4930/Default.aspx
12. 12
The Heart Sound
The sounds of a normal heartbeat are known as “lubb” and “dupp” and are
caused by blood pushing on the valves of the heart. The “lubb” sound
comes first in the heartbeat and is the longer of the two heart sounds.
The “lubb” sound is produced by the closing of the AV valves at the
beginning of ventricular systole.
The shorter, sharper “dupp” sound is similarly caused by the closing of the
semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole. During a normal
heartbeat, these sounds repeat in a regular pattern of lubb-dupp-pause.
Any additional sounds such as liquid rushing or gurgling indicate a
structure problem in the heart. The most likely causes of these
extraneous sounds are defects in the atrial or ventricular septum or
leakage in the valves.
Ref:
http://www.texasheart.org/Projec
tHeart/Kids/Listen/Resting_Hear
t.cfm
13. 13
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood being pumped
by the heart in one minute. The equation used to find cardiac
output is:
CO = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped into the aorta
during each ventricular systole, usually measured in
milliliters.
Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per minute. The
average heart can push around 5 to 5.5 liters per minute at
rest.
Ref:
http://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/option-d-human-
physiology/d4-the-heart/cardiac-output.html
14. 14
Some interesting facts about the heart
An electrical system controls the rhythm of your heart. It’s called the cardiac conduction system.
The heart can continue beating even when it’s disconnected from the body.
The first open-heart surgery occurred in 1893. It was performed by Daniel Hale Williams, who was one of the
few black cardiologists in the United States at the time.
The first implantable pacemaker was used in 1958. Arne Larsson, who received the pacemaker, lived longer than
the surgeon who implanted it. Larsson died at 86 of a disease that was unrelated to his heart.
The youngest person to receive heart surgery was only a minute old. She had a heart defect that many babies
don’t survive. Her surgery was successful, but she’ll eventually need a heart transplant.
The earliest known case of heart disease was identified in the remains of a 3,500-year-old Egyptian mummy.
The fairy fly, which is a kind of wasp, has the smallest heart of any living creature.
The American pygmy shrew is the smallest mammal, but it has the fastest heartbeat at 1,200 beats per minute.
Whales have the largest heart of any mammal.
15. 15
Continue…..
The giraffe has a lopsided heart, with their left ventricle being thicker than the right. This is because the left side has to get
blood up the giraffe’s long neck to reach their brain.
Most heart attacks happen on a Monday.
Christmas day is the most common day of the year for heart attacks to happen.
The human heart weighs less than 1 pound. However, a man’s heart, on average, is 2 ounces heavier than a woman’s heart.
A woman’s heart beats slightly faster than a man’s heart.
The beating sound of your heart is caused by the valves of the heart opening and closing.
It’s possible to have a broken heart. It’s called broken heart syndrome and can have similar symptoms as a heart attack. The
difference is that a heart attack is from heart disease and broken heart syndrome is caused by a rush of stress hormones
from an emotional or physical stress event.
Death from a broken heart, or broken heart syndrome, is possible but extremely rare.
The iconic heart shape as a symbol of love is traditionally thought to come from the silphium plant, which was used as an
ancient form of birth control.
