The document summarizes the valves of the heart, including their structure, location, and function. There are two pairs of valves: atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral) which allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles, and semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) which allow blood to exit the ventricles. The valves have cusps that open and close to ensure one-way blood flow and prevent backflow. Issues like stenosis can cause murmurs and increase pressures on the respective chambers of the heart.
This presentation is an overview of the description of the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle (atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole) as well as explaining the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
This presentation is an overview of the description of the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle (atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole) as well as explaining the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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2. The Valves of the Heart
• The Valves of the Heart are present in 2 pairs:
– (a) A pair of atrioventricular valves, bring blood to
the ventricles
– (b) A pair of semilunar valves, drain blood from the
ventricles.
• They are composed of connective tissue and
endocardium (the inner layer of the heart).
• The valves of the heart are structures which
ensure blood flows in only one direction
• The valves prevent regurgitation of the blood.
3.
4.
5.
6. ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
• The left and right atria communicate with the left
and right ventricles via left and right atrioventricular
orifices, respectively.
• The atrioventricular valves are located between the
atria and the ventricles. They close during the start
of ventricular contraction (systole), producing the
first heart sound.
• The left and right atrioventricular orifices are
guarded by the left and right atrioventricular valves
respectively:
– A. TRICUSPID VALVE(RIGHT AV VALVE)
– B. MITRAL VALVE(LEFT AV VALVE)
7. AV VALVES
• The mitral and tricuspid valves are supported
by the attachment of fibrous cords (chordae
tendineae) to the free edges of the valve
cusps.
• The chordae tendineae are, in turn,
attached to papillary muscles, located on the
interior surface of the ventricles – these
muscles contract during ventricular systole to
prevent prolapse of the valve leaflets into the
atria.
8. STRUCTURE
• The atrioventricular valves are created from 2 components:
– A. A fibrous ring.
– B. Cusps.
• The fibrous rings surround the orifice. The cusps are created
by the fold of the endocardium enclosing some connective
tissue inside it.
• Every cusp has a connected and free margin and atrial and
ventricular surfaces.
• The atrial surfaces are smooth.
• The ventricular surfaces and free margins are rough and
provide connection to the chordae tendinae.
• The chordae tendinae attach the apices of papillary muscles
with margins and ventricular surfaces of the cusps.
• The chordae tendinae of every papillary muscle are
connected to the contiguous halves of the 2 cusps.
9.
10.
11. A. Right atrioventricular valve
(tricuspid valve)
• As the name indicates it is 3 cusps anterior,
posterior and septal, which is located against the 3
walls of the ventricle.
• located between the right atrium and the right
ventricle (right atrioventricular orifice).
• It consists of three cusps (anterior, septal and
posterior), with the base of each cusp anchored to
a fibrous ring that surrounds the orifice.
• The tricuspid valve can admit the tips of 3 fingers.
12. B. Left atrioventricular valve
(bicuspid/mitral valve)
• located between the left atrium and the left
ventricle (left atrioventricular orifice).
• It is also known as the bicuspid valve because it
has two cusps (anterior and posterior).
• Like the tricuspid valve, the base of each cusp is
secured to fibrous ring that surrounds the orifice.
• As the name indicates it is 2 cusps a larger
anterior/aortic cusp and a smaller posterior
cusp.
• The mitral/bicuspid valve can admit the tips of 2
fingers.
13.
14.
15. Points to be noted
• A. The nutrition to the fibrous ring and
basal 1/3rd of cusps is provided by the
blood vessels.
• B. The nutrition to the distal 2/3rd of the
cusps is provided directly by the blood
inside the chambers of the heart.
• C. The cusps of mitral valve are smaller
but thicker than those of tricuspid valve.
16.
17. Role Of Papillary Muscle In Acute Cardiac Failure
• The papillary muscles prevent the prolapse of
atrio-ventricular valves into the atria during
ventricular systole.
• The rupture of a papillary muscle, following a
nearby myocardial infarction, will enable the
prolapse of the affected cusp to take place
into the atrium at every systole. This may
consequently result in acute cardiac failure.
18. SEMILUNAR VALVES
• The left and right ventricles pump out blood via
pulmonary and aortic orifices, respectively.
• Each of these orifices is guarded by 3 semilunar cusps
thus these are referred to as semilunar valves.
• Both aortic and pulmonary valves are quite similar to
every other in structure and functions.
• Every valve has 3 cusps that are connected directly to
the wall of aorta/pulmonary trunk.
– (Note: these don’t have fibrous ring quite similar to tricuspid
and mitral valves)
• The cusps of semilunar valves are open and stretched during
ventricular systole and closed during ventricular diastole to prevent
regurgitation of the blood into the ventricle
19. Pulmonary valve
• located between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary trunk (pulmonary orifice).
• The valve consists of three cusps: –
– Left ,
– Right,
– Anterior
• (named by their position in the foetus before the
heart undergoes rotation).
• Blood passes from from right atrium to right ventricle
& follows U-shaped path to pass through pulmonary
orifice.
20.
21. Aortic valve
• located between the left ventricle and the
ascending aorta (aortic orifice).
• The aortic valve consists of three cusps: –
– Right ,
– Left ,
– Posterior.
• The left and right aortic sinuses mark the origin of
the left and right coronary arteries.
• As blood recoils during ventricular diastole, it fills
the aortic sinuses and enters the coronary arteries
to supply the myocardium.
24. Structure
• The pulmonary and aortic valves have a similar
structure. The sides of each valve leaflet are attached
to the walls of the outflow vessel, which is slightly
dilated to form a sinus.
• The free superior edge of each leaflet is thickened
(the lunule), and is widest in the midline (the nodule).
• When the valve is closed, the nodules meet in the
centre.
• At the beginning of ventricular diastole, blood flows
back towards the heart, filling the sinuses and pushing
the valve cusps together. This closes the valve.
25.
26.
27. Points to be noted
• A. No chordae tendinae or papillary muscles are related
to semilunar valves. The connection of the sides of
cusps to the atrial wall prevents regurgitation of blood.
• B. Opposite to the cusps, the roots of pulmonary
trunk and ascending aorta present 3 dilatations termed
sinuses.
• The blood in these types of sinuses prevents the cusps
from sticking to the wall of great vessels.
• The anterior aortic sinus provides origin to the right
coronary artery and left posterior aortic sinus provides
origin to the left coronary artery.
28. POSITIONS OF CUSPS
IN THE PULMONARY VALVES
• The positions of cusps of pulmonary valves
are:
–(a) right anterior,
–(b) left anterior, and
–(c) posterior.
• Embryologically, pulmonary valve has anterior,
left and right cusps.
29. POSITIONS OF CUSPS
IN AORTIC VALVES
• The positions of cusps of aortic valve are just
opposite to those of the pulmonary valve.
• These are: (a) right posterior, (b) left posterior, and
(c) anterior.
• Embryologically, aortic valve has posterior, left and
right cusps.
• The left coronary artery originates from the left
aortic sinus, the right coronary artery from the right
aortic sinus and no artery originates from the
posterior aortic sinus (non-coronary sinus).
30. MURMURS
• The abnormal heart sounds are named murmurs.
These are produced because of regurgitation of
blood heard when the valves are either stenosed or
when the valves are not closed properly (leading to
regurgitation).
• In aortic and pulmonary stenosis the murmur is
heard during systole and in insufficiency of these
valves they’re heard during diastole.
• In stenosis of mitral and tricuspid valves, the
murmurs are heard during diastole and in their
insufficiency during systole.
31. MITRAL STENOSIS
(NARROWING OF MITRAL ORIFICE)
• It is most common in young age. Generally there is
history of rheumatic fever in the childhood in
these types of cases. This leads to rise in the left
atrial pressure and enlargement of left
atrium which might press on the esophagus.
• Medically features of mitral stenosis will probably
be as follows:
• A. Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
• B. Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing).
• C. Hoarseness of voice (Ortners syndrome).
32.
33. TRICUSPID STENOSIS
• In tricuspid stenosis blood flow from
right atrium to right ventricle is
reduced.
• The elevation of right atrial pressure
leads to systemic venous congestion
and right heart failure.
34.
35. AORTIC STENOSIS
• In aortic stenosis there accumulation of
blood in left ventricle, causing its
dilatationand hypertrophy.
• There is low cardiac output which might
manifest as syncope (fainting) on
exertion.
36.
37. PULMONARY STENOSIS
• It is just about always congenital,
generally a part of Fallots tetralogy.
• It leads to hypertrophy of right
ventricle.