This document provides an overview of analyzing plane trusses through the method of joints and method of sections. It defines what a truss is and describes trusses as being composed of slender members joined at their endpoints that can only experience axial forces. The document then covers the method of joints which involves solving for equilibrium at each joint. It also covers the method of sections which involves cutting the truss and solving for equilibrium of each section. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving for forces in a truss using both methods.
Equilibrium & equation of equilibrium in 3Dimoinul007
This document provides information about equilibrium and related concepts in physics. It defines equilibrium as a state where opposing forces neutralize each other such that there is no net force acting on an object. Key points discussed include:
- The definition of equilibrium is derived from Latin words meaning "equal balance".
- Equilibrium can be static, with zero net force and no movement, or dynamic, with zero net force but constant motion.
- Newton's first law relates to equilibrium, stating that an object at rest stays at rest unless a net force acts on it.
- For an object to be in equilibrium, the net force and net torque on it must equal zero.
- Free body diagrams are used to visualize all
This document discusses the slope-deflection method for analyzing beams and frames. It provides the theory and equations of the slope-deflection method. Examples are included to demonstrate how to use the method to determine support reactions, member end moments, and draw bending moment and shear force diagrams.
The document discusses beams, which are horizontal structural members that support applied loads. It defines applied and reactive forces, and describes different types of supports including roller, hinge, and fixed supports. It then defines and describes different types of beams, including cantilever, simply supported, overhanging, fixed, and continuous beams. It also discusses types of loads, including concentrated and distributed loads, and how beams experience both bending and shear forces from loads.
determinate and indeterminate structuresvempatishiva
This topic I am uploading here contains some basic topics in structural analysis which includes types of supports, reactions for different support conditions, determinate and indeterminate structures, static and kinematic indeterminacy,external and internal static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy for beams, frames, trusses.
need of finding indeterminacy, different methods available to formulate equations to solve unknowns.
This document describes the slope deflection method for analyzing structures. It was first presented in 1915 as a way to analyze frames by treating joints as rigid units that rotate. The method assumes deformations are from bending only and members have constant sections. Unknowns are joint rotations rather than member forces. It can be used for determinate and indeterminate structures. The procedure involves writing member end moments in terms of stiffness and rotations, then establishing equilibrium equations at each joint to solve for rotations. Rotations are back-substituted to find member moments. The method is suitable for computerization due to its general nature.
Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy of Structure.Pritesh Parmar
The document discusses static and kinematic indeterminacy of structures. It defines different types of supports for 2D and 3D structures including fixed support, hinged/pinned support, roller support, and their properties. It also discusses internal joints like internal hinge, internal roller, and internal link. The document explains concepts of static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy, and degree of freedom for different types of structures.
This document summarizes the analysis of trusses using the method of joints. It outlines key assumptions made in truss analysis including that members only connect at joints and are pinned, loads only act at joints, and member weights are neglected. It then describes that trusses are made up of connected triangles, with new triangles added by members and joints. The method of joints involves applying equilibrium equations to each joint to solve for member forces, with only two independent equations at each joint. Forces are categorized as compression, tension or no force depending on the direction between the joint and member. Example problems are provided to demonstrate applying this method.
Equilibrium & equation of equilibrium in 3Dimoinul007
This document provides information about equilibrium and related concepts in physics. It defines equilibrium as a state where opposing forces neutralize each other such that there is no net force acting on an object. Key points discussed include:
- The definition of equilibrium is derived from Latin words meaning "equal balance".
- Equilibrium can be static, with zero net force and no movement, or dynamic, with zero net force but constant motion.
- Newton's first law relates to equilibrium, stating that an object at rest stays at rest unless a net force acts on it.
- For an object to be in equilibrium, the net force and net torque on it must equal zero.
- Free body diagrams are used to visualize all
This document discusses the slope-deflection method for analyzing beams and frames. It provides the theory and equations of the slope-deflection method. Examples are included to demonstrate how to use the method to determine support reactions, member end moments, and draw bending moment and shear force diagrams.
The document discusses beams, which are horizontal structural members that support applied loads. It defines applied and reactive forces, and describes different types of supports including roller, hinge, and fixed supports. It then defines and describes different types of beams, including cantilever, simply supported, overhanging, fixed, and continuous beams. It also discusses types of loads, including concentrated and distributed loads, and how beams experience both bending and shear forces from loads.
determinate and indeterminate structuresvempatishiva
This topic I am uploading here contains some basic topics in structural analysis which includes types of supports, reactions for different support conditions, determinate and indeterminate structures, static and kinematic indeterminacy,external and internal static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy for beams, frames, trusses.
need of finding indeterminacy, different methods available to formulate equations to solve unknowns.
This document describes the slope deflection method for analyzing structures. It was first presented in 1915 as a way to analyze frames by treating joints as rigid units that rotate. The method assumes deformations are from bending only and members have constant sections. Unknowns are joint rotations rather than member forces. It can be used for determinate and indeterminate structures. The procedure involves writing member end moments in terms of stiffness and rotations, then establishing equilibrium equations at each joint to solve for rotations. Rotations are back-substituted to find member moments. The method is suitable for computerization due to its general nature.
Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy of Structure.Pritesh Parmar
The document discusses static and kinematic indeterminacy of structures. It defines different types of supports for 2D and 3D structures including fixed support, hinged/pinned support, roller support, and their properties. It also discusses internal joints like internal hinge, internal roller, and internal link. The document explains concepts of static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy, and degree of freedom for different types of structures.
This document summarizes the analysis of trusses using the method of joints. It outlines key assumptions made in truss analysis including that members only connect at joints and are pinned, loads only act at joints, and member weights are neglected. It then describes that trusses are made up of connected triangles, with new triangles added by members and joints. The method of joints involves applying equilibrium equations to each joint to solve for member forces, with only two independent equations at each joint. Forces are categorized as compression, tension or no force depending on the direction between the joint and member. Example problems are provided to demonstrate applying this method.
BOUSSINESQ THEORY
VERTICAL STRESS DUE TO POINT LOAD
TABLE FOR VALUES OF BOUSSINESQ’S COEFFICIENT (퐼_퐵)
SOME POINTS FOR USING THE BOUSSINESQ’S EQUATION.
LIMITATIONS OF BOUSSINESQ’S SOLUTION.
This document discusses different types of beams and supports used in engineering mechanics. It describes four types of supports - fixed, simple, roller, and hinged - based on how they restrict the movement of beams. It also outlines six types of beams defined by their support conditions: fixed, cantilever, simply supported, overhanging, continuous, and combinations of these. Finally, it categorizes loads as point, uniformly distributed, or uniformly varying based on how forces are applied along the beam.
Truss is a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.
a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object"
3.1 betti's law and maxwell's receprocal theoremNilesh Baglekar
This document discusses Betti's and Maxwell's laws of reciprocal deflections for linearly elastic structures. Betti's theorem states that the work done by a set of external forces Pm acting through displacements ∆mn produced by another set of forces Pn is equal to the work done by Pn acting through displacements ∆nm produced by Pm. Maxwell's law of reciprocal deflection states that the deflection of point n due to a force P at point m is numerically equal to the deflection of point m due to the same force P applied at point n. The total external work done on a structure by two sets of forces Pm and Pn applied in different sequences must be the same according to the principle
The document discusses frames and trusses, which are structures consisting of bars, rods, angles, and channels pinned or fastened together to support loads and transmit them to supports. Trusses contain only two-force members that experience either tension or compression, while frames can contain multi-force members and experience transverse forces as well. Common truss configurations include pinned, gusset plate, and bolted or welded joints. Trusses are analyzed using methods of joints or sections to determine member forces.
The document discusses analysis of doubly reinforced concrete beams. It begins by explaining how compression reinforcement allows less concrete to resist tension, moving the neutral axis up. It then provides the equations for analyzing strain compatibility and equilibrium in doubly reinforced sections. The document discusses finding the compression reinforcement strain and stress through iteration. It provides reasons for using compression reinforcement, including reducing deflection and increasing ductility. Finally, it includes an example problem demonstrating the full analysis process.
The document discusses bolted connections and provides specifications for bolt hole sizes, pitch, and spacing in bolted connections according to IS 800-2007. It covers various types of bolted joints including lap joints, butt joints, and their modes of failure. High strength friction grip bolts are described which provide rigid connections through clamping action and prevent slippage. The advantages of HSFG bolts include their ability to transmit load through friction eliminating stress concentrations in holes, while their drawbacks include higher cost and fabrication efforts compared to normal bolts.
Lecture 9 shear force and bending moment in beamsDeepak Agarwal
The document discusses stresses in beams. It covers topics like shear force and bending moment diagrams, bending stresses, shear stresses, deflection, and torsion. Beams are structural members subjected to transverse forces that induce bending. Stresses and strains are created within beams when loaded. Shear forces and bending moments allow determining these internal stresses and maintaining equilibrium. Formulas are provided for calculating shear forces and bending moments in different beam configurations like cantilevers, simply supported beams, and beams with various load types.
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the moment distribution method for structural analysis. It includes:
- An introduction to the moment distribution method and its use for analyzing statically indeterminate beams and frames.
- Definitions of important terms used in the method like stiffness, carry over factor, and distribution factor.
- Sign conventions for support moments, member rotations, and sinking of supports.
- Expressions for fixed end moments under different load cases including centric loading, eccentric loading, uniform loads, support rotations, and sinking of supports.
- Examples of applying the method to a simply supported beam and fixed supported beam with sinking support.
This document provides information about the Structural Analysis-I course CEE-311. It includes details about the course instructor, textbook references, evaluation criteria, and topics that will be covered such as truss analysis, influence lines, and structural stability and determinacy. Key concepts that will be discussed are the definitions of what constitutes a structure, and structural analysis which is a detailed evaluation to ensure structural failure will not occur under allowable deformations. Common structural forms such as beams, columns, frames, trusses, plates and shells as well as composite structures will also be examined.
This document discusses the shear center of beam sections. It defines the shear center as the point where a load can be applied to cause pure bending without any twisting. It then provides properties of the shear center, including that it lies on the axis of symmetry for some sections. Methods for determining the location of the shear center are presented, including using the first moment of area. Real-life examples of applying shear center concepts to purlins and channel sections are given. The document concludes with an example problem of locating the shear center and calculating shear stresses for a hat section.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of equilibrium in statics. It discusses how to isolate a mechanical system and draw a free body diagram showing all external forces acting on it. For equilibrium in two dimensions, the forces must sum to zero in both the x and y directions. In three dimensions, six equations are required - the forces and moments must sum to zero in the x, y, and z directions as well as around each axis. Examples are given of two-force and three-force members in equilibrium. The document also defines statically determinate and indeterminate bodies.
This document describes the slope deflection method of structural analysis. It assumes joints are rigid and distortions from axial/shear stresses are negligible. It derives the slope deflection equations by considering member end rotations and loads. The method solves for unknown end moments, slopes, and displacements. An example problem calculates support moments in a continuous beam due to settlement of one support, using slope deflection equations and drawing shear/moment diagrams.
Chapter 6-influence lines for statically determinate structuresISET NABEUL
Influence lines provide a systematic way to determine how forces in a structure vary with the position of a moving load. To construct influence lines for statically determinate structures:
1) Place a unit load at various positions along the member and use static analysis to determine the reaction, shear, or moment at the point of interest.
2) The influence line is drawn by plotting the value of the function versus load position.
3) Influence lines for beams consist of straight line segments, and the maximum shear or moment can be found using the area under the influence line curve.
This document discusses the concept of centroid and provides formulas to calculate the centroid of different geometric shapes. It defines centroid as the point within an object where the downward force of gravity appears to act. The centroid allows an object to remain balanced when placed on a pivot at the centroid point. Formulas are given for finding the centroid of triangles, rectangles, circles, semicircles, right circular cones, and composite figures. Real-life applications of centroid calculation in construction and engineering are also mentioned.
The document discusses different methods of designing concrete structures, focusing on the limit state method. It describes the limit state method's goal of achieving an acceptable probability that a structure will not become unsuitable for its intended use during its lifetime. The document then discusses stress-strain curves for concrete and steel. It covers stress block parameters and equations for calculating the depth of the neutral axis and moment of resistance for singly reinforced concrete beams. The document concludes by providing examples of analyzing an existing beam section and designing a new beam section.
1. The stiffness method is used to analyze the beam by determining its degree of kinematic indeterminacy, selecting unknown displacements, restraining the structure, and generating a stiffness matrix.
2. A 4m beam with supports at 1.5m and 3m is analyzed using a stiffness matrix approach. The displacements selected are the rotations at joints B and C.
3. The stiffness matrix is generated by applying unit rotations at each joint and calculating the actions. This matrix is then used along with the applied loads in a superposition equation to solve for the unknown displacements.
1. The document discusses two methods for analyzing trusses: the method of joints and the method of sections.
2. The method of joints involves satisfying equilibrium conditions at each joint to solve for member forces. The method of sections allows analyzing any member directly by considering equilibrium across a cut through the truss.
3. A sample problem demonstrates applying the method of sections to calculate three unknown member forces in a cantilever truss subjected to a 20-ton load. Free body diagrams and moment sums are used to determine member forces independently.
The document discusses trusses and their analysis using the method of joints. It defines a truss as an assembly of straight members connected at joints, with no member continuous through a joint. Trusses are made of pinned or bolted connections. Loads must be applied at the joints. The method of joints involves taking equilibrium at each joint to solve for member forces. Special cases like zero-force members under certain loadings are also discussed. The document also introduces the method of sections to determine forces in selected members.
BOUSSINESQ THEORY
VERTICAL STRESS DUE TO POINT LOAD
TABLE FOR VALUES OF BOUSSINESQ’S COEFFICIENT (퐼_퐵)
SOME POINTS FOR USING THE BOUSSINESQ’S EQUATION.
LIMITATIONS OF BOUSSINESQ’S SOLUTION.
This document discusses different types of beams and supports used in engineering mechanics. It describes four types of supports - fixed, simple, roller, and hinged - based on how they restrict the movement of beams. It also outlines six types of beams defined by their support conditions: fixed, cantilever, simply supported, overhanging, continuous, and combinations of these. Finally, it categorizes loads as point, uniformly distributed, or uniformly varying based on how forces are applied along the beam.
Truss is a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.
a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object"
3.1 betti's law and maxwell's receprocal theoremNilesh Baglekar
This document discusses Betti's and Maxwell's laws of reciprocal deflections for linearly elastic structures. Betti's theorem states that the work done by a set of external forces Pm acting through displacements ∆mn produced by another set of forces Pn is equal to the work done by Pn acting through displacements ∆nm produced by Pm. Maxwell's law of reciprocal deflection states that the deflection of point n due to a force P at point m is numerically equal to the deflection of point m due to the same force P applied at point n. The total external work done on a structure by two sets of forces Pm and Pn applied in different sequences must be the same according to the principle
The document discusses frames and trusses, which are structures consisting of bars, rods, angles, and channels pinned or fastened together to support loads and transmit them to supports. Trusses contain only two-force members that experience either tension or compression, while frames can contain multi-force members and experience transverse forces as well. Common truss configurations include pinned, gusset plate, and bolted or welded joints. Trusses are analyzed using methods of joints or sections to determine member forces.
The document discusses analysis of doubly reinforced concrete beams. It begins by explaining how compression reinforcement allows less concrete to resist tension, moving the neutral axis up. It then provides the equations for analyzing strain compatibility and equilibrium in doubly reinforced sections. The document discusses finding the compression reinforcement strain and stress through iteration. It provides reasons for using compression reinforcement, including reducing deflection and increasing ductility. Finally, it includes an example problem demonstrating the full analysis process.
The document discusses bolted connections and provides specifications for bolt hole sizes, pitch, and spacing in bolted connections according to IS 800-2007. It covers various types of bolted joints including lap joints, butt joints, and their modes of failure. High strength friction grip bolts are described which provide rigid connections through clamping action and prevent slippage. The advantages of HSFG bolts include their ability to transmit load through friction eliminating stress concentrations in holes, while their drawbacks include higher cost and fabrication efforts compared to normal bolts.
Lecture 9 shear force and bending moment in beamsDeepak Agarwal
The document discusses stresses in beams. It covers topics like shear force and bending moment diagrams, bending stresses, shear stresses, deflection, and torsion. Beams are structural members subjected to transverse forces that induce bending. Stresses and strains are created within beams when loaded. Shear forces and bending moments allow determining these internal stresses and maintaining equilibrium. Formulas are provided for calculating shear forces and bending moments in different beam configurations like cantilevers, simply supported beams, and beams with various load types.
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the moment distribution method for structural analysis. It includes:
- An introduction to the moment distribution method and its use for analyzing statically indeterminate beams and frames.
- Definitions of important terms used in the method like stiffness, carry over factor, and distribution factor.
- Sign conventions for support moments, member rotations, and sinking of supports.
- Expressions for fixed end moments under different load cases including centric loading, eccentric loading, uniform loads, support rotations, and sinking of supports.
- Examples of applying the method to a simply supported beam and fixed supported beam with sinking support.
This document provides information about the Structural Analysis-I course CEE-311. It includes details about the course instructor, textbook references, evaluation criteria, and topics that will be covered such as truss analysis, influence lines, and structural stability and determinacy. Key concepts that will be discussed are the definitions of what constitutes a structure, and structural analysis which is a detailed evaluation to ensure structural failure will not occur under allowable deformations. Common structural forms such as beams, columns, frames, trusses, plates and shells as well as composite structures will also be examined.
This document discusses the shear center of beam sections. It defines the shear center as the point where a load can be applied to cause pure bending without any twisting. It then provides properties of the shear center, including that it lies on the axis of symmetry for some sections. Methods for determining the location of the shear center are presented, including using the first moment of area. Real-life examples of applying shear center concepts to purlins and channel sections are given. The document concludes with an example problem of locating the shear center and calculating shear stresses for a hat section.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of equilibrium in statics. It discusses how to isolate a mechanical system and draw a free body diagram showing all external forces acting on it. For equilibrium in two dimensions, the forces must sum to zero in both the x and y directions. In three dimensions, six equations are required - the forces and moments must sum to zero in the x, y, and z directions as well as around each axis. Examples are given of two-force and three-force members in equilibrium. The document also defines statically determinate and indeterminate bodies.
This document describes the slope deflection method of structural analysis. It assumes joints are rigid and distortions from axial/shear stresses are negligible. It derives the slope deflection equations by considering member end rotations and loads. The method solves for unknown end moments, slopes, and displacements. An example problem calculates support moments in a continuous beam due to settlement of one support, using slope deflection equations and drawing shear/moment diagrams.
Chapter 6-influence lines for statically determinate structuresISET NABEUL
Influence lines provide a systematic way to determine how forces in a structure vary with the position of a moving load. To construct influence lines for statically determinate structures:
1) Place a unit load at various positions along the member and use static analysis to determine the reaction, shear, or moment at the point of interest.
2) The influence line is drawn by plotting the value of the function versus load position.
3) Influence lines for beams consist of straight line segments, and the maximum shear or moment can be found using the area under the influence line curve.
This document discusses the concept of centroid and provides formulas to calculate the centroid of different geometric shapes. It defines centroid as the point within an object where the downward force of gravity appears to act. The centroid allows an object to remain balanced when placed on a pivot at the centroid point. Formulas are given for finding the centroid of triangles, rectangles, circles, semicircles, right circular cones, and composite figures. Real-life applications of centroid calculation in construction and engineering are also mentioned.
The document discusses different methods of designing concrete structures, focusing on the limit state method. It describes the limit state method's goal of achieving an acceptable probability that a structure will not become unsuitable for its intended use during its lifetime. The document then discusses stress-strain curves for concrete and steel. It covers stress block parameters and equations for calculating the depth of the neutral axis and moment of resistance for singly reinforced concrete beams. The document concludes by providing examples of analyzing an existing beam section and designing a new beam section.
1. The stiffness method is used to analyze the beam by determining its degree of kinematic indeterminacy, selecting unknown displacements, restraining the structure, and generating a stiffness matrix.
2. A 4m beam with supports at 1.5m and 3m is analyzed using a stiffness matrix approach. The displacements selected are the rotations at joints B and C.
3. The stiffness matrix is generated by applying unit rotations at each joint and calculating the actions. This matrix is then used along with the applied loads in a superposition equation to solve for the unknown displacements.
1. The document discusses two methods for analyzing trusses: the method of joints and the method of sections.
2. The method of joints involves satisfying equilibrium conditions at each joint to solve for member forces. The method of sections allows analyzing any member directly by considering equilibrium across a cut through the truss.
3. A sample problem demonstrates applying the method of sections to calculate three unknown member forces in a cantilever truss subjected to a 20-ton load. Free body diagrams and moment sums are used to determine member forces independently.
The document discusses trusses and their analysis using the method of joints. It defines a truss as an assembly of straight members connected at joints, with no member continuous through a joint. Trusses are made of pinned or bolted connections. Loads must be applied at the joints. The method of joints involves taking equilibrium at each joint to solve for member forces. Special cases like zero-force members under certain loadings are also discussed. The document also introduces the method of sections to determine forces in selected members.
This document discusses the analysis of structures including trusses, frames, and machines. It defines trusses as structures formed from two-force members connected at joints. Trusses can be analyzed using the method of joints or sections. Frames contain multi-force members and may cease to be rigid when detached from supports. Machines are designed to transmit and modify forces and transform input to output forces. Sample problems demonstrate applying equilibrium conditions to determine member forces and reactions.
This document discusses the analysis of structures including trusses, frames, and machines. It defines trusses as structures formed from two-force members connected at joints. Trusses can be analyzed using the method of joints or sections. Frames contain multi-force members and may cease to be rigid when detached from supports. Machines are designed to transmit and modify forces and transform input to output forces. Sample problems demonstrate applying equilibrium conditions to determine member forces and reactions.
This document discusses the analysis of structures including trusses, frames, and machines. It defines trusses as structures formed from two-force members connected at joints. Trusses can be analyzed using the method of joints or sections. Frames contain multi-force members and may cease to be rigid when detached from supports. Machines are designed to transmit and modify forces and transform input to output forces. Sample problems demonstrate applying equilibrium conditions to determine member forces and reactions.
The document defines a truss as a rigid structure composed of two force members connected at joints. There are three types of trusses: perfect trusses which have just enough members to remain stable under loading, deficient trusses with too few members, and redundant trusses with excess members. The key assumptions in truss analysis are that members are pin jointed and carry only axial forces, and trusses are loaded at joints. Two common methods to analyze trusses are the method of joints, which determines member forces by analyzing joints individually, and the method of sections, which analyzes equilibrium across a cut through selected members. Several example problems demonstrate applying these analysis methods to various truss configurations.
Trusses are structures composed of straight members connected at joints. They are used to support roofs and bridges. Trusses can only experience axial loads and moments are excluded. To determine the forces in each member, assumptions are made including that loads only act at end points. The internal forces are calculated using methods like the joints method where equilibrium is applied at each node. For example, in one truss problem the reactions were first calculated and then equilibrium was applied at each node to determine the tensions and compressions in each member.
Trusses are structures composed of straight members connected at joints. They have three key characteristics: they only experience axial loads, loads are applied only at end points, and members are joined by pins. Trusses are used to support roofs and bridges. To analyze a truss, assumptions are made that loads act only at end points, member weight is ignored, and members experience only axial loads as either tension or compression. The method of joints and method of sections can be used to calculate the internal forces in each member and determine if each member experiences tension or compression.
Trusses are structures composed of straight members connected at joints. They have three key characteristics: they only experience axial loads, loads are applied only at end points, and members are joined by pins. Trusses are used to support roofs and bridges. To analyze a truss, assumptions are made that loads act only at end points, member weight is ignored, and members experience only axial loads as either tension or compression. The method of joints and method of sections can be used to calculate the internal forces in each member and determine if each member is in tension or compression.
This document provides an introduction and overview of truss analysis. It defines a truss and describes the key assumptions made in truss analysis, including that loads act only at joints and member weights are negligible. It then describes the two main methods for truss analysis - the method of joints and method of sections. An example problem is worked through for each method to demonstrate how to determine the forces in each truss member.
This document discusses analysis of trusses and frames. It begins by defining trusses and frames, noting that trusses are composed of straight members connected at joints, while frames can have multi-force members. It describes methods for analyzing trusses, including the method of joints and method of sections. It also discusses special conditions at joints, as well as space trusses. Sample problems demonstrate applying the methods to determine member forces. The document also discusses analyzing frames, including cases where frames are not rigid when detached from supports.
This document discusses methods for analyzing the internal forces in different types of structures. It focuses on plane trusses, which are frameworks composed of members joined at their ends to form a rigid structure. The two main methods discussed for analyzing truss forces are the method of joints, which satisfies equilibrium conditions at each joint, and the method of sections, which analyzes equilibrium across a cut section. Key assumptions made in truss analysis are that members only experience two internal forces and connections act as pin joints.
The document discusses different types of structures and methods for analyzing trusses. Trusses are structures made of straight members connected at joints. Two common methods for analyzing trusses are the method of joints and method of sections. The method of joints involves drawing force diagrams at each joint and applying equilibrium equations. The method of sections involves cutting a truss and analyzing one side of the cut section. Zero-force members, which carry no load, can be identified and removed to simplify analysis.
This document provides an overview of trusses and methods for analyzing statically determinate plane trusses. It defines trusses and plane vs space trusses, and describes their applications. Trusses have pin joints that allow rotation, while frames have rigid joints. The document discusses statical determinacy and stability of trusses. It also covers sign conventions, the method of joints, method of sections, and provides examples applying these analysis methods to solve for member forces in example trusses.
Engineering Mechanics Chapter 5 Equilibrium of a Rigid BodyAhmadHajasad2
This document outlines the key concepts and objectives covered in the Engineering Statics course ME 1204. It discusses rigid bodies and the conditions required for rigid-body equilibrium. Namely, the net force and net moment about any point must equal zero. Free-body diagrams are introduced as a way to visualize all external forces and reactions acting on a body. The equations of equilibrium - the sum of forces in the x and y directions and the sum of moments about a point must equal zero - are provided to analyze rigid bodies in static equilibrium. Examples are given to demonstrate applying these concepts to solve equilibrium problems.
This document discusses engineering structures and plane trusses. It defines an engineering structure as a connected system of members that transfers loads and withstands forces. A truss is a framework of connected members that form a rigid structure. Plane trusses have members that all lie in a single plane. The document provides examples of trusses and discusses analyzing trusses using the method of joints or method of sections to determine the forces in each member. It includes sample problems solving for member forces in plane truss structures using these methods.
This document discusses trusses and frames. It begins by defining plane trusses, which are two-dimensional structures like the sides of a bridge, and space trusses, which are three-dimensional structures like TV towers. It then motivates the structure of a plane truss using a simple example of three rods connected in a triangle. The document goes on to analyze the forces in this simple truss and introduces the method of joints and method of sections for analyzing more complex trusses. It concludes by introducing the method of virtual work, which provides an alternative way to determine forces without considering the equilibrium of individual parts of the structure.
1) The document discusses trusses and methods for analyzing truss structures.
2) A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined at endpoints that can support loads. The method of joints is introduced to analyze trusses by applying equilibrium equations at each joint.
3) Zero-force members, which do not experience internal forces, are identified through applying the method of joints and considering the geometry and external loads on the truss. Identifying zero-force members simplifies the analysis.
1) The document discusses trusses and methods for analyzing truss structures.
2) It describes the method of joints approach where equilibrium equations are applied at each joint to determine member forces.
3) Zero-force members, which do not carry loads, can be identified and removed from the analysis to simplify the process.
The document discusses the need for investing and financial management. It notes that fixed deposit rates are low while inflation is high, creating a need to invest for goals like owning a home, marriage expenses, retirement, and financial independence. It emphasizes the power of compounding returns over long periods and how even small regular investments can grow substantially over time to offset inflation. It also stresses the importance of diversifying investments to reduce risk and maximize returns.
General system of forces unit 4 bce & engg mechanicsParimal Jha
The document discusses general systems of forces in engineering mechanics. It covers equations of equilibrium for concurrent coplanar forces in a plane, types of support and reaction forces, and free body diagrams. Free body diagrams show all external forces acting on a body and are used to analyze equilibrium of forces on objects. Key concepts covered include concurrent and non-concurrent forces, constraints, actions and reactions, and the moment of a force.
Building construction/Unit 2 /Basic civil engineeringParimal Jha
The document provides information on concrete foundations, including the key ingredients of concrete and their functions. It discusses different grades of concrete based on their compressive strength. Formwork, mixing, placing, compaction and curing of concrete are explained. Different types of foundations are described, including shallow foundations like spread footings, strap footings and mat foundations. Deep foundations such as pile foundations and pier foundations are also summarized. Load bearing and framed structures are compared in terms of their suitability for different types of buildings and soils.
Building materials, Basic civil engineering ,unit-1Parimal Jha
This document provides information on the syllabus for the subject Basic Civil Engineering & Mechanics at Chhattisgarh Engineering College in Durg, India. It includes the course objectives, units of study, and details on topics like building materials, construction, surveying, forces, and truss analysis. The first unit discusses different types of bricks and cement, along with their properties and tests. Common building materials like brick, cement, and concrete are introduced.
Wre 1 course file format SSIPMT RAIPUR ,CHATTISGARHParimal Jha
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1. ANALYSIS OF PLANE TRUSSES
Engineering Structures
Rigid or perfectTruss
Determination of Axial
forces in the members
of truss
Method of Joints
Method of Sections.
BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING & MECHANICS :
UNIT- 5
THIS SLIDE IS MADE BY PARIMAL JHA, H.O.D- CIVIL ENGG, C.E.C DURG, C.S.V.T.U ,CHATTISGARH
2. ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
ENGINEERING
STRUCTURES
These may be defined as any system of
connected members built to support of
transfer forces acting on them and to safely
withstand these forces
Trusses Frames Machines
The engineering structures are broadly divided in to
3. ▪ A truss is a structure composed of slender
members joined together at their end points
▪ Each member only takes axial forces
▪ It is a system of uniform bars and members (
of circular, channel and angle section etc.)
joined together at their ends by riveting and
welding
▪ Trusses are constructed to support loads
▪ The members of a truss are straight
members and the loads are applied only on
the joints.
▪ Every member of a truss is two force
member.
Trusses
4. ▪ It is a structure consisting of
several bars or members
pinned together and
▪ In which one and more than
one of its members is subjected
to more than two forces.
▪ They are designed to support
loads and are stationary
structures
Frames
5. ▪ Machines are structure designed to
transmit and modify forces and
contain some moving members.
Machines
6. RIGID OR PERFECT TRUSS
▪ The term rigid with reference
to the truss, is used in the
sense that the truss is non
collapsible when external
forces are removed
▪ Stable structure
If ( m+3 = 2 x j )
7. 1. The joints of simple truss are assumed to be pin connections and
frictionless.The joints therefore can not resist moments.
2. The loads on the truss are applied in joints only.
3. The members of a truss are straight two force members with the
forces acting collinear with the centerline of the members.
4. The weight of the members are negligibly small unless otherwise
mentioned.
5. The truss is statically determinate
8. Determination of Axial forces in the members of truss
There are three methods :
1. METHOD OF JOINTS
2. METHOD OF SECTIONS
3. GRAPHICAL METHOD
9. Method of Joints :
Principle
▪
If a truss is in equilibrium,
then each of its joints must
also be in equilibrium.
Procedure
1. Start with a joint that has no more than two
unknown forces
2. Establish the x and y axis;
3. At this joint, ∑ Fx = 0 and ∑ Fy = 0;
4. After finding the unknown forces applied on this
joint, these forces become the given values in the
analysis of the next joints.
5. At this joint, ∑ Fx = 0 and ∑ Fy = 0;
10. 1. The joints with external supports always connect with two truss
members. Thus many times, the analysis starts from analyzing the
supports. Therefore very often the analysis begins with finding the
reaction forces applied at the supports.
2. Pay attention to symmetric systems and zero-force members.
Identification of these special cases sometimes will make the whole
analysis WAY EASIER!!
Tips -
Method of Joints :
11. Method of Joints :
At any joint having two unknown forces
∑ Fx = 0 and ∑ Fy = 0
12. SPECIAL CONDITIONS
1. When two members meet at a joint
are not collinear and there is no
external force acting at the joint,
then the forces in both the members
are zero.
2. When there are three members
meeting at a joint, of which two are
collinear and third member be at an
angle and if there is no load at the
joint, the force in third member is
zero.
13. ▪ The method of joints is one of the simplest methods for determining the force
acting on the individual members of a truss because it only involves two force
equilibrium equations.
▪ Since only two equations are involved, only two unknowns can be solved for at a
time. Therefore, you need to solve the joints in a certain order. That is, you need to
work from the sides towards the center of the truss.
▪ Since you need to work in a certain order, the Method of Sections (which will be
covered later) can be more useful if you just want to know the forces acting on a
particular member close to the center of the truss.
Method of Joints :
14. ▪ Using method of joints find the axial forces in all the members of a truss with the
loading shown in figure.
Method of Joints :
Sol : As there is no horizontal external force acting on the truss, so
horizontal component of a reaction at A is zero
therefore
Lets take moment at A
∑ MA= 0
-2000 x 1.5-4000 x 4.5+ Rc x 6 = 0
Rc = 3500 N
∑ Fy = 0
Ra + Rc -2000-4000 = 0
Ra = 2500 N
Two unknown reactions are known now
15. ▪ Using method of joints find the axial forces in all the members of a truss with the
loading shown in figure.
Method of Joints :
JOINT A :
Lets begin with joint A, at which there are two
unknown forces. We can not begin with joint D
because there are three unknown forces acting at
joint D
therefore ,
Consider a free body diagram at joint A. Equations
of equilibrium can be written as
∑ Fx= 0 , Fab- Fad cos 600= 0
∑ Fy = 0, Ra-Fad sin 600= 0
Fad = Ra/ sin 60 = 2500/ 0.866 = 2887 N (Comp)
C = Fad cos 600 = 2887 x 0.5 = 1443 N (Tensile)
The forces Fad &Fab are both positive therefore the
assumed direction of forces are correct
16. ▪ Using method of joints find the axial forces in all the members of a truss with the
loading shown in figure.
Method of Joints :
JOINT C :
therefore ,
Consider a free body diagram at joint C. Equations
of equilibrium can be written as
∑ Fx= 0 , Fce cos 600 - Fcb= 0
∑ Fy = 0, Rc-Fce sin 600= 0
Fce = Rc/ sin 60 = 3500/ 0.866 = 4041 N
(Comp)
Fcb = Fce x cos 600 = 4041 x 0.5 = 2020.5 N
(Tensile)
The forces Fce &Fcb are both positive therefore the
assumed direction of forces are correct
17. ▪ Using method of joints find the axial forces in all the members of a truss with the
loading shown in figure.
Method of Joints :
JOINT D :
therefore ,
Consider a free body diagram at joint C. Equations
of equilibrium can be written as
∑ Fx= 0 , Fdb cos 600 + Fad cos 600- Fde = 0
∑ Fy = 0, Rc-Fce sin 600= 0
Fce = Rc/ sin 60 = 3500/ 0.866 = 4041 N
(Comp)
Fcb = Fce x cos 600 = 4041 x 0.5 = 2020.5 N
(Tensile)
The forces Fce &Fcb are both positive therefore the
assumed direction of forces are correct
18. ▪ Using method of joints find the axial forces in all the members of a truss with the
loading shown in figure.
Method of Joints :
JOINT E :
therefore ,
Consider a free body diagram at joint C. Equations
of equilibrium can be written as
∑ Fx= 0 , Fce cos 600 - Fcb= 0
∑ Fy = 0, Rc-Fce sin 600= 0
Fde = Fce cos 600 + Fad cos 600
= 577 x 0.5 + 2887 x 0.5= 1732 N (Comp)
Fce = 4041 N (Comp ) known
The forces Fce &Fde are both positive therefore the
assumed direction of forces are correct
19. ▪ ∑ Fx= 0 , Feb cos 600 +Fde - Fde cos 600 = 0
Feb = 4041 x 0.5 - 1732 / 0.5 = 577 N (comp)
▪ There is no need to consider the equilibrium of the joint B as all the forces
have been determined
Method of Joints :
20. Method of Sections.
1. The Method of Sections involves
analytically cutting the truss into
sections and solving for static
equilibrium for each section.
2. The sections are obtained by
cutting through some of the
members of the truss to expose the
force inside the members.
21. Method of Sections.
In the Method of Joints, we are
dealing with static equilibrium at a
point.
This limits the static equilibrium
equations to just the two force
equations.
A section has finite size and this
means you can also use moment
equations to solve the problem.
This allows solving for up to three
unknown forces at a time.
22. Method of Sections.
4. Since the Method of Sections allows solving for
up to three unknown forces at a time, you
should choose sections that involve cutting
through no more than three members at a
time.
5. When a member force points toward the joint
it is attached to, the member is in compression.
If that force points away from the joint it is
attached to, the member is in tension.
23. ▪ Refer back to the end of the ”truss-initial-analysis.pdf” file to see
what has been solved so far for the truss. This is what has been solved
for so far:
28. Method of Sections.
▪ Solving in the order of the previous page:
▪ FY=+15N−FBC =0
FBC = 15N (tension)
▪ MB = −(120N)(3m) − (15N)(4m) + FAC (3m) = 0
FAC = 140N (tension)
▪ MC = −(15N)(4m) − (120N)(3m) + FBD (3m) = 0
FBD = 140N (compression)
29. Method of Sections.
Method of Sections - Important Points
▪ When drawing your sections, include the points that the cut members would have
connected to if not cut. In the section just looked at, this would be points C and D.
▪ Each member that is cut represents an unknown force. Look to see if there is a
direction (horizontal or vertical) that has only one unknown. If this true, you should
balance forces in that direction. In the section just looked at, this would be the
forces in the vertical direction since only FBC has a vertical component.
▪ If possible, take moments about points that two of the three unknown forces have
lines of forces that pass through that point. This will result in just one unknown in
that moment equation. In the section just looked at, taking moments about point B
eliminates the unknowns FBC and FBD . Similarly, taking moments about point C
eliminates the unknowns FBC and FAC from the equation.
30. Method of Sections.
▪ Since we know (from the previous section) the direction of FBD we draw that in first. We could
also reason this direction by taking moments about point C.
▪ Since FCD is the only force that has a vertical component, it must point down to balance the 15 N
force (AY ).
▪ Taking moments about point D has the 120 N force and 15 N force acting at A giving clockwise
moments. Therefore FCE must point to the right to give a counter-clockwise moment to balance
this out.
31. Method of Sections.
Solving in the order of the previous page:
▪ FY =+15N−3/5 FCD=0
FCD = 5/3(15N) = 25N (compression)
▪ MD = −(120N)(3m) − (15N)(8m) + FCE (3m) = 0
FCE = = 160N (tension)
35. ▪ Solving in the order of the previous page:
▪ FY =−150N +135N +FFG =0
FFG = 150N − 135N = 15N (compression)
▪ MF = +(135N)(4m) − FGH (3m) = 0
FGH = 180N (tension)
Method of Sections.
36. ▪ Method of Sections - Remaining members
▪ For the rest of the members, AB, DE and FH, the only sections that would cut
through them amount to applying the Method of Joints.
▪ To solve for the force in member AB, you would cut through AB and AC.This is
equivalent to applying the method of joints at joint A.
▪ To solve for the force in member FH, you would cut through FH and GH.This is
equivalent to applying the method of joints at joint H.
▪ To solve for the force in member DE, you would cut through CE, DE and EG.
This is equivalent to applying the method of joints at joint E.
Method of Sections.