The document provides an overview of anaemia, its classification based on causes and morphology, and discusses blood transfusions, including potential complications and the importance of blood group matching. Anaemia can result from blood loss, inadequate blood cell production, or excessive destruction, with specific types like microcytic and megaloblastic anaemia defined. It also highlights erythroblastosis foetalis, a condition related to the blood group system and its implications for newborns.

1.  Anaemia & it’s Classification.
 Blood Transfusion
 Blood Group
 Erythroblastosis Foetalis
--by MEENALI MISHRA

2. Anaemia is ↓ in total number of erythrocytes
in circulating blood or ↓ in quality & quantity
of Haemoglobin.

3.  ↓ Blood viscosity.
 Hypoxia.
 ↑ Cardiac Output.
 ↑ Workload of the heart.

5. Classification Of Anaemias
On The Basis of
Cause
Blood Loss
Inadequate
Production
of Normal
Blood Cells
Excessive
Destruction
Of Blood
Cells
On The Basis Of
Morphology
Normocytic Microcytic Macrocytic

6.  Size & Hb content of RBCs is normal.
 Number of RBCs is decreased.
 Includes:
- Aplastic Anaemia
- Blood Loss Anaemia
- Haemolytic Anaemia

7.  Total destruction or suppression of function
of Bone Marrow
 Exposure to drugs,radiation,immune
diseases,etc

8.  Abnormal breakdown of RBCs
Causes
Intrinsic
Defects in RBC membrane
production
Defects in Hb production.
Ex: Sickle cell
anaemia,Thalassaemia
Extrinsic
Immune mediated,Drugs,etc

9.  Abnormally small erythrocytes
 Abnormally reduced Hb in erythrocytes
 Includes:
-Iron deficiency Anaemia
- Thalassaemia
- Anaemia of Chronic Disease

10.  Most common type.
 Iron deficient diet.
 GI fails to absorb Iron.
 Leads to impairment in Haem synthesis.
 Reduced RBC & Hb production.

11.  Abnormal synthesis of α or β chains of Hb.
 Two types: α-thalassaemia & β thalassaemia

12.  Megaloblastic Anaemia: Erythrocytes are
larger than normal.
 Caused due to:
 Vitamin B12 deficiency
 Folate deficiency

13.  Vit B12 deficiency.
 Malabsorption of Vit B12.
 Absence of Intrinsic Factor (Gastric Intrinsic
Factor).
 GIF is secreted by parietal cells in ileum.
 GIF absorbs vit B12

14.  Blood from one idividual is given to another
individual.
 Reqired during:
 Loss of blood
 Surgery
 Less blood formation
 Excess destruction of blood

15.  Some Transfusions require only a single
componentof blood
 Blood converted to different blood
products,like plateles.

16.  Mismatched Blood Transfusion
 Immediate:
- Haemolysis Shock
- Renal Failure
 Delayed:
- Jaundice

17.  Matched Blood Transfusion
 Immediate:
- Circulatory Overload
- Hyperkalaemia
- Hypocalcaemia
 Delayed:
- Transmission of Diseases

18.  ABO Blood Group
- Discovered by Karl Lansteiner
- presence or absence of A & B antigens
- Plasma contains anti a or anti b antigens or
none

19. BLOOD
GROUP
ANTIGENS ON RBCs ANTIBODIES ON
PLASMA
DONOR’S
BLOOD
GROUP
A A anti- B A,O
B B anti-A B,O
AB A,B -- A,B,AB,O
O -- anti-A, anti-B O

21.  Rh Blood Group
- Type of antigen
- Present in some people (Rh +ve)
- Absent in some (Rh –ve)
- Rh matchimg is important before Blood
Transfusions

22.  Newborn Infant disease,characterized by
gradual agglutination & phagocytosis of
erythrocytes.
 Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN).