This document discusses anemia, including its definition, classification, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment. It begins by defining anemia as a deficiency in red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed cell volume. Anemia is then classified based on etiology, morphology, and symptoms. Various causes of anemia are outlined relating to decreased red blood cell production, blood loss, or increased red blood cell destruction. Signs and symptoms of anemia vary depending on its severity from mild to severe. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause as well as iron or vitamin supplementation as needed.
This document provides an overview of anemia presented by Muhammad Abbas. It defines anemia as a decrease in hemoglobin below normal levels and discusses the pathophysiology and classification of anemia. Anemia is classified clinically based on severity, etiologically based on cause, and morphologically based on mean corpuscular volume. The main types are microcytic hypochromic anemia, macrocytic hyperchromic anemia, and normocytic normochromic anemia. Causes and diagnostic investigations for each type are also outlined.
This document defines anemia and provides details about its causes, types, and treatment. It begins by defining anemia as a blood disorder where there is a deficiency in oxygen-carrying capacity due to reduced red blood cells or hemoglobin. The main causes of anemia include blood loss, red blood cell destruction, and insufficient red blood cell production. The document further classifies anemia into microcytic, macrocytic, and normocytic types based on red blood cell size, and lists specific conditions that fall under each type such as iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, and aplastic anemia. Common tests used to diagnose anemia and the information they provide are also outlined.
Anemia is a major health problem in India, especially among women. Some key points about anemia from the document include:
- Anemia is defined as a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. It can be caused by blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction.
- The main types of anemia are microcytic (small RBCs), macrocytic (large RBCs), and normocytic (normal sized RBCs). Common causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, and aplastic anemia.
- Symptoms vary depending on the type and severity of anemia but can include pal
This document discusses thalassemia, an inherited blood disorder characterized by reduced hemoglobin. There are two main types: alpha thalassemia affects alpha globin gene production, while beta thalassemia affects beta globin genes. Beta thalassemia includes three severities - minor, intermedia, and major ("Cooley's anemia"). Thalassemia is caused by mutations in genes responsible for hemoglobin production, leading to anemia. Management includes frequent blood transfusions, stem cell transplants, folic acid supplements, and monitoring for infections.
This document summarizes anemia, including its definition, classification, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment. Anemia is defined as a deficiency in red blood cells, hemoglobin, or hematocrit. It is classified based on size, color, and cause of the red blood cells. Common causes include blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown. Signs and symptoms vary based on severity but can include fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations. Diagnostic testing includes complete blood count and iron studies. Treatment involves treating the underlying cause, oral or intravenous iron supplementation, blood transfusions, and medications.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide. It occurs when iron levels in the body are low, preventing adequate hemoglobin production. Common causes include deficient diet, blood loss from menstruation or gastrointestinal issues, and increased needs during pregnancy or lactation. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low ferritin, increased total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation below 16%. Treatment focuses on oral iron supplementation, but parenteral iron may be used if oral iron is not tolerated or absorption is impaired.
IDA is the most common form of anemia worldwide, affecting approximately 50% of anemia cases. It results from prolonged negative iron balance in the body due to factors like inadequate iron intake, decreased absorption, increased demand, or blood loss. Diagnosis involves a complete history, physical exam, and lab tests showing low indicators of iron stores like serum ferritin and iron, along with an elevated TIBC. Treatment aims to replenish iron stores and typically consists of oral iron supplementation of 200mg elemental iron per day for 3-6 months.
This document provides an overview of anemia presented by Muhammad Abbas. It defines anemia as a decrease in hemoglobin below normal levels and discusses the pathophysiology and classification of anemia. Anemia is classified clinically based on severity, etiologically based on cause, and morphologically based on mean corpuscular volume. The main types are microcytic hypochromic anemia, macrocytic hyperchromic anemia, and normocytic normochromic anemia. Causes and diagnostic investigations for each type are also outlined.
This document defines anemia and provides details about its causes, types, and treatment. It begins by defining anemia as a blood disorder where there is a deficiency in oxygen-carrying capacity due to reduced red blood cells or hemoglobin. The main causes of anemia include blood loss, red blood cell destruction, and insufficient red blood cell production. The document further classifies anemia into microcytic, macrocytic, and normocytic types based on red blood cell size, and lists specific conditions that fall under each type such as iron deficiency, B12 deficiency, and aplastic anemia. Common tests used to diagnose anemia and the information they provide are also outlined.
Anemia is a major health problem in India, especially among women. Some key points about anemia from the document include:
- Anemia is defined as a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. It can be caused by blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction.
- The main types of anemia are microcytic (small RBCs), macrocytic (large RBCs), and normocytic (normal sized RBCs). Common causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, and aplastic anemia.
- Symptoms vary depending on the type and severity of anemia but can include pal
This document discusses thalassemia, an inherited blood disorder characterized by reduced hemoglobin. There are two main types: alpha thalassemia affects alpha globin gene production, while beta thalassemia affects beta globin genes. Beta thalassemia includes three severities - minor, intermedia, and major ("Cooley's anemia"). Thalassemia is caused by mutations in genes responsible for hemoglobin production, leading to anemia. Management includes frequent blood transfusions, stem cell transplants, folic acid supplements, and monitoring for infections.
This document summarizes anemia, including its definition, classification, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment. Anemia is defined as a deficiency in red blood cells, hemoglobin, or hematocrit. It is classified based on size, color, and cause of the red blood cells. Common causes include blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown. Signs and symptoms vary based on severity but can include fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations. Diagnostic testing includes complete blood count and iron studies. Treatment involves treating the underlying cause, oral or intravenous iron supplementation, blood transfusions, and medications.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide. It occurs when iron levels in the body are low, preventing adequate hemoglobin production. Common causes include deficient diet, blood loss from menstruation or gastrointestinal issues, and increased needs during pregnancy or lactation. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low ferritin, increased total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation below 16%. Treatment focuses on oral iron supplementation, but parenteral iron may be used if oral iron is not tolerated or absorption is impaired.
IDA is the most common form of anemia worldwide, affecting approximately 50% of anemia cases. It results from prolonged negative iron balance in the body due to factors like inadequate iron intake, decreased absorption, increased demand, or blood loss. Diagnosis involves a complete history, physical exam, and lab tests showing low indicators of iron stores like serum ferritin and iron, along with an elevated TIBC. Treatment aims to replenish iron stores and typically consists of oral iron supplementation of 200mg elemental iron per day for 3-6 months.
anaemia and its classification, blood transfusion, blood group, erythroblastosis foetalis, blood component , use of blood components in human diseases. blood group reaction
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View all Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal.
The document discusses different types of anemias classified based on morphology, etiology, and pathophysiology. It describes macrocytic anemias like megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Microcytic anemias discussed include iron deficiency anemia and sickle cell anemia. Normocytic anemias can result from blood loss, hemolysis, or bone marrow failure. Etiologies include deficiencies, impaired bone marrow function, or peripheral causes like bleeding or hemolysis. Diagnosis and treatment of various anemias like iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, and folate deficiency anemia are also summarized.
Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin level or red blood cell count is lower than normal. It can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction. Globally, anemia affects over 1.6 billion people. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and other indicators. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve iron supplementation, vitamin B12/folate, blood transfusions, or treating the primary disease.
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues. It can be caused by factors that increase hydrostatic pressure, decrease plasma oncotic pressure, increase blood vessel permeability, or obstruct lymphatic fluid clearance. Edema is classified as generalized or localized and pitting or non-pitting. It can manifest as peripheral swelling, weight gain, distended veins, slowed venous filling, and crackles in the lungs. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, restricting sodium intake, using diuretics, elevating the legs, and preventing complications. Nurses monitor for worsening edema and complications, encourage rest and diet, and educate patients on self-care.
The document discusses different types of anemia including iron deficiency, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, chronic disease, and hemolytic anemias. It provides definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and medical and nursing management approaches for various forms of anemia. The nursing management focuses on assessing and addressing fatigue, maintaining adequate nutrition and tissue perfusion, and monitoring for complications related to anemia.
Iron Deficiency Anemia occurs when iron levels are too low to support normal red blood cell production. It has various causes like bleeding, low dietary iron intake, or loss of iron in the urine. Symptoms include fatigue and pale skin. Investigations show low hemoglobin, ferritin and iron levels with microcytic red blood cells. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation depending on severity. Complications can include impaired development in children or increased risk of falls in the elderly. Prevention focuses on consuming iron-rich foods and supplements. Differential diagnoses include thalassemia and anemia of chronic disease.
This document discusses leukopenia, a condition characterized by a reduced number of white blood cells. It identifies several potential causes of leukopenia, including viral and bacterial infections, cancers, autoimmune disorders, malnutrition, and bone marrow diseases. Symptoms of leukopenia include increased risk of infection. The document outlines methods for diagnosing leukopenia via blood tests and bone marrow biopsy and treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, or bone marrow transplant. It recommends lifestyle practices like rest, good hygiene and nutrition to help prevent infection for those with leukopenia.
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of microcytic anemia caused by low levels of iron available to produce hemoglobin. It affects people with high iron demands like pregnant women, young children, and menstruating women. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation and dietary changes to restore iron stores. Prevention focuses on adequate iron intake through diet or supplements in at-risk groups.
This document contains a report on anaemias submitted by five students to their lecturer. It defines anaemia, lists its parameters and causes. It describes different types of anaemias including hemorrhagic, aplastic, megaloblastic, pernicious, hemolytic, sickle cell and iron deficiency anaemia. It discusses the mechanisms, symptoms, classifications, treatment and other details of various anaemias in under 30 sections.
Aplastic anemia is a rare blood disorder where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient new blood cells, leading to anemia, low white blood cell count, and low platelet count. It can be inherited or acquired due to exposure to toxins, medications, viruses, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include fatigue, bruising, and increased risk of infection. Treatment involves blood transfusions, immunosuppressive drugs, bone marrow transplant, or growth factors to stimulate blood cell production.
The document provides an overview of anemia, including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Anemia is defined as a lack of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. It causes symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. The main causes are blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell destruction. The most common types are iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. Diagnosis involves blood tests to determine the type and underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific type but may include dietary changes, supplements, medications, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplants.
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia, including its normal hemoglobin ranges, classification, etiological factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and management. It is classified based on red blood cell morphology and etiology. Causes include low iron diet, growth spurts, GI problems, and blood loss. Diagnostic tests include hemoglobin measurement, complete blood count, peripheral smear, and iron studies. Management involves oral and parental iron therapy, blood transfusion, dietary changes including iron-rich foods, and preventive measures like exclusive breastfeeding and iron-fortified formula.
This document discusses glomerulonephritis, which is inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys. It begins by reviewing kidney anatomy and the nephron. Acute glomerulonephritis is then defined as inflammation of the glomeruli caused by an antigen-antibody reaction, usually following a streptococcal infection. Clinical manifestations include edema, proteinuria, hematuria, and decreased kidney function. Chronic glomerulonephritis develops from repeated or unresolved acute attacks and results in irreversible scarring of the glomeruli. Nursing care focuses on fluid management, nutrition, infection prevention, and emotional support for the patient.
it include nursing management. kindly see this for your reference, your likes and comment will improve the things in future. its very helpful to the nursing students.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
This document provides information about anemia. It begins with an introduction stating that anemia is a major problem in India, affecting many women and contributing to maternal deaths. The objectives of the document are then outlined, including defining anemia, classifying types, and discussing causes, symptoms, investigations, treatment and prevention. The main types of anemia covered include iron deficiency, megaloblastic, pernicious, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, lab investigations, and management approaches including dietary recommendations and pharmacological treatments are described. The goals of treatment are to normalize hemoglobin and iron levels.
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine. Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia globally. It develops due to blood loss, poor diet, or impaired iron absorption. The patient presented has low red blood cell and hemoglobin levels, indicating iron deficiency anemia. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation. Oral iron can fully treat most cases of iron deficiency anemia, but often requires 3-6 months for complete recovery. Intravenous iron is recommended when a faster recovery is needed, such as before surgery. Common side effects of oral iron include nausea, abdominal discomfort, and black stools.
1. The document discusses hematologic disorders including hematopoiesis, anemia, polycythemia, and hematologic malignancy.
2. It provides details on the pathophysiology of hematopoiesis, the definition and classification of anemia, the general approach to evaluating anemic patients, and discussions of common anemia types and their treatments.
3. Key anemia types covered include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies, and the morphological features seen in peripheral blood and bone marrow in these conditions.
Erythropoiesis,Anemia,Iron Deficiency Anemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev KumarDr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
1. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by inadequate iron intake or absorption leading to decreased hemoglobin and microcytic red blood cells. Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, and pallor.
2. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low iron, ferritin and saturation and high TIBC. Peripheral smear shows microcytic hypochromic anemia.
3. Treatment is oral iron supplementation though intravenous may be needed in severe cases. Regular intake and monitoring is important to fully replenish iron stores.
anaemia and its classification, blood transfusion, blood group, erythroblastosis foetalis, blood component , use of blood components in human diseases. blood group reaction
Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
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Image result for thalassemia
Image result for thalassemia
View all Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal.
The document discusses different types of anemias classified based on morphology, etiology, and pathophysiology. It describes macrocytic anemias like megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Microcytic anemias discussed include iron deficiency anemia and sickle cell anemia. Normocytic anemias can result from blood loss, hemolysis, or bone marrow failure. Etiologies include deficiencies, impaired bone marrow function, or peripheral causes like bleeding or hemolysis. Diagnosis and treatment of various anemias like iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, and folate deficiency anemia are also summarized.
Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin level or red blood cell count is lower than normal. It can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction. Globally, anemia affects over 1.6 billion people. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and other indicators. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve iron supplementation, vitamin B12/folate, blood transfusions, or treating the primary disease.
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues. It can be caused by factors that increase hydrostatic pressure, decrease plasma oncotic pressure, increase blood vessel permeability, or obstruct lymphatic fluid clearance. Edema is classified as generalized or localized and pitting or non-pitting. It can manifest as peripheral swelling, weight gain, distended veins, slowed venous filling, and crackles in the lungs. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, restricting sodium intake, using diuretics, elevating the legs, and preventing complications. Nurses monitor for worsening edema and complications, encourage rest and diet, and educate patients on self-care.
The document discusses different types of anemia including iron deficiency, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, chronic disease, and hemolytic anemias. It provides definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and medical and nursing management approaches for various forms of anemia. The nursing management focuses on assessing and addressing fatigue, maintaining adequate nutrition and tissue perfusion, and monitoring for complications related to anemia.
Iron Deficiency Anemia occurs when iron levels are too low to support normal red blood cell production. It has various causes like bleeding, low dietary iron intake, or loss of iron in the urine. Symptoms include fatigue and pale skin. Investigations show low hemoglobin, ferritin and iron levels with microcytic red blood cells. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation depending on severity. Complications can include impaired development in children or increased risk of falls in the elderly. Prevention focuses on consuming iron-rich foods and supplements. Differential diagnoses include thalassemia and anemia of chronic disease.
This document discusses leukopenia, a condition characterized by a reduced number of white blood cells. It identifies several potential causes of leukopenia, including viral and bacterial infections, cancers, autoimmune disorders, malnutrition, and bone marrow diseases. Symptoms of leukopenia include increased risk of infection. The document outlines methods for diagnosing leukopenia via blood tests and bone marrow biopsy and treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, or bone marrow transplant. It recommends lifestyle practices like rest, good hygiene and nutrition to help prevent infection for those with leukopenia.
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of microcytic anemia caused by low levels of iron available to produce hemoglobin. It affects people with high iron demands like pregnant women, young children, and menstruating women. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation and dietary changes to restore iron stores. Prevention focuses on adequate iron intake through diet or supplements in at-risk groups.
This document contains a report on anaemias submitted by five students to their lecturer. It defines anaemia, lists its parameters and causes. It describes different types of anaemias including hemorrhagic, aplastic, megaloblastic, pernicious, hemolytic, sickle cell and iron deficiency anaemia. It discusses the mechanisms, symptoms, classifications, treatment and other details of various anaemias in under 30 sections.
Aplastic anemia is a rare blood disorder where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient new blood cells, leading to anemia, low white blood cell count, and low platelet count. It can be inherited or acquired due to exposure to toxins, medications, viruses, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include fatigue, bruising, and increased risk of infection. Treatment involves blood transfusions, immunosuppressive drugs, bone marrow transplant, or growth factors to stimulate blood cell production.
The document provides an overview of anemia, including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Anemia is defined as a lack of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. It causes symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. The main causes are blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell destruction. The most common types are iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. Diagnosis involves blood tests to determine the type and underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific type but may include dietary changes, supplements, medications, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplants.
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia, including its normal hemoglobin ranges, classification, etiological factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and management. It is classified based on red blood cell morphology and etiology. Causes include low iron diet, growth spurts, GI problems, and blood loss. Diagnostic tests include hemoglobin measurement, complete blood count, peripheral smear, and iron studies. Management involves oral and parental iron therapy, blood transfusion, dietary changes including iron-rich foods, and preventive measures like exclusive breastfeeding and iron-fortified formula.
This document discusses glomerulonephritis, which is inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys. It begins by reviewing kidney anatomy and the nephron. Acute glomerulonephritis is then defined as inflammation of the glomeruli caused by an antigen-antibody reaction, usually following a streptococcal infection. Clinical manifestations include edema, proteinuria, hematuria, and decreased kidney function. Chronic glomerulonephritis develops from repeated or unresolved acute attacks and results in irreversible scarring of the glomeruli. Nursing care focuses on fluid management, nutrition, infection prevention, and emotional support for the patient.
it include nursing management. kindly see this for your reference, your likes and comment will improve the things in future. its very helpful to the nursing students.
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
This document provides information about anemia. It begins with an introduction stating that anemia is a major problem in India, affecting many women and contributing to maternal deaths. The objectives of the document are then outlined, including defining anemia, classifying types, and discussing causes, symptoms, investigations, treatment and prevention. The main types of anemia covered include iron deficiency, megaloblastic, pernicious, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, lab investigations, and management approaches including dietary recommendations and pharmacological treatments are described. The goals of treatment are to normalize hemoglobin and iron levels.
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine. Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia globally. It develops due to blood loss, poor diet, or impaired iron absorption. The patient presented has low red blood cell and hemoglobin levels, indicating iron deficiency anemia. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation. Oral iron can fully treat most cases of iron deficiency anemia, but often requires 3-6 months for complete recovery. Intravenous iron is recommended when a faster recovery is needed, such as before surgery. Common side effects of oral iron include nausea, abdominal discomfort, and black stools.
1. The document discusses hematologic disorders including hematopoiesis, anemia, polycythemia, and hematologic malignancy.
2. It provides details on the pathophysiology of hematopoiesis, the definition and classification of anemia, the general approach to evaluating anemic patients, and discussions of common anemia types and their treatments.
3. Key anemia types covered include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies, and the morphological features seen in peripheral blood and bone marrow in these conditions.
Erythropoiesis,Anemia,Iron Deficiency Anemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev KumarDr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
1. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by inadequate iron intake or absorption leading to decreased hemoglobin and microcytic red blood cells. Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, and pallor.
2. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low iron, ferritin and saturation and high TIBC. Peripheral smear shows microcytic hypochromic anemia.
3. Treatment is oral iron supplementation though intravenous may be needed in severe cases. Regular intake and monitoring is important to fully replenish iron stores.
The document discusses general hematology and various blood disorders. It covers red blood cell disorders like anemia, bone marrow failure syndromes, and red blood cell membrane defects. It also discusses bleeding disorders, platelet disorders, coagulation defects, and leukemia. Key points about various conditions like iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, sickle cell disease, immune hemolytic anemia, and vitamin deficiencies are summarized. Screening tests for evaluation of hemostatic abnormalities are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of iron deficiency anemia, including its definition, pathophysiology, detection, and management. It begins by defining anemia and describing the various causes, including blood loss, inadequate red blood cell production, and excessive red blood cell destruction. Common signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia are then outlined. The document concludes by discussing the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of iron deficiency anemia through a case study, focusing on identifying risk factors, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, and treating with iron supplementation.
Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common medical problems and the most common cause of anemia. It occurs when iron levels and stores in the body are depleted. Symptoms include fatigue, glossitis, angular stomatitis, and nail changes. Laboratory tests show low hemoglobin, MCV, MCHC, serum iron, and ferritin levels. Treatment involves oral or parental iron replacement therapy to replenish iron stores along with treating any underlying causes of blood loss. Parenteral iron is reserved for cases of malabsorption or noncompliance with oral therapy.
Approach to a case of iron defciency anaemiaSachin Adukia
- Anaemia is defined as a reduction in haemoglobin, red blood cell count or haematocrit below normal levels. Iron-deficiency anaemia affects around 2 billion people worldwide including 20-40% of people in India.
- Iron-deficiency anaemia is classified based on the underlying cause such as reduced red blood cell production, increased red blood cell destruction, or loss of red blood cells.
- Diagnosis involves examination of symptoms, signs, and laboratory tests including a blood smear, iron studies, and bone marrow examination. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation depending on the severity of the deficiency.
Anaemia is defined as a reduction in haemoglobin, red blood cells or haematocrit below normal levels. Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) affects around 2 billion people worldwide. IDA is prevalent in India, affecting 20% of adult males, 40% of non-pregnant females and children, and 80% of pregnant females. IDA is classified based on its underlying cause such as reduced red blood cell production or increased destruction. Oral iron therapy is usually the first line treatment, while blood transfusions or intravenous iron may be used for more severe cases or those who cannot tolerate oral iron. The diagnosis of IDA relies on a low MCV, MCH and iron studies showing low ferritin and transferrin saturation
The document discusses iron metabolism and disorders of iron deficiency. It covers stages of iron deficiency from depleted iron stores to iron deficiency anemia. Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include fatigue, dizziness, and behavioral disturbances. Diagnosis involves low hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and other blood markers. Treatment focuses on oral or parenteral iron supplementation depending on severity and ability to absorb orally.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia globally. It results from inadequate iron intake or absorption to meet physiological needs. Common symptoms include pallor, weakness, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing microcytic hypochromic anemia, low serum iron and ferritin levels, and high total iron binding capacity. Treatment consists of oral iron supplementation in the form of ferrous salts to replenish iron stores.
This document discusses hematinics, which are agents used to treat anemia and increase red blood cell counts or hemoglobin levels. It provides details on normal red blood cell production, the indications and adverse effects of oral and parenteral iron therapy, iron absorption and transport, and iron poisoning. It also covers folic acid sources and roles, causes of folate deficiency, and indications for folic acid supplementation. Finally, it discusses vitamin B12 structure and sources, pharmacokinetics, and nutritional deficiency.
Physiologic anemia of infancy is a normal condition in newborns and infants up to 8-12 weeks old as their bodies transition from fetal to adult hemoglobin. It is treated by ensuring adequate nutrients like iron and folic acid in the diet. Iron deficiency anemia becomes more common after 6-9 months of age if breastfed infants do not receive iron supplements. It causes pallor initially and can impact neurodevelopment if severe and untreated.
This document discusses different types of anemia. It begins by introducing the three main blood cell groups - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It then focuses on red blood cells and hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule. The document defines anemia and provides reference levels for hemoglobin. It describes different types of anemia classified by mean corpuscular volume (MCV), including microcytic (low MCV), normocytic (normal MCV), and macrocytic (high MCV) anemias. Microcytic anemias discussed in more detail include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and sideroblastic anemia. Macrocytic anemias are
This document defines anemia and discusses its etiology, pathophysiology, classification, diagnostic tests, and treatment, specifically focusing on iron deficiency anemia. It states that anemia is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin, and is the most common hematologic disorder. The main causes of anemia are blood loss, deficient red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell destruction. Iron deficiency anemia, one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies worldwide, occurs due to an imbalance between iron needs and supply.
This document discusses various types of anemia. It defines anemia as a condition with fewer than normal red blood cells or hemoglobin. The types discussed include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia. For each type, the document outlines causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and management. Key points like ringed sideroblasts, ineffective erythropoiesis, and hereditary spherocytosis are explained. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, iron supplementation, blood transfusions, or splenectomy in some cases.
This document discusses anemias in children. It begins by defining anemia and classifying it based on etiology into impaired red cell formation, blood loss, and hemolytic anemia. It then describes the diagnosis of anemia through history, physical exam, and laboratory tests. Specific types of anemia are discussed in more detail, including iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, bone marrow failure, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Fanconi anemia, acquired aplastic anemia, and hemolytic anemias. Treatment options are provided for each condition.
This document discusses anemias in children. It begins by defining anemia and classifying it based on etiology into impaired red cell formation, blood loss, and hemolytic anemia. It then describes the diagnosis of anemia through history, physical exam, and laboratory tests. Specific types of anemia are discussed in more detail, including iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, bone marrow failure, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Fanconi anemia, acquired aplastic anemia, and hemolytic anemias. Treatment options are provided for each condition.
This document discusses several prominent nursing theories including Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory, Roy's Adaptation Theory, Pender's Health Promotion Model, and the Health Belief Model. It defines key concepts of each theory such as self-care, adaptation, health, and perceived susceptibility. For example, it explains that Orem's theory focuses on nursing to support self-care when patients are limited, while Roy's theory views people as adaptive systems that interact with their environment. The theories provide frameworks for understanding health behaviors and guiding nursing practice.
Stroke occurs when blood supply to part of the brain is disrupted, causing brain cells to die. It is usually caused by hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, or other conditions that damage blood vessels. Symptoms include weakness, confusion, trouble speaking, and visual/balance issues. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, and brain imaging tests. Treatment depends on the cause but may include clot-busting drugs, surgery to remove clots or repair burst vessels, and lifestyle changes to prevent future strokes. Nursing focuses on improving mobility, communication, skin integrity and family support.
This document discusses spinal cord injuries, including causes such as trauma from accidents, most common vertebral levels injured, types of injuries, symptoms depending on injury level, complications, assessment, management including initial care, drug therapy, and long term care needs. Key points include trauma as the main cause, cervical vertebrae most commonly affected, complete versus incomplete injuries determined by degree of sensation and motor function loss below injury level, and management focusing on respiratory, cardiovascular, bladder, bowel and skin integrity issues.
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost waterproof layer that protects against microbes. The dermis lies beneath the epidermis, contains connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. The deepest layer, the hypodermis, is made of fat and connective tissue. Assessment of the integumentary system involves history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests like biopsies, cultures, and patch tests to identify skin conditions.
Scabies is caused by the Sarcoptes scabies mite. It is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact or sharing clothes. Symptoms include severe itching, especially at night, and a pimple-like rash between fingers, wrists, elbows, armpits, genitals and buttocks. Diagnosis is made by examining skin scrapings under a microscope for mites and feces. Treatment involves applying scabicide cream to the entire body except the face and scalp and washing all clothes and bedding in hot water.
Rheumatic heart disease is a chronic condition caused by rheumatic fever, which is an inflammatory response to a streptococcal infection. It often involves damage to the heart valves that causes them to not open and close properly, restricting blood flow. Common symptoms include chest pain, breathlessness, and swelling. Diagnosis involves examining the patient history, performing tests like echocardiograms and electrocardiograms. Treatment depends on severity but may include antibiotics, surgery to repair or replace valves, and managing symptoms like heart failure. Nursing care focuses on monitoring the patient's condition, administering medications, providing respiratory support, and addressing psychological needs.
Renal cell carcinoma is a type of kidney cancer that occurs in the lining of the kidney's tubules. Risk factors include older age, smoking, obesity, and high blood pressure. Staging involves determining if the cancer is confined to the kidney or has spread elsewhere. Surgery is often the primary treatment and can involve removing part or all of the affected kidney. Other options include ablation, embolization, radiation, and chemotherapy. Nurses monitor for side effects and provide support to patients undergoing treatment.
Raynaud's disease is a condition that causes narrowing of the small blood vessels (arterioles) in the fingers and toes in response to cold temperatures or stress. There are two main types: primary Raynaud's disease, which has no underlying cause, and secondary Raynaud's, which is caused by another condition like connective tissue disease, injury, or exposure to vibrating tools. Symptoms include numbness, pain, and color changes in the skin from blanching to blue or red. Diagnosis involves examining the extremities for color changes and reduced sensation in response to cold. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like avoiding smoking and stress as well as medications to dilate blood vessels.
Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, which makes breathing difficult. It occurs when fluid leaks into the tiny air sacs in the lungs called alveoli. This fluid buildup is usually due to heart failure or conditions that increase blood pressure in the lungs. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing. Diagnosis involves listening to the chest, chest x-rays, and echocardiograms. Treatment focuses on reducing fluid buildup through diuretics, oxygen therapy, and treating the underlying cause.
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition caused by an immune system problem that leads to rapid buildup of skin cells. Risk factors include family history, infections, stress, obesity, and smoking. Symptoms include red patches covered with silvery scales. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and skin biopsy. Treatment includes topical corticosteroids and vitamin D analogues, UV therapy, and photochemotherapy. Lifestyle changes like moisturizing and sun exposure can also help manage symptoms. Nurses educate patients on skin care, avoiding scratching or pulling scales, and proper application of prescribed medications.
This document provides information about prostate cancer, including:
- It is a cancer that occurs in the prostate gland and is one of the most common cancers in men. While some types grow slowly, others can spread quickly.
- Risk factors include age, family history, and race. Many times it causes no symptoms but can sometimes cause urinary or sexual issues.
- Diagnosis involves exams, blood tests, and biopsies. Treatment depends on stage but can include surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and active surveillance. Complications may include incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Prevention focuses on diet, exercise, and weight control.
Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores or decubitus ulcers, develop when prolonged pressure damages skin and underlying tissue. They most often occur over bony areas where there is limited padding, such as the heels, hips, and tailbone. People at risk include those with limited mobility from illness, injury, or surgery. Pressure ulcers are caused by sustained pressure, friction, or shear forces that restrict blood flow. Treatment focuses on reducing pressure through repositioning, special surfaces, wound cleaning and dressing, and removing dead tissue. Nursing management includes thorough risk assessment and skin inspection.
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by bone marrow abnormalities, or secondary, caused by factors like smoking or lung diseases that result in hypoxia. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and skin redness or itching. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell counts. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to suppress blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, managing pain and nutrition, and providing education.
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is usually caused by an infection. It is characterized by consolidation of the lungs due to inflammatory exudate, bacteria, and white blood cells filling the alveoli. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It occurs in people of all ages but clinical manifestations tend to be more severe in young children, the elderly, and chronically ill patients. Pneumonia is classified based on location in the lungs and place of acquisition. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care, while vaccination can help prevent pneumonia.
Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune disease characterized by blister formation on the skin and mucous membranes. It is caused by an antigen-antibody reaction. Symptoms include blisters in the mouth and scalp that spread and rupture, releasing fluid and causing pain. Diagnosis involves a skin biopsy and immunofluorescence testing. Treatment consists of corticosteroids, immunosuppressants like azathioprine, and biological therapies like rituximab to control the immune system and prevent blister formation. Nurses monitor patients for infection and ensure proper wound care, nutrition, and hygiene.
Pathogenic organisms are capable of causing disease in their host. They include bacteria such as staphylococcus, streptococcus, and pneumococcus; viruses like hepatitis, herpes, and influenza; fungi that cause superficial and deep mycoses; and parasites such as leishmania and sporozoa. Pathogenic organisms are classified into groups including coccus, bacilli, spirochetes, mycoplasma, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, viruses, fungi and parasites with examples provided of disease-causing organisms from each group.
Pott's disease, or Pott's spine, is a form of tuberculosis that infects the spine. It is caused by the tuberculosis bacteria spreading from the lungs to the spine. This causes spinal arthritis and damage to the vertebrae that can lead to spinal deformities, nerve damage, and paralysis if left untreated. Symptoms include back pain and difficulty walking. Diagnosis involves x-rays, CT scans, and MRIs. Traditional treatments involved immobilization, but patients are now treated with antibiotics to kill the bacteria.
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become brittle and fragile due to loss of tissue, often as a result of hormonal changes or deficiencies in calcium or vitamin D. It is caused by lower bone density and loss of the internal supporting structure of bones. Risk factors include being female, older age, small frame size, family history, and low calcium intake. Symptoms may include back pain, loss of height, and fractures from minor injuries. Diagnosis involves bone density scans and lab tests. Treatment focuses on hormone therapy, medications, calcium/vitamin supplements, exercise, and nutrition.
This document discusses head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), including risk factors such as age and gender, types such as oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer, clinical manifestations like leukoplakia and erythroplakia, diagnostic studies including biopsy and imaging, and management with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Nursing care focuses on pain management, nutrition, and helping patients cope with changes from treatment.
This document provides an overview of common ophthalmic emergencies and their management. It discusses various types of eye injuries and conditions such as subconjunctival hemorrhage, hyphema, foreign bodies, burns, lacerations, abrasions, retinal detachment, glaucoma and more. For each, it outlines signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches including irrigation, antibiotics, analgesics, surgery and more depending on the specific injury or condition. The goal is to properly assess and treat ophthalmic emergencies to protect vision.
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
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This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
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The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
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Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
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14. Severe(Hb- less than 6gm/dl)
* Integumentary: Pallor, pruitus
* Eyes: Icteric conjuctiva and sclera,
blurred vision
* Mouth: Glossitis, Smooth tongue
* Cardiovascular: Tachycardia,
increased pulse pressure, murmurs
* Pulmonary: tachypnea, orthopnea,
dyspnea at rest
15. * Neurologic: Headache, Vertigo,
irritability, depression, impaired thought
process
* Gastro intestinal: Anorexia,
hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, difficulty in
swallowing, sore mouth
* Musculo skeletal: Bone pain
* General : sensitivity to cold, weight loss
and lethargy
16. Decreased Hb synthesis Iron deficiency anemia,
Thalassemia
Defective DNA synthesis in RBC megaloblastic
anemia
Diminished availability of erythrocyte precursors
Aplastic anemia, Anemia of myeloproliferative
diseases(leukemia)
17.
18. Normal iron metabolism
Obtained from food and dietary supplements
Ingested iron absorbed in the duodenum and
upper jejunum
Iron present in all RBC as heme in
hemoglobin and in a stored form(ferritin and
hemosiderin) in the bone marrow, spleen,
liver and macrophages
19. Male 1 mg
Adolesc. 2-3 mg
Women in repr.age 2-3 mg
Pregnant 3-4 mg
20. Small loss of iron each day in urine, faeces, skin
and in menstruating females as blood (1-2 mg
daily)
Normal diet contains about 15 mg of
iron/day
6mg elemental iron/1000 cal
1/10 of ingested iron is absorbed
Gastric acid releases iron from food
21. Iron deficiency anemia is defined as anemia
associated with either inadequate absorption
or excessive loss of iron from the body.
22. Inadequate dietary intake
Malabsorption
* After certain types of gastro intestinal
surgery(removal of bypass of duodenum)
* Malabsorption syndromes(diesases of the
duodenum)
23. Blood loss
* sources of chronic blood loss are from GI
and GU systems
* Causes of GI blood loss – peptic ulcer,
gastritis, esophagitis, hemorrhoids and
neoplasms
* causes of GU blood loss – menstrual
bleeding
* At the time of delivery and lactation
24. Pregnancy
- Diversion of iron to the fetus for
erythropoiesis
Dialysis treatment
- blood lost in the dialysis equipment and
frequent blood sampling
27. History collection and physical examination
Stool routine: to identify the presence of
blood
Endoscopy or colonoscopy: used to detect GI
bleeding
28. Replace iron and folic acid and treat
underlying disease.
Oral route is preferred for replacement.
Intake of liver and muscle meats, eggs, dried
fruits, legumes, dark green leafy vegetables,
bread and cereals and potatoes
If iron deficiency from acute blood loss require
transfusion of packed RBC
29. Response can be followed by retic.
increase in 1-2 weeks (5-7 days)
Hb response to treatment
half normal by a month
returns to normal by 2-4 months
Replacement therapy is prolonged by 6-12
months to replenish stores of iron.
Ongoing bleeding may cause indefinite
therapy.
30. DRUG THERAPY
Oral iron is usually prescribed
Total daily dose:150-200 mg elemental iron
Give in 3-4 divided doses(each tablet contains 50
to100mg of iron)
Each one hour before meals.
Taking iron with Vit C enhances iron
absorbtion
31. Undiluted liquid iron may stain patients
teeth, therefore diluted and ingested
through a straw
Iron preparations cause the stools to become
black(GI tract excretes excess iron)
Constipation is common, therefore started on
stool softeners
32. Parenteral iron therapy:
Indications
Malabsorbtion
Intolerance to oral replacement
Colitis/enteritis
Needs in excess of amount that can be given
orally
Patient uncooperative/poor compliance
Hemodialysis
33. Parenteral iron therapy:
Given intramuscularly or intravenously
Iron dextran complex contains 50mg/ml of
elemental iron in 2ml
Test dose of parenteral iron is often done to
assess for allergic reaction
Given deep IM in the outer quadrant of the
buttocks with a 18 to 20 gauze needle
34. Group of diseases that have an autosomal
recessive genetic basis involving inadequate
production of normal hemoglobin
Normal hemoglobin is composed of 2 alpha and 2
beta globins
Mutations in a given globin gene can cause a
decrease in production of that globin, resulting
in deficiency
Absence of alpha globin chain alpha
thalassemia
Absence of beta globin chain beta thalassemia
35. Growth both physical and mental is retarded
Person with thalassemia major is pale and
displays other symptoms of anemia( Inadequate
production + ineffective erythropoiesis + haemolysis
Anaemia)
Symptoms develop in childhood by 2 years of age
Pronounced hepatosplenomegaly
(↑Haemolysis ↑demands of phagocytic function
hyperplasia of phagocytes
Hepatosplenomegaly )
36. To compensate anaemia extramedullary
haemopoiesis in liver, spleen & brain
Organomegaly
↑Erythropoiesis marrow expansion & thinning of
cortex of skull bone Thalassaemia facies
Jaundice from RBC hemolysis
38. Thalassemia minor requires no treatment
Treatment of thassemia major includes
Chronic Transfusion Therapy
Maximizes growth and development
Suppresses the patient’s own ineffective
erythropoiesis and excessive dietary iron absorption
RBC transfusions often monthly to maintain Hgb 10-
12
39. Chelation Therapy
Binds free iron and reduces hemosiderin
deposits
8-hour subcutaneous infusion of deferoxamine,
5 nights/week
Start after 1year of chronic transfusions
Splenectomy--indications
Trasfusion requirements increase 50% in
6months
Severe leukopenia or thrombocytopenia
40.
41. Group of disorders caused by impaired DNA
synthesis and characterized by the presence of
large RBC
Impaired DNA synthesis defective RBC
maturation
Large (macrocytic) and abnormal RBC
megaloblasts
42. Vitamin B12
Sources : Meat, fish
Daily requirement : 2-5 micro gram
Body stores : 3-5 mg( liver)
Places of absorption: distal ileum
43.
44. Result from cobalamin (Vit B12) and folic
acid deficiencies
Supression of DNA synthesis by
* drugs
* inborn errors of cobalamin and folic
acid metabolism
* erythroleukemia( malignanat blood
disorder characterized by proliferation of
erythropoietic cells in bone marrow)
45. 1.Malabsorption
a) Inadequate production of intrinsic factor
- pernicious anemia
- gastrectomy, partial or total
b) Inadequate releasing vit. B12 from food
(partial gastrectomy, abnormality of
stomach function, chronic pancreatic
insufficiency)
46. c) Terminal ileum disease (celiac disease, ileal
resection, Crohn disease)
d) Competition for intestinal B12 :
- bacterial overgrowth: jejunal diverticula,
intestinal stasis and obstruction due to strictures
- Fish tapeworm
47. 2. Inadequate intake
- vegetarians
3. Inadequate utilisation
Drugs: Neomycin, Colchicine, Nitrous oxide ,long
term use of H2 receptor blockers
51. 3. Bone marrow smear
Hypercellular
Erythroid cell changes (megaloblasts,
RBC precursor a abnormally large with
nuclear- cytoplasmic asynchrony)
Megakaryocytes are decreased and show
abnormal morphology
52. If the patient has
dietary deficiency
of cobalamin
dietary sources
rich in cobalamin
should be provided
53. 1. Vitamin B12 administration intramuscular in dose
1000 μg per day for a week , then 100 μg per day
for 2 weeks, per week 100μg for month
2. Reticulocytosis begins 2 or 3 days after therapy
started and maximal number reached on day 5 to 8.
* Serum iron monitoring, after 7-10 days of vit.B12
treatment,
* if Fe deficiency is diagnosed, start iron
substitution
3. 100 ug vit.B12 i.m. every month, regimen that must
be mainted for the rest on the patients life.
54. Folic acid deficiency Megaloblastic
anemia
Folic acid is required for DNA synthesis,
leading to RBC formation and maturation
55. Sources : Green vegetables, yeast
Daily requirement :50-100 ug
Body stores :10-12mg (liver)
Places of absorption : duodenum and proxymal
segment of small intestine
56. 1. Inadequate intake
- diet lacking leafy green vegetables, liver,
citrus fruits, dried beans, nuts and grains;
chronic alcoholism, total parenteral nutrition
2. Malabsorption
- small bowel disease ( celiac disease)
- alcoholism
58. Clinical features similar to those of
cobalamin deficiency
GI disturbances include dyspepsia and a
smooth red tongue
Absence of neurologic problem
60. Treated by replacement therapy
1. Oral administration of folate 1 (5) mg per
day, for 3 months, and maintance therapy if
it’s necessary.
2. Reticulocytosis after 5-7 days
3. Correction of anemia is over after 1-2
months of therapy
63. Chronic inflammatory, autoimmune,
infectious, or malignant diseases can lead to
anemia and it is known as anemia of chronic
disease
Associated with under production of RBC and
shortening of RBC survival
64. Chronic conditions leading to anemia
Renal diseases
Autoimmune hemolysis
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Infections
Hypopitutirism & Hypothyroidism
65. Findings of elevated serum ferritin and
increased iron stores distinguish it from iron
deficiency anemia.
Normal folate and cobalamin blood levels
distinguish it from those types of anemias.
66. Correction of the underlying disorder
Blood transfusions
Erythropoetin therapy(Epogen, Procit)
67. Rare disease caused by a decrease in or
damage to marrow stem cells, damage to
the microenvironment within the marrow,
and replacement of the marrow with fat.
It results in bone marrow aplasia
(markedly reduced hematopoiesis).
68. Characterized by peripheral blood
pancytopenia( decrease of all blood types-
RBCs, white blood cells and platelets)
69. Congenital causes
Fanconi syndrome( disease of the proximal renal
tubules in which glucose, uric acid and amino acids
are not absorbed properly)
Congenital dyskeratosis( abnormal pigmentation of
the skin will occur)
Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia( it’s a
hematological disease characterized by severe
thrombocytopenia due to altered immunological
status)
70. Acquired causes
Exposure to ionizing radiation
Chemotherapy
Chemical agents( benzene, arsenic, alcohol)
Viral and bacterial infections
Medications( Anti seizure agents, anti
microbials)
71. General manifestations of anemia( fatigue,
dyspnea along with cardiovascular and
neurologic responses)
Patient with neutropenia susceptible to
infection and may be febrile
Thrombocytopenia is manifested by a
predisposition to bleeding( petechiae,
epistaxis)
72. Decreased Hb, WBC, and platelet values
Normocytic, normochromic anemia.
Low reticulocyte count.
Prolonged Bleeding time .
Elevated serum iron and total iron-binding
capacity (TIBC)
Bone marrow biopsy - hypocellular with
increased yellow marrow (fat content).
73. Identify and remove the causative agent
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant and
immuno suppressive therapy with anti
thymocyte globulin(ATG) and cyclosporine or
high dose cyclo phosphamide
77. Volume lost 10 %
None
Volume lost20%
No detectable signs or symptoms at rest,
tachycardia with exercise and slight
postural hypotension
Volume lost30%
Normal supine blood pressure and pulse rate at
rest ,postural hypotension and tachycardia with
exercise.
78. Volume lost 40%
Blood pressure,central venous pressure,and
cardiac output below normal at rest,
rapid,thread pulse and cold clamy skin.
Volume lost 50%
Shock and potential death
79. Alert to patients expression of pain
Internal hemorrhage cause pain
Retro peritoneal bleed- may not experience
abdominal pain
80. IV fluids - dextran, hetastarch, albumin, and/or
crystalloid electrolyte solutions such as lactated
Ringer's.
Blood transfusions (packed RBCs) may be
needed if the blood loss is significant.
If the bleeding is related to a platelet or
clotting disorder, replacement of that deficiency
is addressed.
supplemental iron
81. Bleeding ulcer
Hemorrhoids
menstrual and postmenopausal blood loss
etc.
82.
83. Condition caused by destruction or hemolyis
of RBCs at a rate that exceeds production.
Occur because of problems intrinsic or
extrinsic to the RBC
85. Extrinsic hemolytic anemia( Acquired)
* damage is caused by external factors
such as trapping of cells within the sinuses of
the liver or spleen
* Antibody mediated destruction(Auto
immune hemolytic anemia)
87. Focus of treatment is to maintain renal
function
88. Group of inherited, autosomal
recessive disorders characterized
by the presence of an abnormal
form of Hb in the erythrocyte.
This abnormal Hb, hemoglobin S (Hb S),
causes the erythrocyte to stiffen and
elongate taking on a sickle shape in response
to low oxygen levels.
90. Occurs when is homozygous for hemoglobin
S; the person has inherited Hb S from both
parents.
91. Occurs when a person inherits Hb S from one
parent and another type of abnormal
hemoglobin( thalassemia or Hb C) from other
parent
92. Occurs when a person is heterozygous for Hb
S; the person inherits hemoglobin S from one
parent and normal hemoglobin(Hb A) from
another parent
93. Triggered by low oxygen tension in the blood
Hypoxia can be caused by
* viral or bacterial infection
* high altitude
* emotional or physical stress
* blood loss
94. Sickled RBC become rigid and take an
elongated cresent shape
Cannot easily pass through capillaries
Cause vascular occlusion
Acute or chronic tissue injury
95.
96. Blood flow is impaired by sickled cells
Vasospasm occurs
Severe capillary hypoxia
Changes in membrane permeability
Plasma loss
Hemo-concentration and development of thrombi
Further circulatory stagnation
97. Tissue ischemia, infarction and necrosis
occurs from lack of oxygen
Shock can occur (life threatening consequence)
98. Features of anemia( pallor of mucous
membranes, decreased exercise tolerance)
Jaundice
Primary symptom associated with sickling is
pain
- pain is severe
- affect an area of the body with the
back, chest, extremities and abdomen being
mostly affected
99. Damaged vision: The sickled blood
cells, often clog the blood vessels that
connect to the retina, causing optical
damage.
Limited Growth: The scarcity of
oxygen caused by sickle-cell anemia is
detrimental to healthy human growth.
104. No specific treatment for the disease
Focus on alleviating the symptoms and
minimizing end organ damage
Instruct to avoid high altitude, maintain
adequate fluid intake and treat infections
promptly
Chronic leg ulcers treated with bed rest,
antibiotics, warm saline soak, mechanical
debridement and grafting
107. High risk of infection related to an inadequate
secondary defenses (decreased hemoglobin
leucopenia, or a decrease in granulocytes
(inflammatory response depressed).
Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement
related to failure to digest or inability to digest the
food / nutrient absorption necessary for the
formation of red blood cells
108. Activity intolerance related to imbalance
between oxygen supply (delivery) and
demand.
Altered tissue perfusion related to decreased
cellular components required for the delivery
of oxygen / nutrients to the cells
High risk of damage to skin integrity related
to circulatory and neurological changes
109. Constipation or diarrhea related to
decreased dietary inputs; changes in the
digestive process; the side effects of drug
therapy.
knowledge in relation to the lack of exposure
/ recall; incorrect interpretation of
information; do not know the source of
information