This document summarizes an ergonomics study of the cockpit design for the UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car. The study utilized RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) analysis in CATIA V5R16 software to evaluate different cockpit designs. Based on the RULA analysis scores, the initial proposed designs (A, B, C) using the current chassis were found unacceptable. New designs (D, E) using a new chassis were then proposed and analyzed. Design E was selected as the best design based on having the lowest final RULA analysis scores of 1-2, indicating acceptable ergonomics.
Human factors and ergonomics (HF&E), also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them.
The field has seen contributions from numerous disciplines, such as psychology, engineering, bio-mechanics, industrial design, physiology, and anthropometry. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities. The two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially synonymous
Design parameters of driver seat in an automobileeSAT Journals
Abstract Driver seat is an important system of any automobile, it is also complicated system consists of so many parts, adjustments as well as safety systems. A seat adjustment includes height adjustment, fore and aft adjustment, back recline adjustments. Safety systems include seat belts, air bags and advanced head restraints. Generally professional driver works more than eight hours per day of a week, therefore driver seat must be designed by considering all the parameters. Also uneven road condition induces the vibration in a vehicle transmitted to driver body. Poorly designed driver seat affects the driver health and psychological conditions of mind. Three main objectives of any driver seats are safety, health and comfort of driver. This paper presents all the parameters of driver seat such as anthropometry of human, ergonomics related parameters, seat materials, safety related parameters, comfort related parameters as well as weight and aesthetics with classifications and basics of driver seat. Keywords: Driver Seat, Comfort, Safety, Health, Adjustments.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MOTORCYCLE SEAT FROM ERGONOMICS POINT OF VIEW WITH ...IAEME Publication
Today, a rebellious race is taking place among the automobile industry so as to produce highly developed models and the automobile industry has seen a market shift towards sport-utility vehicles. In order to maintain the level of comfort that customers expect from vehicles and still maintain the high safety standards of automobiles, attempts are made to develop an ideal vehicle (motorcycle) which is aesthetically pleasing, ergonomically running and most important is safety.
This work solves the problems of human discomfort procured from riding the motorcycle. Also comprises the task of ergonomic considerations in motorcycle seat design using anthropometric data of riders.
Application of ergonomics for SME workplace productivity and safety improvementsWinning Minds Solutions
Organizations are continuously striving for cost efficiency by applying various world-class initiatives across the operational chain. One of the powerful micro productivity tools “Ergonomics” which is not being given much emphasis on improving shop floor productivity and safety aspects in SME organizations. One of the reasons could be a misconception that ergonomics can be applied in product design or ergonomics improvements can be administered by high level scholars or it can be implemented only by large scale organizations etc..But it has been proven in many of the SME organizations with a simplified approach of ergonomics application in shop floor, significant productivity, safety and high level of morale can be achieved in shorter timeline.
This presentation will help you
1)To understand the application of ergonomics on productivity and safety improvements in workplace,
2)To learn simple and powerful methodology to assess the fatigue in workplace and implement RIGHT ergonomics solutions
Human factors and ergonomics (HF&E), also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them.
The field has seen contributions from numerous disciplines, such as psychology, engineering, bio-mechanics, industrial design, physiology, and anthropometry. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities. The two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially synonymous
Design parameters of driver seat in an automobileeSAT Journals
Abstract Driver seat is an important system of any automobile, it is also complicated system consists of so many parts, adjustments as well as safety systems. A seat adjustment includes height adjustment, fore and aft adjustment, back recline adjustments. Safety systems include seat belts, air bags and advanced head restraints. Generally professional driver works more than eight hours per day of a week, therefore driver seat must be designed by considering all the parameters. Also uneven road condition induces the vibration in a vehicle transmitted to driver body. Poorly designed driver seat affects the driver health and psychological conditions of mind. Three main objectives of any driver seats are safety, health and comfort of driver. This paper presents all the parameters of driver seat such as anthropometry of human, ergonomics related parameters, seat materials, safety related parameters, comfort related parameters as well as weight and aesthetics with classifications and basics of driver seat. Keywords: Driver Seat, Comfort, Safety, Health, Adjustments.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MOTORCYCLE SEAT FROM ERGONOMICS POINT OF VIEW WITH ...IAEME Publication
Today, a rebellious race is taking place among the automobile industry so as to produce highly developed models and the automobile industry has seen a market shift towards sport-utility vehicles. In order to maintain the level of comfort that customers expect from vehicles and still maintain the high safety standards of automobiles, attempts are made to develop an ideal vehicle (motorcycle) which is aesthetically pleasing, ergonomically running and most important is safety.
This work solves the problems of human discomfort procured from riding the motorcycle. Also comprises the task of ergonomic considerations in motorcycle seat design using anthropometric data of riders.
Application of ergonomics for SME workplace productivity and safety improvementsWinning Minds Solutions
Organizations are continuously striving for cost efficiency by applying various world-class initiatives across the operational chain. One of the powerful micro productivity tools “Ergonomics” which is not being given much emphasis on improving shop floor productivity and safety aspects in SME organizations. One of the reasons could be a misconception that ergonomics can be applied in product design or ergonomics improvements can be administered by high level scholars or it can be implemented only by large scale organizations etc..But it has been proven in many of the SME organizations with a simplified approach of ergonomics application in shop floor, significant productivity, safety and high level of morale can be achieved in shorter timeline.
This presentation will help you
1)To understand the application of ergonomics on productivity and safety improvements in workplace,
2)To learn simple and powerful methodology to assess the fatigue in workplace and implement RIGHT ergonomics solutions
Study and Analysis of Automotive Seating System Riser Design & Development fo...ijsrd.com
Seat is a sub system of automobile or vehicle. It is the main aggregate in a vehicle, which impacts the visibility, comfort, safety for the occupant. H-point plays vital role in seat system design & occupant safety. As a part of vehicle development, requirement raised is to have elevated H-point to have better visibility & control for occupant. Use of carryover seat with minimum part alterations is a challenge. After studying all relative factors, it has been decided to integrate carry over seat with BIW by addition of seat riser member. This paper speaks about design and development of seat riser member for automotive seat.
Ergonomics - a New ‘Delighter’ to Engage and Safeguard Your EmployeesYOGESH TADWALKAR
Ergonomics is the science of improving employee postures, making jobs less strenuous and preventing long-term musculoskeletal injuries. Today, more and more organizations in South East Asia are embracing Ergonomics to make workplaces safer, prevent accidents and lower workers’ compensation costs.
However, beyond these strong business benefits, human resource professionals are discovering the hidden value of Ergonomics in boosting staff morale, enhancing workforce productivity and increasing employee retention. A well-designed Ergonomics program offers employees a totally unique, refreshing perspective about work and themselves – a stimulation unmatched by traditional employee engagement initiatives; which often lack originality and intrinsic value today’s discerning employees seek.
Through insightful case studies, this talk will share what Ergonomics is and how it can provide HR Directors and business leaders with the much sought-after ‘wow factor’ to engage and enrich employees in innovative ways.
Proposed your promotional mix strategies for the new country of your choice. Identify whether there is any adaptation required for your promotional strategies comparing with current domestic strategies. If no adaptation is required, provide your justification.
Study and Analysis of Automotive Seating System Riser Design & Development fo...ijsrd.com
Seat is a sub system of automobile or vehicle. It is the main aggregate in a vehicle, which impacts the visibility, comfort, safety for the occupant. H-point plays vital role in seat system design & occupant safety. As a part of vehicle development, requirement raised is to have elevated H-point to have better visibility & control for occupant. Use of carryover seat with minimum part alterations is a challenge. After studying all relative factors, it has been decided to integrate carry over seat with BIW by addition of seat riser member. This paper speaks about design and development of seat riser member for automotive seat.
Ergonomics - a New ‘Delighter’ to Engage and Safeguard Your EmployeesYOGESH TADWALKAR
Ergonomics is the science of improving employee postures, making jobs less strenuous and preventing long-term musculoskeletal injuries. Today, more and more organizations in South East Asia are embracing Ergonomics to make workplaces safer, prevent accidents and lower workers’ compensation costs.
However, beyond these strong business benefits, human resource professionals are discovering the hidden value of Ergonomics in boosting staff morale, enhancing workforce productivity and increasing employee retention. A well-designed Ergonomics program offers employees a totally unique, refreshing perspective about work and themselves – a stimulation unmatched by traditional employee engagement initiatives; which often lack originality and intrinsic value today’s discerning employees seek.
Through insightful case studies, this talk will share what Ergonomics is and how it can provide HR Directors and business leaders with the much sought-after ‘wow factor’ to engage and enrich employees in innovative ways.
Proposed your promotional mix strategies for the new country of your choice. Identify whether there is any adaptation required for your promotional strategies comparing with current domestic strategies. If no adaptation is required, provide your justification.
Experience Mazda Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and Culture by Visiting and joining the Official Mazda Community at http://www.MazdaCommunity.org for additional insight into the Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and special offers for Mazda Community Members. If you live in Arizona, check out CardinaleWay Mazda's eCommerce website at http://www.Cardinale-Way-Mazda.com
Marketing Management (micro and macro environment)sly mot
Marketing management require and environment. Micro and macro environment is the core elements where marketers must look into. By failing so, companies will be in trouble.
Valeo Air Conditioning AC system Thermal comfort loop valeoscope technical ha...Hugo Vallet
Valeo Service is proud to present you the Air Conditioning technical handbook.
From the Kyoto protocol to thermal comfort rules, system overview and interactions between components, this book will allow you to rediscover the air conditioning system.
More focussed operations on the A/C system are treated through technical bulletins and videos.
Table of content:
1. Disclaimer
2. Valeo, the air conditioning multi-specialist
3. Valeo Techassist
4. Regulations on the A/C business
5. Air conditioning: well-being in the cabin all year long
6. Thermal comfort
7. Air conditioning: comfort and safety
8. Introduction to air conditioning systems
9. The Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning unit (HVAC)
10. The air conditioning - A/C loop
11. The components of the A/C loop
12. Why regular A/C servicing?
More info on http://www.valeoservice.com
Check also:
• Valeo Air Conditioning 2014 catalogue: http://www.slideshare.net/ValeoService/valeo-air-conditioning-for-passenger-cars-lcvs-trucks-coaches-2014-955657-catalogue
• Valeo Cabin Air Filter 2014 catalogue: http://www.slideshare.net/ValeoService/valeo-air-conditioning-cabin-air-filter-for-passenger-cars-lcvs-trucks-coaches-2014-catalogue-955658
• Valeo Garage Equipment 2014-2015 955660 English catalogue: http://www.slideshare.net/ValeoService/valeo-garage-equipment-20142015-955660-english-catalogue
• Valeo Refrigerant Gaz 2012-2016-2017 catalogue: http://www.slideshare.net/ValeoService/vs-air-conditioning-20122016-2017-regrigerant-gaz-catalogue-955600
To lean more about:
• compressor functions in the A/C loop: https://youtu.be/mRC0dYZiRqg
• condenser functions in the A/C loop: https://youtu.be/q8b_vb_OTT0
• receiver dryer functions in the A/C loop: https://youtu.be/cEdwzi4-ZrQ
• blower functions in the A/C loop: https://youtu.be/tmzA6EFMM4w
• HVAC main components: https://youtu.be/msBWMWk5zDE
Valeo, automotive technology, naturally
What is meant by “Airconditioning”?
Human Comfort
Why do we need A.C.?
Advantages and Disadvantage of A.C.
Ideal room temperature
some terminology-
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature:
Dew point
Latent heat
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Sensible heat
Evaporating Cooling
Condensation
Enthalpy
Entropy
7. Classification of air conditioners
8. Windows AC- advantages
Parts of the Window Air Conditioners
Working
The refrigeration system,
Air circulation system-room air cycle and
The hot air cycle.
Ventilation system,
Control system,
electrical protection system.
9.Split or Ductless AC-
Advantages, parts indoor and outdoor,
Types-
Wall mounted
Floor mounted/Tower AC
Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
Multi Split ACs
10. Central Air Conditioning System
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Key differences between "Window", "Split" and a "cassette" air conditioners.
12. Cooling capacity
13. Energy Efficiency
14.Energy Consumption
15.Energy Efficiency Ratio
16.Energy Saving Methods
17.Some AC brands
Design and Fabrication of a Recreational Human-Powered Vehicleinventionjournals
Human-powered vehicle (HPV) is often the only type of available transport that is underdeveloped and commonly unavailable in mass production. In many cases, it is acustom madevehicle for recreational and only few units are produced due to unobtainable off-the-shelf parts. This paper presents a modest design and development of human powered vehicle for recreational purpose. The basic constraints of the design are recumbent type of seat and wheel base and track sizes are 1.5 m and 1.0 m respectively. Commercial computer aided design (CAD) software is used for drawing and design. Stress analysis is performed on the conceptual design with possible loads and constraints. Available off-the-shelf materials and parts are used and assembled in the fabrication of the HPV to demonstrate the design for manufacture (DFM) practices. The final product is tested for basic functionality as HPV.
Multi-Response Research Methodology for Ergonomic Design of Human-CNC Machine...IJERA Editor
This work is aimed at enriching a research theme, focused on exploiting the performance in a human-CNC
machine interface (HCMI) environment. A salient contribution of this research effort is focused on adopting the
concept of load cell for the system of human-performance measurement. The developed novel system is capable
of measuring cognitive and motor action responses simultaneously. The performance measurement system
designed for this work may be replicated for other fields where systems are operated through control panels and
also where responses of mentally retarded human-beings (or the human beings with the symptoms of Alzheimer
disease) are to be observed and evaluated.
Research relevance: The research methodology designed in this work can be directly applied to the practical
field to evaluate the performance in various human- panel operated system interface environments. This work
suggests that those responsible for the function and operation of CNC-machines workstations would have to
redesign the system to reduce injuries, as far as musculoskeletal and other related problems are concerned. The
present work can be quite useful for the system designers of tomorrow.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Motorised Wheelchair plays a pivotal role in the social life of Persons with disability (PwD) or elderly. Indian Motorised Wheelchair users scuffle to identify right Ergonomic Motorised Wheelchair because there are only very few designs developed by Ergonomic approach. The paper describes the methods to design an Ergonomic Motorised wheelchair and analyzes the design with Human Digital Models(HDM). Authors also demonstrate analyses of user comfort and some Ergonomic design methods. The analysis of user comfort while in the design stage using a Manikin by applying Indian Anthropometric Data makes the wheelchair a better fit for the Indian users. Thus, the design of user-friendly wheelchairs by HDM Ergonomic analysis. Authors also discuss RULA analysis of Motorised Wheelchair with 5th, 50th and 95th percentile HDM. The paper also estimates Indian Anthropometric Dimensions on HDM for Motorised Wheelchair. The paper also presents some design innovations on the footrest
Encapsulating And Representing The Knowledge On The Evolution Of An Engineeri...Gurdal Ertek
This paper proposes a cross-disciplinary methodology for a fundamental question in product development: How can the innovation patterns during the evolution of an engineering system (ES) be encapsulated, so that it can later be mined through data analysis methods? Reverse engineering answers the question of which components a developed engineering system consists of, and how the components interact to make
the working product. TRIZ answers the question of which problem-solving principles can be, or have been employed in developing that system, in comparison to its earlier versions, or with respect to similar systems. While these two methodologies have been very popular, to the best of our knowledge, there does not yet exist a methodology that
reverse-engineers, encapsulates and represents the information regarding the application of TRIZ through the complete product development process. This paper suggests such a methodology that consists of mathematical formalism, graph visualization, and database representation. The proposed approach is demonstrated by analyzing the design and development process for a prototype wrist-rehabilitation
robot and representing the process as a graph that consists of TRIZ principles.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
Engineering Ethics In Engineering
Engineering : Engineering And Ethics
The Importance Of Ethics In Engineering
Foundation Of Engineering Ethics And Values
Engineering Ethics Essay
Engineering Ethics
Ethics And Ethics Of Engineering Ethics
Ethics in Engineering Essay
Importance Of Ethics In Engineering
The Codes Of Ethics And Ethics In Engineering
Ethics in Technology Essay
ERGONOMIC EVALUATION OF LAWN MOWER OPERATION FOR COMFORT IN RIVERS STATE, NIG...IAEME Publication
In this study a favorable relationship between Lawn mower, environment and the operator’s comfort is examined. An anthropometric survey was conducted to determine the anthropometric data in order to reduce stresses of the lawn mower operators in Rivers State, Nigeria. To achieve this, measurements of randomly selected 10 mower operators within ages of 21 to 45 including students both males and females were taken and the parameters were analyzed. The results of the 5th and 9th percentile were discussed. The average age of operator was 38 years, body weight was 67 kg, functional leg height was 846 mm, Arm reach length was 558 mm and Chest expansion was 380 mm. The average comfort rating from 10 points scales for 5th and 95th percentile were 8.3 and 9.1 respectively for comfortable operations. These values when strictly adhered to by the designer will ensure comfort ability and reduce physical stress of lawn mower operators
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Model development and the shape optimization analysis of a rear knuckle for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract Automotive motorsport sector demands lightweight car component that directly contributes to fuel efficiency of a race car. Currently, EIMA Race Car got issues with the car weight. The current knuckle is heavy and did not undergo design process and analysis. The race cars need to compete with others in a 15 laps of endurance race. Refueling is prohibited during the race, thus it is very important to ensure the parts are in top condition and lightweight. By using the selected method and optimization tool for the rear knuckle, this paper looks into the design and development of a knuckle for EIMA race car. Solidworks has been used as a design tool and analysis process. The final design then undergoes an optimization process and the proposed design has been fabricated. The result can be considered successful as the new design is 70% lighter than the current rear knuckle. Keywords: Product Design, simulation, race car knuckle, lightweight, optimization.
Research Seminar on Cobots by Aleligne Yohannes Shiferaw.[M,Tech Robotics @ Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology.(India, Tamil Nadu, chennai)
The AIRCC's International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT) is devoted to fields of Computer Science and Information Systems. The IJCSIT is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The mission of this journal is to publish original contributions in its field in order to propagate knowledge amongst its readers and to be a reference publication.
1. With the advent of texting, laptops, notebooks, iPads, tablets, a.pdfbermanbeancolungak45
1. With the advent of texting, laptops, notebooks, iPads, tablets, and the like, are humans
working in a more ergonomically correct society, or a less ergonomically correct society?
2. What can or should technology do to provide ergonomic solutions for new products?
3. Is it the manufacturer’s responsibility, or the user’s responsibility to find ergonomic solutions?
Solution
1.With the development of present technology there is a wide usage of
iPads,tablets,laptops,notebooks etc., due to which every person in the universe is very excited
and also got addicted to use such things that makes our life easy and simple. But to the prior,
every person must check about the ergonomics in using these things which are a boon as well as
a curse.
With the aggressive advancement and increased complexity of technical equipment in the 1940s
– it was soon realized that not all benefits of the equipment would be delivered if users did not
understand how to correctly use it. Alphonse Chapanis, a Lieutenant during World War II, most
notably redesigned aircraft controls using ergonomic principles. In applying these principles,
control panel ease-of-use was increased and ultimately helped reduce the number of crashes that
had, until then, been attribute to pilot error.
The term ergonomics was coined – from the Greek roots (ergon and nomos) – at a 1949 meeting
of world-renowned physiologists and psychologists. Later in 1949, this same body of scientists
and like-minded colleagues formed the Ergonomics Research Society, or ERS, which became the
first such professional body in the world. The group continued to evolve with the changing
workplace landscape and begin to incorporate other factors such as workplace layout, light, heat,
noise – more physical aspects. The organization is now known as the Institute of Ergonomics and
Human Factors (IEHF) and continues to study the benefits and factors that effect people both
inside and outside of the workplace.
To me, this is a less ergonomically correct society. Human working has become stressed and
even more than stressed. All this is due to development in technology which is leading to the
callous of the world and even there is running a cold war between each person in this world. Due
to over stress, every human is suffering from some or the other disease. According to some
recent survey, every human almost all 87% of human population is suffering from some or the
other brain disease. This is due to stress in the office who are working in the age of 27-40yrs old.
So, I think this is something very less ergonomically correct society.
2.Human±job interface technologyÐwork design ergonomics
Human±job interface technology has its roots in the early work of such persons as
Hugo Munsterberg and the development of industrial psychology (e.g. see Landy
1985), and in the work of Fredrick W. Taylor, Frank B. Gilbreth and others and the
development of industrial engineering (Helander 1997). Industrial psychology was
developed with a .
In this paper, we have described the coordinate (position) estimation of automatic steered car by using kalman filter and prior knowledge of position of car i.e. its state equation. The kalman filter is one of the most widely used method for tracking and estimation due to its simplicity, optimality, tractability and robustness. However, the application to non linear system is difficult but in extended kalman filter we make it easy as we first linearize the system so that kalman filter can be applied. Kalman has been designed to integrate map matching and GPS system which is used in automatic vehicle location system and very useful tool in navigation. It takes errors or uncertainties via covariance matrix and then implemented to nullify those uncertainties. This paper reviews the motivation, development, use, and implications of the Kalman Filter.
In this paper, a Vienna type boost rectifier is discussed and controlled using sliding mode control. Sliding mode control function is defined to control output. The object of this system is to provide desired output DC voltage in any possible circumstances.
The cultural-historical landmark of Shooshtar has traversed a very long distant since the ancient era. In fact it was the mutual corporation of history and nature that end up as a city like Shooshtar which is a combination of both tradition and culture, emerged authentically in a wild natural way through time; and taking the important historical landmarks under consideration, it is expected to become one significant tourism attraction district. Retaining the sustainable aspects of the city, this research aims to restore connection between natural and historical layers within the boundaries of natural city landscape restoration and its main purpose is to provide a range of principles and solutions for a sustainable development, natural resources‟ conservation, and retaining the historical sight of Shadorvan Bridge. Primary in this research, the issue and research method will be defined and afterwards, paraphrasing the keywords of historical landmark and the principles of landmark restoration would lead toward a series of principles for sustainable conservation in a historical landscape. Studying the site would be the next step and following the landscape restoration rules, some issues such as points of strength & weakness, opportunities, natural threats and vernacular culture will be concluded in a table, which all finally will indicate the criterions of preservation to the historical landscape restoration of Shadorvan Bridge. The total conclusion would reveal that the restoration of all the existing layers through the land and understanding the interconnections will guide us to a comprehensive & general restoration ways of the similar landmarks. The fulfillment of this research is achieved by means of descriptive-analytic method (with practical approach) in the context of library studies, harvest field and documents review, detailed plans, summary information and applied access to general principles.
This paper describes the CFD analysis and experimental validation for a blend of Ethanol and Diesel in CI Engine. Ethanol is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages but it also makes an effective motor fuel. Since, ethanol possess low Cetane number it fails to auto ignite. In order to overcome this Diesel is blended with Ethanol. Thus the Diesel will ignite and thus facilitate the Ethanol to start burning. In this work a CFD model was created and the combustion analysis was carried out and the results were validated with experimental data. The Ethanol and Diesel fuels were mixed in different proportions and they were injected to the combustion chamber of a normal diesel engine. A single cylinder PC based VCR Engine was operated with this Ethanol - Diesel blend in different concentrations and at various loads. The experiment was successful and it showed that the Ethanol could be mixed with Diesel and could be injected without any engine modification. The difference between CFD and the experimental results obtained was found within acceptable range.
This study presents a new two-switch multi-input high step-up DC/DC converter. A coupled inductor is used to enhance the voltage gain. Having a bidirectional port makes the converter suitable for applications in need of battery such as stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems. As a result, the proposed converter has the merits of integrating two power sources along with boosting the input voltage. Furthermore, in comparison with typical three-port DC/DC converters which utilize three switches, the presented converter employ only two switches to control the converter. Hence, cost and size of the structure is reduced. In order to verify the performance of the converter, simulation results are taken and depicted.
More from International Journal of Latest Research in Engineering and Technology (16)
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
An Ergonomics Study of UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car Cockpit
1. International Journal of Latest Research in Engineering and Technology (IJLRET)
ISSN: 2454-5031(Online)
www.ijlret.comǁ Volume 1 Issue 3ǁAugust 2015 ǁ PP 119-124
www.ijlret.com 119 | Page
An Ergonomics Study of UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge
Race Car Cockpit
Khairul Akmal Shamsuddin1
, Ahmad Hazwan Ilyas2
, Mohd Nurhidayat3
,
Khairul Shahril Shafee4
1, 2, 3, 4
(Mechanical Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL),
Malaysian Spanish Institute (MSI), Malaysia
ABSTRACT : This research will concern itself primarily with the ergonomics of motor vehicle specifically in
race car especially for cockpit UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car. Motor racing is very popular sport
around the world. There are several types of motorsport that has long existed, including the Formula 1 which is
the sport's most prestigious motor racing category. UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car is an
adaptation of the concept of single-seat racing cars similarly as Formula 1. The cockpit is one of the most
important things in racing, including the race car in the UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car. In the
cockpit, there are several components required by the driver such as steering, gear lever, accelerator pedal and
brake pedal, and seat. These are basic components that should be in a cockpit. UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-
Challenge Race Car has been completely built. However, this race car needs to go through some test and should
be completely finalized before the competition. One of the major problems is about the driver cockpit. In order
to obtain the best cockpit design, RULA analysis has been used to utilize the suitable cockpit design for UniKL
MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car. The resulting of cockpit design is solved by using CATIA V5R16. From
the analysis, it was found that design E is the best cockpit design in term of RULA analysis final score achieved
when compared to the other designs.
KEYWORDS - Ergonomics, Ergonomic Software, Cockpit, Anthropometry
1. INTRODUCTION
Ergonomics is the application of scientific principles, methods, and data drawn from a variety of
disciplines to the development of the engineering systems in which people play a significant role. Among the
basic disciplines are psychology, cognitive science, physiology, biomechanics, applied physical anthropometry,
and industrial systems engineering. The engineering systems to be developed range from the use of a simple tool
by a consumer to a multiperson, sociotechnical systems.
There is a hierarchy of goals in ergonomics. The fundamental task is to generate “tolerable” working
conditions that do not pose known dangers to human life or health. When this basic requirement is assured, the
next goal is to generate “acceptable” conditions upon which the people involved can voluntarily agree,
according to current scientific knowledge and under given sociological, technological, and organizational
circumstances. The final goal is to generate “optimal” conditions which are so well adapted to human
characteristics, capabilities, and desires, that physical, mental, and social well-being is achieved. The multitude
of different consumer goods which we encounter in our daily lives, safe and comprehensible operation is also
included under “ergonomics”.
In our present civilized world, ergonomics appear in many different forms such as general ergonomics,
micro-ergonomics, and multitude of different consumer goods. The most important field of application is
general ergonomics in technical systems such as mechanical engineering and road vehicle, aircraft, and marine
vessel engineering. In principle, ergonomics is the study of people and their work. Objective of the ergonomics
is to optimally match labor and the work environment to human being. This project will concern itself primarily
with the ergonomics of motor vehicle specifically in race car especially for cockpit UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-
Challenge Race Car.
Motor racing is very popular sport around the world. There are several types of motorsport that has
long existed, including the Formula 1 which is the sport's most prestigious motor racing category. UniKL MSI
Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car is an adaptation of the concept of single-seat racing cars such as Formula 1.
The cockpit is one of the most important things in racing, including the race car in the UniKL MSI
Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car. Referring to cockpit definition, it can be such a lot of definition. Mostly,
cockpit is well known as the compartment in a small aircraft in which the pilot, crew, and sometimes the
passengers sit. However, in motorsport cockpit defined as the driver's compartment in a racing car. In the
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cockpit, there are several components required by the driver of which are the steering, gear lever, accelerator
pedal and brake pedal, and seat. These are basic components that should be in a cockpit.
UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car has been completely built. However, this race car needs
to go through some test and should be completely finalized before the competition. One of the major problems is
about the driver cockpit.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Ergonomics
Ergonomics is the application of scientific principles, methods, and data drawn from a variety of
disciplines to the development of the engineering systems in which people play a significant role. Among the
basic disciplines are psychology, cognitive science, physiology, biomechanics, applied physical anthropometry,
and industrial systems engineering. The engineering systems to be developed range from the use of a simple tool
by a consumer to a multiperson, sociotechnical systems [1].
2.2 Hierarchy Goal of Ergonomics
There is a hierarchy of goals in ergonomics. The fundamental task is to generate “tolerable” working
conditions that do not pose known dangers to human life or health. When this basic requirement is assured, the
next goal is to generate “acceptable” conditions upon which the people involved can voluntarily agree,
according to current scientific knowledge and under given sociological, technological, and organizational
circumstances. The final goal is to generate “optimal” conditions which are so well adapted to human
characteristics, capabilities, and desires, that physical, mental, and social well-being is achieved [3].
2.3 Anthropometric
Anthropometry literally meaning "measurement of humans", in physical anthropology, refers to the
measurement of the human individual for the purposes of understanding human physical variation. Today,
anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design, clothing design, ergonomics and architecture where
statistical data about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products.
Changes in life styles, nutrition and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of
body dimensions, and require regular updating of anthropometric data collections [2].
2.4 Ergonomics Model
In ergonomics and human-factor engineering, the term model is often defined as a model is a
mathematical or physical system that obeys specific rules and conditions and whose behavior is used to
understand a real (physical, biological, human-technical, etc.) system to which it is analogous in certain respects
to the real system.
2.5 Testable Hypothesis
A lack of rigor ergonomics studies has been reported by Heacock et al. (1997), who compiled a
checklist that is useful both for planning experiment and for assessing past studies. Investigations of, and
experiment with, human being and their performance must be carefully planned, executed, evaluated, and
reported in order to test a theory or, more often, a hypothesis. The usual approach is to state a hypothesis and
then determine whether it is true or false based on the experimental result.
Testing is commonly done in term of the null hypothesis. There is no difference between the outcomes
of the test. Whether the null hypothesis is rejected or not is determined by statistical evaluation of the
experimental data. Weimer (1995) discussed, in a down-to-earth manner, how to develop and carry out a
research project. This is also a topic of many more theoretical treatises on methodological and statistical aspects
in human-factors research. Through guide to the design of experiments and the analysis, the result have been
compiled by Williges (1995) and Han et al. (1997), with the latter dealing with complex studies with multiple
variables. A major aspect of their discussion is how to control individual differences among the subjects who
participate in experiments [4].
2.6 Cockpit
Mostly, cockpit is well known as the compartment in a small aircraft in which the pilot, crew, and
sometimes the passengers sit. However, in motorsport cockpit defined as the driver's compartment in a racing
car [10].
2.7 Race Car
The control and instrumentation of race cars has changed dramatically since motor sport began early in
the 20th century. A very simple vehicle design in the early years meant that the main control input came from
the driver, and this hasn‟t changed here at the start of the 21st century. However the driver‟s job is made easier
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by the greater inclusion of control and instrumentation systems. The use of control and instrumentation systems
on modern racing cars is mainly dependent on the cash budget of a competing team. This section of the
background investigation will analyze the cockpit design solutions utilized in three vehicles used in different
motor-sport categories with differing annual budgets. The vehicles chosen are an Intercontinental Super kart, a
Formula SAE, and a Formula One car. These vehicles were chosen as they represent the entire scope of motor
sport categories while also including a sequential gear shift or similar and require similar characteristics of
acceleration, braking and cornering performance, albeit at an elevated level, and the design solutions used could
be directly applied to the UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car [9].
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Rula Analysis.
RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) is a survey method developed for use in ergonomics
investigations of workplaces where work-related upper limb disorders are reported. This tool requires no special
equipment in providing a quick assessment of the postures of the neck, trunk and upper limbs along with muscle
function and the external loads experienced by the body. A coding system is used to generate an action list
which indicates the level of intervention required to reduce the risks of injury due to physical loading on the
operator. It is of particular assistance in fulfilling the assessment requirements of both the European Community
Directive (90/270/EEC) on the minimum safety and health requirements for work with display screen equipment
and the UK Guidelines on the prevention of work-related upper limb disorders [6][7].
RULA was developed to investigate the exposure of individual workers to risk factors associated with
work related upper limb disorders. Part of the development took place in the garment-making industry, where
assessment was made of operators who performed tasks including cutting while standing at a cutting block,
machining using one of a variety of sewing machines, clipping, inspection operations, and packing. RULA was
also developed through the evaluation of the postures adopted, forces required and muscle actions [7].
RULA was developed without the need for special equipment. This provided the opportunity for a
number of investigators to be trained in doing the assessments without additional equipment expenditure. As the
investigator only requires a clipboard and pen, RULA assessments can be done in confined workplaces without
disruption to the workforce. Those who are trained to use it do not need previous skills in observation
techniques although this would be an advantage [8].
3.2 Ergonomics Analysis in CATIA V5R16.
CATIA V5R16 was included with Ergonomics Design and Analysis (EDA) module. By implementing
and using the ergonomics facilities, a CATProduct in CATIA is generated. The ergonomics design processes are
defined by four sub modules which are:
i. Human Builder
ii. Human Measurements Editor
iii. Human Posture Analysis
iv. Human Activity Analysis.
Figure 1: Example of RULA analysis in Catia using manikin.
3.3 The development of RULA
It can be divided into three stages and the example of RULA analysis interface in Catia using manikin
as shown in Figure 1 above:
STAGE 1: The development of the method for recording working postures
STAGE 2: Development of the system for grouping the body part posture scores
STAGE 3: Development of the grand score and action list
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Figure 2: RULA worksheet (personal.health.usf.edu/tbernard/Hollow Hills/RULA)
3.4 Method of Design
3.4.1. Design Sketching
Sketching has proved to be the fastest way to define problem, explore ideas and develop. Sketch
generally the meaning of a rough or unfinished drawing, and the activity to sketch for general outline of
something. Benefit of sketching is that the mere acts of formulating a mental image in a concrete way possible
for designer to reflect over the concept at once. Sketching is valuable activities such as brainstorming and
concept evaluation [5].
3.4.2. Detail of Design
Detailed design is the process of developing a fully defined design from a clear set of requirement
while creating deliverables and documentation appropriation. In this project, CATIA (Computer Aided Three-
Dimensional Interactive Application) is use for the proper drawing.
3.4.3. Analysis of the Design
Design analysis had used for every type of design development and research effort imaginable. Design
analysis can elucidate a wide range of development problems. In this research, RULA analysis was used for the
analysis. These RULA analysis descriptions have been mention at the beginning of this research. The worksheet
that was used to determine the RULA analysis is shown in Figure 2.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
No.
Right Left Right Left Right Left
1 Upper Arm 2 3 2 2 3 3
2 Forearm 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 Wrist 2 3 4 4 1 1
4 Wrist Twist 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 Posture A 3 4 4 4 3 3
6 Muscle 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 Wrist and Arm 3 4 4 4 3 3
8 Neck 2 2 1 1 1 1
9 Trunk 2 2 3 3 2 2
10 Leg 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 Posture B 2 2 2 2 1 1
12 Neck, Trunk and Leg 2 2 2 2 1 1
13 Final Score 3 3 3 3 3 3
Concept Rating (0-7 as RULA analysis score)
Design A Design B Design C
Criteria
Figure 3: Proposed design comparison in term of RULA analysis score
Based on the RULA analysis of the proposed design which is design A, B and C as shown in Figure 3
above, the acceptable score did not reach as per required. As a result, all of these designs can be accomplish as
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unacceptable. At this point, this current chassis was not suitable to use as UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge
Race Car because it will not be able to fulfil the ergonomics required for the driver.
No.
Right Left Right Left
1 Upper Arm 2 1 1 1
2 Forearm 1 1 1 1
3 Wrist 2 1 2 1
4 Wrist Twist 1 1 1 1
5 Posture A 3 1 2 1
6 Muscle 0 0 0 0
7 Wrist and Arm 3 1 2 1
8 Neck 1 1 1 1
9 Trunk 1 1 1 1
10 Leg 1 1 1 1
11 Posture B 1 1 1 1
12 Neck, Trunk and Leg 1 1 1 1
13 Final Score 3 1 2 1
Concept Rating (0-7 as RULA analysis score)
Design D Design E
Criteria
Figure 4: New proposed design using new chassis comparison in term of RULA analysis score
From the Figure 4 above shows that the comparison upon all three new proposed design using new
chassis of the cockpit arrangement; design D and design E. According to the RULA analysis results, it can be
conclude that the design E was selected proposed design based on the final score for each left and right side
which 1 and 2, and it also stated „acceptable‟ in the analysis which had been done.
No.
Right Left Right Left
1 Upper Arm 1 1 1 1
2 Forearm 3 3 1 1
3 Wrist 2 3 2 1
4 Wrist Twist 1 1 1 1
5 Posture A 3 3 2 1
6 Muscle 0 0 0 0
7 Wrist and Arm 5 5 2 1
8 Neck 1 1 1 1
9 Trunk 2 2 1 1
10 Leg 2 2 1 1
11 Posture B 2 2 1 1
12 Neck, Trunk and Leg 4 4 1 1
13 Final Score 5 5 2 1
Concept Rating (0-7 as RULA analysis score)
Existing Design Selected Proposed Design
Criteria
Figure 5: Comparison between existing and selected proposed design
Presently, proposed design has been not selected yet. Hence, the selected and existing proposed design today is
being compared in order to meet the final design which is suit with UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race
Car. To begin with, both designs will be compared by using the score obtained from RULA analysis. Formerly,
it needs to be compared based on requirement of basic component which will include in the cockpit that has
been shown in Figure 5 above. At this moment, the selected proposed design had considerable improvement in
ergonomics compared to the existing design. The greatest perceived improvement is using the new design of
cockpit.
5. CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis that has been done, it can be determined that this research has a high prospect if
continued. After going through the process of scientific research, nowadays known that the ergonomic been
emphasized since the beginning of the automotive industry. Thus, progress in this area is growing regardless of
the private car or racing engine. Consequently, this research refer to the ergonomic study on the UniKL MSI
Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car, an emphasis on ergonomics aspects involving cars is discovered. Among
them are Formula 1, Formula SAE and Super kart which of the three categories were used as reference.
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By referring to the objectives and scope, this research is now on the right track. The definition of
ergonomics, cockpit layout of race cars, and also the way to conduct ergonomics analysis using the RULA
analysis have been achieved in order to fulfill the resolutions.
New cockpit arrangements layouts have been design based from the original chassis design
with a basic component in the cockpit. There are five new designs proposed; which are design A, B, C, D and E.
RULA analysis has been well performed on all the new cockpit arrangement layout design. The results of each
comparison for the new designs show that design E is the best among the other two proposed design. Whereas,
the existing design need to be revised back in order to compare it again with the selected proposed design
equally to final design which is the best suit with the UniKL MSI Perodua Eco-Challenge Race Car.
REFERENCES
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International Ergonomics Association, August 24-29, 2003, Seoul, Korea.
[2]. Goonetilleke, R. S., Ho, Edmond C. F., and So, R. H. Y. (1997). Foot Anthropometry in Hong Kong.
Proceedings of the ASEAN 97 Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1997. pp. 81-88.
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[5]. Kroemer, K.H.E., Kroemer, H.B., Kroemer-Elbert, K.E. (2001). “Ergonomics: How To Design For Ease
And Efficiency” 2nd Ed. New Jersey : Prentice Hall.
[6]. McAtamney, L. & Corlett, E.N. (1993) RULA: a survey method for the investigation of work-related
upper limb disorders, Applied Ergonomics, 24, 91-99.
[7]. McAtamney, L. & Corlett, E.N. (1993). “RULA: a survey method for the investigation of work-related
upper limb disorders”. Applied Ergonomics. 24. pp 91-99.
[8]. McAtamney, L. & Corlett, E.N. (2004) Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) In Stanton, N. et al.
(eds.) “Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods”. Boca Raton, FL, pp. 7:1 - 7:11.
[9]. Race Car Design Tips and Information – Safety/Ergonomics, viewed 5 June 2004,
http://www.gmecca.com/byorc/dtipssafetyergo.html