Human factors and ergonomics
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The document discusses the history and definitions of ergonomics and human factors. It traces the origins of the terms to Greek words in the 1850s and discusses how both "ergonomics" and "human factors" came to be used synonymously. It also outlines several areas of ergonomics including physical, cognitive, and organizational ergonomics. Specific issues related to musculoskeletal disorders, work stress, decision making, and human-computer interaction are mentioned. Organizational ergonomics focuses on optimization of socio-technical systems including organizational structures, policies, processes, communication, work design, and teamwork.
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Human factors and ergonomics
- 7. Derived from the Greek words ergon [work] and nomos [natural laws] Jastrzębowski used the word in his 1857 article, (The Outline of Ergonomics, i.e. Science of Work,) The Term “Ergonomics” by Hywel murrell in 1949.
- 8. Used in Hellenic Civilization. Egyptians Dynasties World War II (Development of machines & weapons) Words of a US army lieutenant Alphonse Chapanis
- 9. Both terms are used synonymously by practitioners of this science, Both terms are understood to mean the same thing The term “Human Factor” is mostly used in USA & few other countries. UK & Rest of the world used the term “Ergonomist” Ergonomists / Human factors Engineers HFS has been renamed in USA as HFES.
- 17. The following are factors for developing an MSD. • Force • Heavy lifting • Push or pull • Carrying • Gripping • Awkward or prolonged postures • Repetitive activities • Overhead work • Contact stress • Vibration • Extreme temperatures
- 23. Decision Making
- 24. Work Stress
- 25. Cognitive ergonomics: is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. (Relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human computer Interaction,human reliability, work Stress and training as these may relate to Human system and Human-Computer Interaction design.) Human Computer Interaction
- 27. Organizational ergonomics is concerned with: Optimization of socio technical systems, It includes; organizational structures. policies. processes.
- 28. Organizational Ergonomics is study of Communication, Work design Design of working times. Teamwork Community ergonomics Quality management.
- 32. 1. Better management of my work on table & PC. 2. Helps me to manage health & safety issues in my shift & its awareness to my shift staff. 3. Management of my work/tasks/assignments & time properly. 4. Behavarioul factor helps me maintain good understanding with my colleagues & good understanding of strength/weakness of shift staff. 5. Improved my skill to manage my shift affairs regarding equipments & man power. 6. Improved my skill to reduce human errors in plant activities by training my shift staff by telling them to keep simple things simple & make complex things possible.
Editor's Notes
- Why Ergonomics? A stone-age human in an environment using a flint stone as a knife could modify the shape of the stone fitting the hand and task. Today, a product might be designed in one country, manufactured in the second country, purchased by a wholesaler (buyer) in the third country and used by a customer in the fourth country. The designer might not know who are the end users and the buyer cannot influence the design of the product. Ergonomics is the only link between these four actors. The Scope of Ergonomics The scope of Ergonomics is extremely wide and is not limited to any particular industry or application. Ergonomics comes into everything which involves people. Work systems, sports and leisure, health and safety should all embody ergonomics principles if well designed. The ability of people to do their job is influenced by the person's capabilities (physical and mental), the job demand (physical and mental) and the condition (physical and organizational environment) under which the person is carrying out the job. The Objectives of the Ergonomics is to enhance the effectiveness with which work and other human activities are carried out and to maintain or enhance certain desirable human values in the process, health, safety, satisfaction etc., The aim of ergonomics is to enhance and preserve human health and satisfaction and to optimize the human performance in a system perspective.
- What Does Ergonomics Mean? Designing jobs, equipment, and work tasks to fit human physical characteristics and energy limitations “Make the work fit the person, not the person fit the work”
- What Does Ergonomics Mean? Designing jobs, equipment, and work tasks to fit human physical characteristics and energy limitations “Make the work fit the person, not the person fit the work”
- What Does Ergonomics Mean? Designing jobs, equipment, and work tasks to fit human physical characteristics and energy limitations “Make the work fit the person, not the person fit the work”
- - Jastrzębowski used the word in his 1857 article (The Outline of Ergonomics, i.e. Science of Work, Based on the Truths Taken from the Natural Science). -The coining of the term Ergonomics, however, is now widely attributed to British psychologist Hywel Murrell, at the 1949 meeting at the UK's Admiralty, which led to the foundation of The Ergonomics Society. He used it to encompass the studies in which he had been engaged during and after the Second World War. -term ergonomics is derived from the Greek words ergon [work] and nomos [natural laws] and first entered the modern lexicon when Wojciech Jastrzębowski used the word in his 1857 article Rys ergonomji czyli nauki o pracy, opartej na prawdach poczerpniętych z Nauki Przyrody (The Outline of Ergonomics, i.e. Science of Work, Based on the Truths Taken from the Natural Science).
- - A good deal of evidence indicates that Hellenic civilization in the 5th century BC used ergonomic principles in the design of their tools, jobs, and workplaces. - It is also true that archaeological records of the early Egyptians Dynasties made tools, household equipment, among others that illustrated ergonomic principles. It is therefore questionable whether the claim by Marmaras, regarding origin of ergonomics justified or not? - World War II marked the development of new and complex machines and weaponry, and these made new demands on operators' cognition. The decision-making, attention, situational awareness and hand-eye coordination of the machine's operator became key in the success or failure of a task. - It was observed that fully functional aircraft, flown by the best-trained pilots, still crashed. In 1943, Alphonse Chapanis, a lieutenant in the U.S. Army, showed that this so-called "pilot error" could be greatly reduced when more logical and differentiable controls replaced confusing designs in airplane cockpits. In the decades since the war, ergonomics has continued to flourish and diversify.
- It is helpful to use a model to aid in the understanding of Human Factors, as this allows a gradual approach to comprehension. One practical diagram to illustrate this conceptual model uses blocks to represent the different components of Human Factors. The model can then be built up one block at a time, with a pictorial impression being given of the need for matching the components. - The most critical as well as the most flexible component in the system. Yet people are subject to considerable variations in performance and suffer many limitations, most of which are now predictable in general terms. Design of a workplaces and equipment, vital role played by physical size & movemen -Hardware. This interface is the one most commonly considered when speaking of human-machine systems: design of seats to fit the sitting characteristics of the human body, of displays to match the sensory and information processing characteristics of the user, of controls with proper movement, coding and location. -Software. This encompasses humans and the non-physical aspects of the system such as procedures, manual and checklist layout, symbology and computer programmes.
- Physical ergonomics is concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity. (Relevant topics include working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements, work related musculoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, safety and health.)
- Workers come in all different sizes. Ergonomics can help make the work more comfortable for the individual worker.
- Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. (Relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design.)
- Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. (Relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design.)
- Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. (Relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design.)
- . Kim Vicente, a University of Toronto Professor of Ergonomics, argues that the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl is attributable to plant designers not paying enough attention to human factors. "The operators were trained but the complexity of the reactor and the control panels nevertheless outstripped their ability to grasp what they were seeing [during the prelude to the disaster]."
- Organizational ergonomics is concerned with the optimization of sociotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes. (Relevant topics include communication, crew resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work paradigms, virtual organizations, telework, and quality management.)
- Mobile Notes
- Role is Not limited to particular industry or application. Involves in everything which relate with the peoples. More than twenty technical subgroups within the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) indicate the range of applications for ergonomics. Human factors engineering continues to be successfully applied in the fields of aerospace, aging, health care, IT, product design, transportation, training, nuclear and virtual Environments, Physical ergonomics is important in the medical field, particularly to those diagnosed with physiological ailments or disorders such as arthritis (both chronic and temporary) or carpal tunnel syndrome. Pressure that is insignificant or imperceptible to those unaffected by these disorders may be very painful, or render a device unusable, for those who are. Many ergonomically designed products are also used or recommended to treat or prevent such disorders, and to treat pressure-related chronic pain. Human factors issues arise in simple systems and consumer products as well. Some examples include cellular telephones and other hand held devices that continue to shrink yet grow more complex (a phenomenon referred to as "creeping featurism"), millions of VCRs blinking "12:00" across the world because very few people can figure out how to program them, or alarm clocks that allow sleepy users to inadvertently turn off the alarm when they mean to hit 'snooze'. A user-centered design (UCD), also known as a systems approach or the usability engineering life cycle aims to improve the user-system.
- Many people suffer BECAUSE THEIR CONDITIONS AT WORK & HOME ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH THEIR NEEDS,ABILITIES & LIMITATIONS.THIS SITUATION AFFECTS THEIR SAFETY AS WELL AS ORGANIZATIONS & SOCIETIES. HIGH TECHNOLOGY CAN MAKE OUR LIVES MORE EFFICIENT & EXCITING. HOWEVER FASCINATION WITH TECHNOLOGY & OVERLY AMBITIOUS BUSINESS EXPECTATION CAN CAUSE US TO OVERLOOK HUMAN FACTORS RISKS.NEGLECTING THESE RISKS CAN HAVE SERIOUS EFFECTS ON MANUFECTURERS,SUPPLIERS & SERVICE ENTERPRISES. THEREFORE, FFE WILL BE MORE IMPORTANT IN THIS POST MODERN ERA.