1. Amides are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the -OH group of the carboxylic acid with an -NH2 group. Primary amides are named by changing the acid name to the acid name amide. Secondary and tertiary amides use uppercase N to designate the alkyl group on nitrogen.
2. Amides can be prepared from carboxylic acids or acid chlorides. From acids, an ammonium salt is formed which dehydrates to the amide upon heating. From acid chlorides, the acid chloride reacts with ammonia.
3. Amides undergo hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids and ammonia/ammonium salts. They also react with nitro
This document discusses the classification, nomenclature, properties, preparation and reactions of amines. Amines are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. Common tests to identify amines include solubility in acid, reaction with litmus, nitrous acid, and formation of azo dyes or sulfonamides. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form nitrogen gas or diazonium salts, secondary amines form nitrosamines, and tertiary amines form nitrite salts. Aromatic amines are named as derivatives of aniline and react similarly in identification tests.
This document provides an overview of reduction reactions in organic chemistry. It discusses various types of reduction reactions including catalytic hydrogenation, hydride transfer reactions using reagents like LiAlH4 and NaBH4, dissolving metal reductions, and others. Specific metal hydride reductions using boron and aluminum reagents like sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and diisobutylaluminum hydride are explained in detail including their mechanisms and selectivity. Diimide reduction is also briefly covered. The document concludes with a bibliography of reference books on organic reaction mechanisms.
This document provides an overview of amines, amides, and amino acids. It discusses the structures, properties, nomenclature and reactions of amines and amides. Amines are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary depending on the number of carbons bonded to nitrogen. Amides are formed from the reaction of amines with carboxylic acids or acid derivatives. Amides have higher boiling points than comparable amines due to hydrogen bonding. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
1. To name organic compounds, identify the parent chain and any side groups. Number the parent chain to assign positions to side groups or functional groups like double/triple bonds.
2. Name the parent chain using Greek or Latin prefixes. Add suffixes to indicate functional groups like -ane, -ene, -yne.
3. Name side groups in alphabetical order and indicate their positions on the parent chain.
4. Common functional groups that require specific naming conventions include alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, and amines.
This document discusses the nomenclature, structure, properties, preparations, and reactions of carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids. It covers topics such as IUPAC and common naming of carboxylic acids and derivatives, acidity, effects of substituents on acid strength, preparations like oxidation of alcohols and hydrolysis of nitriles, and reactions including decarboxylation, reduction, ester formation, and nucleophilic acyl substitution. The content is organized into sections on nomenclature, preparations, and reactions of carboxylic acids.
This document discusses the nomenclature, physical properties, preparation, and reactions of carboxylic acids. It begins by defining carboxylic acids and how they are classified. Rules of IUPAC nomenclature for aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic carboxylic acids are provided. Key physical properties like solubility and boiling point are attributed to hydrogen bonding. Carboxylic acids are described as stronger acids than alcohols or phenols due to resonance stabilization of the conjugate base. Common methods for preparing carboxylic acids include oxidation reactions and hydrolysis of nitriles. Characteristic reactions include forming salts with bases, and generating acid derivatives like esters, acid chlorides, anhydrides, and am
Esters have the general formula RCOOR'. They are formed by the reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols, which is called esterification. Esters can also be prepared from acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides. Esters undergo various reactions including hydrolysis, aminolysis, reactions with Grignard reagents, and transesterification. Hydrolysis converts esters back into carboxylic acids and alcohols. Transesterification involves exchanging one alkoxy group in an ester for another.
1. Amides are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the -OH group of the carboxylic acid with an -NH2 group. Primary amides are named by changing the acid name to the acid name amide. Secondary and tertiary amides use uppercase N to designate the alkyl group on nitrogen.
2. Amides can be prepared from carboxylic acids or acid chlorides. From acids, an ammonium salt is formed which dehydrates to the amide upon heating. From acid chlorides, the acid chloride reacts with ammonia.
3. Amides undergo hydrolysis to form carboxylic acids and ammonia/ammonium salts. They also react with nitro
This document discusses the classification, nomenclature, properties, preparation and reactions of amines. Amines are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. Common tests to identify amines include solubility in acid, reaction with litmus, nitrous acid, and formation of azo dyes or sulfonamides. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form nitrogen gas or diazonium salts, secondary amines form nitrosamines, and tertiary amines form nitrite salts. Aromatic amines are named as derivatives of aniline and react similarly in identification tests.
This document provides an overview of reduction reactions in organic chemistry. It discusses various types of reduction reactions including catalytic hydrogenation, hydride transfer reactions using reagents like LiAlH4 and NaBH4, dissolving metal reductions, and others. Specific metal hydride reductions using boron and aluminum reagents like sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and diisobutylaluminum hydride are explained in detail including their mechanisms and selectivity. Diimide reduction is also briefly covered. The document concludes with a bibliography of reference books on organic reaction mechanisms.
This document provides an overview of amines, amides, and amino acids. It discusses the structures, properties, nomenclature and reactions of amines and amides. Amines are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary depending on the number of carbons bonded to nitrogen. Amides are formed from the reaction of amines with carboxylic acids or acid derivatives. Amides have higher boiling points than comparable amines due to hydrogen bonding. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
1. To name organic compounds, identify the parent chain and any side groups. Number the parent chain to assign positions to side groups or functional groups like double/triple bonds.
2. Name the parent chain using Greek or Latin prefixes. Add suffixes to indicate functional groups like -ane, -ene, -yne.
3. Name side groups in alphabetical order and indicate their positions on the parent chain.
4. Common functional groups that require specific naming conventions include alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, and amines.
This document discusses the nomenclature, structure, properties, preparations, and reactions of carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids. It covers topics such as IUPAC and common naming of carboxylic acids and derivatives, acidity, effects of substituents on acid strength, preparations like oxidation of alcohols and hydrolysis of nitriles, and reactions including decarboxylation, reduction, ester formation, and nucleophilic acyl substitution. The content is organized into sections on nomenclature, preparations, and reactions of carboxylic acids.
This document discusses the nomenclature, physical properties, preparation, and reactions of carboxylic acids. It begins by defining carboxylic acids and how they are classified. Rules of IUPAC nomenclature for aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic carboxylic acids are provided. Key physical properties like solubility and boiling point are attributed to hydrogen bonding. Carboxylic acids are described as stronger acids than alcohols or phenols due to resonance stabilization of the conjugate base. Common methods for preparing carboxylic acids include oxidation reactions and hydrolysis of nitriles. Characteristic reactions include forming salts with bases, and generating acid derivatives like esters, acid chlorides, anhydrides, and am
Esters have the general formula RCOOR'. They are formed by the reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols, which is called esterification. Esters can also be prepared from acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides. Esters undergo various reactions including hydrolysis, aminolysis, reactions with Grignard reagents, and transesterification. Hydrolysis converts esters back into carboxylic acids and alcohols. Transesterification involves exchanging one alkoxy group in an ester for another.
This document discusses the different functional groups of organic compounds including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, amines, amides, and aromatic hydrocarbons. It defines each group and provides examples to illustrate their structures and naming conventions. The key types of isomerism - constitutional and stereoisomerism - are also introduced.
This document discusses the preparation and properties of amines. It describes four types of amines based on the number of carbons bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines can be prepared through ammonolysis reactions, where an amine or ammonia displaces a halide on a primary or methyl halide. This produces primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines depending on the starting material. Amines have relatively high melting and boiling points due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. They are basic and can turn litmus blue, with solubility in water depending on the carbon chain length.
1) Heterolytic and homolytic bond fission can result in the formation of short-lived reaction intermediates called carbocations.
2) Carbocations are positively charged carbon ions that are electrophilic and undergo three reaction types: capture a nucleophile, lose a proton to form a pi bond, or rearrange.
3) Carbocation stability increases with increased substitution and the presence of electron donating groups, double bonds, or heteroatoms which delocalize the positive charge. Carbocations are key intermediates in SN1, E1, and rearrangement reactions.
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound.
This document provides information about carboxylic acids and their derivatives. It begins by stating the learning outcomes, which are to provide nomenclature of carboxylic acids and derivatives, describe physical properties of carboxylic acids, and explain the synthesis and reactions of carboxylic acids and derivatives. The document then discusses the structure, naming rules, physical properties, acid strength, and synthesis methods of carboxylic acids. It also explains the nomenclature and reactions of common carboxylic acid derivatives like esters, acid halides, anhydrides, and amides.
This document discusses amines, including their classification, nomenclature, reactions, and uses. Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing hydrogen atoms with hydrocarbon groups. They are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines can also be aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic. Their nomenclature follows IUPAC rules based on the parent alkane. Common reactions include functioning as a base, undergoing alkylation, reaction with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts, conversion to amides, and Hoffman elimination from quaternary hydroxides. Aromatic amines are mainly used to produce d
The presentation discusses rearrangement reactions, which involve the migration of an atom or group within a molecule to form a structural isomer. It defines rearrangement and provides examples of types including those to electron deficient carbons, nitrogens, and oxygens, as well as electron-rich carbons and aromatic systems. Mechanisms are presented for rearrangements involving migration to various electron-withdrawing or -releasing centers.
Ozonolysis is the oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds using ozone. It involves a three step mechanism: 1) ozone inserts into the double bond to form an unstable primary ozonide, 2) the primary ozonide decomposes to a carbonyl and carbonyl oxide through retro cycloaddition, 3) the carbonyl oxide undergoes cycloaddition again with another carbonyl to form a stable ozonide. The ozonide intermediate can then be worked up using reducing or oxidizing agents to yield different products such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, or carboxylic acids.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl/aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. Amines exhibit hydrogen bonding and have higher boiling points than comparable alkanes. They act as bases and react with acids to form salts. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form nitrogen gas and alcohols/alkenes, while secondary amines form nitrosamines. Aromatic amines are used to synthesize azo dyes through diazonium salt formation. Nylon is produced by condensation polymerization of diamines and dic
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
Amines, Nomenclature, Physical properties and Chemical by ShababMd. Shabab Mehebub
This document discusses amines, including their classification, nomenclature, physical properties, and chemical reactions. It notes that amines are organic derivatives of ammonia where alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aromatic groups are bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of groups attached to nitrogen. Their nomenclature follows IUPAC or common systems. Amines tend to be gases or liquids with odors, and can hydrogen bond. Their reactivity includes acting as bases or nucleophiles in substitution reactions. Aromatic amines undergo electrophilic substitution, and oxidation or reactions with nitrous acid are also possible.
This document provides an overview of stereochemistry. It begins by defining constitutional and stereoisomers. Stereoisomers have the same connectivity but different arrangements in space, and include enantiomers and diastereomers. The document then discusses chiral centers and molecules, and how the presence of a chiral center leads to chirality. It also covers topics such as optical activity, properties of enantiomers and diastereomers, meso compounds, geometric isomers, and resolving racemic mixtures. Resolution methods discussed include conversion to diastereomers and differential absorption chromatography.
Molecular Rearrangements of Organic Reactions ppsOMPRAKASH1973
This PPT is usefull for aspirants of JEE-IIT, CSIR-NET and UPSC exams in CHEMISTRY section. It is also usefull for grduates and Post graduates students of Indian Universities.
Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group (-COOH). They are named according to IUPAC rules with the suffix "oic acid". Esters are produced from a reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst. The ester name indicates the parent acid and alcohol. Amides are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the -OH group of the carboxyl with an -NH2 group. They are named by replacing the "oic acid" ending of the parent acid with "amide".
The document discusses addition reactions, which involve all atoms from reactants being added to unsaturated compounds to form products. There are three main types: electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, and free radical addition. Electrophilic addition involves an electrophile attacking the π bond. Nucleophilic addition involves a nucleophile attacking carbocations. Free radical addition occurs through radical intermediates formed from reactants. Addition reactions can result in stereospecific or non-stereospecific products depending on the mechanism and reactants involved.
The document discusses carbene molecules in chemistry which contain a neutral carbon atom with two unshared valence electrons. It notes the general formula is RR'C: and provides examples of reactions involving carbene molecules, such as the synthesis of analogues of carboxylic acids, synthesis of amides from carboxylic acids, and synthesis of esters from carboxylic acids. Diagrams of chemical reactions are also included to illustrate these processes.
When there are two functional groups of unequal reactivity within a molecule, the more reactive group can be made to react alone, but it may not be possible to react the less reactive functional group selectively.
A group the use of which makes possible to react a less reactive functional group selectively in presence of a more reactive group is known as protecting group.
A protecting group blocks the reactivity of a functional group by converting it into a different group which is inert to the conditions of some reaction(s) that is to be carried out as part of a synthetic route
- Elimination reactions occur by either an E1 or E2 mechanism. E1 is a one-step reaction involving a carbocation intermediate, while E2 is a concerted, single-step reaction.
- The E1 mechanism is favored by good leaving groups, stable carbocations, and weak bases. It is non-stereospecific and does not occur with primary alkyl halides. The E2 mechanism is favored by strong bases and polar aprotic solvents. It is stereospecific and proceeds through an anti-periplanar transition state.
- Key factors that determine the mechanism include the stability of carbocation intermediates, the strength of the leaving group and base, and steric
The document provides information about amines and amides. It discusses the structures and properties of amines, including their classifications and nomenclature. Primary and secondary amines can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Amines react as weak bases and form alkylammonium salts with acids. Amides have high boiling points due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. Amides are named as alkanamides and are prepared from amines through reaction with acid anhydrides or chlorides.
Organic chemistry (Amines), Sharda Public School, Almora U.K.Dr. Tanuja Nautiyal
This document discusses amines, which are organic compounds derived from ammonia where an alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on how many hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the nitrogen. Primary amines have one hydrocarbon group and two hydrogens, secondary have two hydrocarbon groups and one hydrogen, and tertiary have three hydrocarbon groups. The document discusses the properties, reactions, preparation methods, and nomenclature of amines.
This document discusses the different functional groups of organic compounds including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, amines, amides, and aromatic hydrocarbons. It defines each group and provides examples to illustrate their structures and naming conventions. The key types of isomerism - constitutional and stereoisomerism - are also introduced.
This document discusses the preparation and properties of amines. It describes four types of amines based on the number of carbons bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines can be prepared through ammonolysis reactions, where an amine or ammonia displaces a halide on a primary or methyl halide. This produces primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines depending on the starting material. Amines have relatively high melting and boiling points due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. They are basic and can turn litmus blue, with solubility in water depending on the carbon chain length.
1) Heterolytic and homolytic bond fission can result in the formation of short-lived reaction intermediates called carbocations.
2) Carbocations are positively charged carbon ions that are electrophilic and undergo three reaction types: capture a nucleophile, lose a proton to form a pi bond, or rearrange.
3) Carbocation stability increases with increased substitution and the presence of electron donating groups, double bonds, or heteroatoms which delocalize the positive charge. Carbocations are key intermediates in SN1, E1, and rearrangement reactions.
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound.
This document provides information about carboxylic acids and their derivatives. It begins by stating the learning outcomes, which are to provide nomenclature of carboxylic acids and derivatives, describe physical properties of carboxylic acids, and explain the synthesis and reactions of carboxylic acids and derivatives. The document then discusses the structure, naming rules, physical properties, acid strength, and synthesis methods of carboxylic acids. It also explains the nomenclature and reactions of common carboxylic acid derivatives like esters, acid halides, anhydrides, and amides.
This document discusses amines, including their classification, nomenclature, reactions, and uses. Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing hydrogen atoms with hydrocarbon groups. They are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines can also be aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic. Their nomenclature follows IUPAC rules based on the parent alkane. Common reactions include functioning as a base, undergoing alkylation, reaction with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts, conversion to amides, and Hoffman elimination from quaternary hydroxides. Aromatic amines are mainly used to produce d
The presentation discusses rearrangement reactions, which involve the migration of an atom or group within a molecule to form a structural isomer. It defines rearrangement and provides examples of types including those to electron deficient carbons, nitrogens, and oxygens, as well as electron-rich carbons and aromatic systems. Mechanisms are presented for rearrangements involving migration to various electron-withdrawing or -releasing centers.
Ozonolysis is the oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds using ozone. It involves a three step mechanism: 1) ozone inserts into the double bond to form an unstable primary ozonide, 2) the primary ozonide decomposes to a carbonyl and carbonyl oxide through retro cycloaddition, 3) the carbonyl oxide undergoes cycloaddition again with another carbonyl to form a stable ozonide. The ozonide intermediate can then be worked up using reducing or oxidizing agents to yield different products such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, or carboxylic acids.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl/aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. Amines exhibit hydrogen bonding and have higher boiling points than comparable alkanes. They act as bases and react with acids to form salts. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form nitrogen gas and alcohols/alkenes, while secondary amines form nitrosamines. Aromatic amines are used to synthesize azo dyes through diazonium salt formation. Nylon is produced by condensation polymerization of diamines and dic
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
Amines, Nomenclature, Physical properties and Chemical by ShababMd. Shabab Mehebub
This document discusses amines, including their classification, nomenclature, physical properties, and chemical reactions. It notes that amines are organic derivatives of ammonia where alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aromatic groups are bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of groups attached to nitrogen. Their nomenclature follows IUPAC or common systems. Amines tend to be gases or liquids with odors, and can hydrogen bond. Their reactivity includes acting as bases or nucleophiles in substitution reactions. Aromatic amines undergo electrophilic substitution, and oxidation or reactions with nitrous acid are also possible.
This document provides an overview of stereochemistry. It begins by defining constitutional and stereoisomers. Stereoisomers have the same connectivity but different arrangements in space, and include enantiomers and diastereomers. The document then discusses chiral centers and molecules, and how the presence of a chiral center leads to chirality. It also covers topics such as optical activity, properties of enantiomers and diastereomers, meso compounds, geometric isomers, and resolving racemic mixtures. Resolution methods discussed include conversion to diastereomers and differential absorption chromatography.
Molecular Rearrangements of Organic Reactions ppsOMPRAKASH1973
This PPT is usefull for aspirants of JEE-IIT, CSIR-NET and UPSC exams in CHEMISTRY section. It is also usefull for grduates and Post graduates students of Indian Universities.
Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group (-COOH). They are named according to IUPAC rules with the suffix "oic acid". Esters are produced from a reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst. The ester name indicates the parent acid and alcohol. Amides are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the -OH group of the carboxyl with an -NH2 group. They are named by replacing the "oic acid" ending of the parent acid with "amide".
The document discusses addition reactions, which involve all atoms from reactants being added to unsaturated compounds to form products. There are three main types: electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, and free radical addition. Electrophilic addition involves an electrophile attacking the π bond. Nucleophilic addition involves a nucleophile attacking carbocations. Free radical addition occurs through radical intermediates formed from reactants. Addition reactions can result in stereospecific or non-stereospecific products depending on the mechanism and reactants involved.
The document discusses carbene molecules in chemistry which contain a neutral carbon atom with two unshared valence electrons. It notes the general formula is RR'C: and provides examples of reactions involving carbene molecules, such as the synthesis of analogues of carboxylic acids, synthesis of amides from carboxylic acids, and synthesis of esters from carboxylic acids. Diagrams of chemical reactions are also included to illustrate these processes.
When there are two functional groups of unequal reactivity within a molecule, the more reactive group can be made to react alone, but it may not be possible to react the less reactive functional group selectively.
A group the use of which makes possible to react a less reactive functional group selectively in presence of a more reactive group is known as protecting group.
A protecting group blocks the reactivity of a functional group by converting it into a different group which is inert to the conditions of some reaction(s) that is to be carried out as part of a synthetic route
- Elimination reactions occur by either an E1 or E2 mechanism. E1 is a one-step reaction involving a carbocation intermediate, while E2 is a concerted, single-step reaction.
- The E1 mechanism is favored by good leaving groups, stable carbocations, and weak bases. It is non-stereospecific and does not occur with primary alkyl halides. The E2 mechanism is favored by strong bases and polar aprotic solvents. It is stereospecific and proceeds through an anti-periplanar transition state.
- Key factors that determine the mechanism include the stability of carbocation intermediates, the strength of the leaving group and base, and steric
The document provides information about amines and amides. It discusses the structures and properties of amines, including their classifications and nomenclature. Primary and secondary amines can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Amines react as weak bases and form alkylammonium salts with acids. Amides have high boiling points due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. Amides are named as alkanamides and are prepared from amines through reaction with acid anhydrides or chlorides.
Organic chemistry (Amines), Sharda Public School, Almora U.K.Dr. Tanuja Nautiyal
This document discusses amines, which are organic compounds derived from ammonia where an alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on how many hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the nitrogen. Primary amines have one hydrocarbon group and two hydrogens, secondary have two hydrocarbon groups and one hydrogen, and tertiary have three hydrocarbon groups. The document discusses the properties, reactions, preparation methods, and nomenclature of amines.
This document discusses aromatic amines and their properties and synthesis. It defines aromatic amines as those where nitrogen is attached directly to an aromatic ring. It notes that aromatic amines are less basic than aliphatic amines due to resonance stabilization of the aromatic ring. Several methods for synthesizing aromatic amines are described, including reduction of nitrobenzene, reductive amination of carbonyl groups, and reduction of nitriles. The Hofmann rearrangement, which converts a primary amide to a primary amine, is also summarized.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. They are classified as primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary depending on the number of alkyl/aryl substitutions. Amines can be synthesized through reactions of alkyl halides with ammonia, reduction of alcohols or nitriles with ammonia, or reduction of nitroalkanes or amides. Their properties depend on structure, with lower alkyl amines being gases or liquids and higher ones solids. Amines react with acids, acid chlorides, and nitrous acid. They have many pharmaceutical uses as analgesics, anesthetics, and in creating amino acids.
This document discusses the structures, nomenclature, properties and reactions of amines. It defines amines as derivatives of ammonia where one or more hydrogens have been replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. It discusses the IUPAC nomenclature system for amines and describes several methods for preparing primary, secondary and tertiary amines, including alkylation of ammonia, reduction of nitroalkanes, and reduction of nitriles. The document also summarizes the physical and chemical properties of amines such as their higher boiling points, solubility, and basic character. It describes several characteristic reactions of amines including alkylation, reaction with aldehydes and ketones to form imines, and reaction with nitrous
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. There are three types of amines based on the number of alkyl/aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom: primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. Amines can be prepared through various methods like reduction of nitroalkanes, nitriles, amides, oximes; reaction of primary amines with alkyl halides; and reaction of alkyl halides with ammonia. Their structures, nomenclature, physical properties and chemical reactions are discussed in the document. Amines undergo reactions like salt formation, acylation, reaction with nitrous acid, sulfonylation, and carbylamine reaction due to
This document provides an overview of aromatic amines. It begins with an introduction noting that aromatic amines are industrially important compounds used to produce dyes, rubbers, and drugs. It then discusses the classification, characteristics, and reactions of aromatic amines. Key points covered include that aromatic amines are weaker bases than aliphatic amines due to delocalization of the nitrogen lone pair onto the aromatic ring. The document also discusses substituent effects on basicity and the uses of aryl diazonium salts in organic synthesis and light-sensitive applications. Presentations were given on specific topics like nitrosation reactions, coupling reactions, and the Hinsberg test.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia, with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by alkyl or aromatic groups. They are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen atom. Amines react as weak bases and their reactions include neutralization by acids to form alkylammonium salts. Amines have many applications, including use in dyes, drugs, gas treatment, and as catalysts in polyurethane foams. Some solvents used for carbon capture have low biodegradability, so it is important to evaluate the environmental impacts of amines.
This document discusses amines, including their classification, preparation methods, physical and chemical properties, and reactions. Amines are derivatives of ammonia where hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups. They are prepared through reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles or amides, and other methods. Amines are basic due to the lone pair on the nitrogen. Primary and secondary amines are more basic than tertiary amines due to solvation effects. Aromatic amines are less basic than alkyl amines. Amines undergo reactions such as acylation, carbylamine formation, and electrophilic aromatic substitution.
This document discusses amines, which are carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen compounds that occur widely in living organisms. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on how many hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the nitrogen atom. Primary amines have one hydrocarbon group and two hydrogen atoms bonded to nitrogen. Secondary amines have two hydrocarbon groups and one hydrogen bonded to nitrogen. Tertiary amines have three hydrocarbon groups bonded to nitrogen. Amines behave as weak bases and react with acids to form amine salts. Heterocyclic amines contain nitrogen atoms in aromatic or nonaromatic ring structures. Isomerism in amines can arise from different carbon chain arrangements or positioning of the nitrogen atom.
This document discusses amines, which are carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen compounds that occur widely in living organisms. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on how many hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the nitrogen atom. Primary amines have one hydrocarbon group and two hydrogen atoms bonded to nitrogen. Secondary amines have two hydrocarbon groups and one hydrogen bonded to nitrogen. Tertiary amines have three hydrocarbon groups bonded to nitrogen. Amines behave as weak bases and react with acids to form amine salts. Heterocyclic amines contain nitrogen atoms in aromatic or nonaromatic ring structures. Isomerism in amines can arise from different carbon chain arrangements or positioning of the nitrogen atom.
The document provides information about amino acids. It begins by defining amino acids as the building blocks of proteins, and that proteins are composed of 20 different amino acids. It then discusses the common structural features of amino acids, including that they contain an amino group, carboxyl group, and differ in their R groups. It classifies amino acids as essential or non-essential, and discusses their properties, methods of preparation, and importance. In closing, it thanks the audience for their time.
This document discusses the properties and reactions of amines. It defines amines as organic derivatives of ammonia with one or more alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen. The document discusses nomenclature, physical properties, basicity, reactions including salt formation and reactions with acids, and uses of amines such as in the synthesis of nylon and azo dyes.
1. The document discusses the nomenclature, physical properties, structure, basicity, and reactions of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. It covers topics such as IUPAC nomenclature, hydrogen bonding abilities, inversion of chiral amines, relative basicities, and reactions including oxidation, diazotization, and coupling reactions.
2. Amines can undergo a variety of reactions due to the lone pair on the nitrogen atom, including acting as a base or nucleophile. Reactions covered include oxidation, diazotization with nitrous acid, coupling reactions, and eliminations.
3. The document provides examples of amine syntheses such as reductive amination and
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl/aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. Aromatic amines have an amine group directly attached to an aromatic ring. Amines can act as bases by accepting protons. Their basicity depends on factors like substitution, with electron-donating groups increasing basicity. Amines undergo reactions like salt formation with acids, nitrosoamine formation with nitrous acid, amide formation with acyl chlorides/anhydrides, and halogenation of aromatic amines.
Lipids can be classified by solubility, molecular weight, and functional groups. They serve important biological functions as energy sources when broken down and for structural roles in cell membranes. Lipids include fatty acids like arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid that are precursors to biologically active eicosanoids. Amines are derivatives of ammonia where hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups. They can be primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the degree of substitution. Amines behave similarly to ammonia as weak bases that form ammonium salts with acids. Amides are prepared by reacting acyl chlorides with amines.
Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced. Amines have basic properties due to the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. Common methods for synthesizing amines include reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, and reduction of nitriles or amides. Amines undergo electrophilic substitution and acylation reactions. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts.
Chemistry of aromatic amines, Classification of amines, Preparation, reactions of amines, synthetic uses of aromatic amines, basicity of aromatic amines and factor affecting basicity amine.
This document provides information about aromatic amines presented by a student group for their continuous assessment. It includes the names of group members, topics to be covered such as classification, properties, basicity and substituent effects. Reaction mechanisms are discussed for the nitrosation, coupling, Sandmeyer and Hinsberg reactions. The uses of aryl diazonium salts as synthetic intermediates to introduce various functional groups onto aromatic rings are also mentioned.
Definition of hormones
Pancreas
Intro of insulin
Chemistry
Biosynthesis
Action of insulin
Metabolic effect on insulin
Factors effect insulin secretion
Disorders related to insulin hormone
Treatment
Brand name of insulin in market
Urinary system+ formation of concentrated urineYumnA SAeed
The document discusses urine concentration and the urinary system. It describes how the kidney regulates water and electrolyte balance through processes like glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the nephron. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) allows the kidney to concentrate urine by promoting water reabsorption in the collecting duct. A countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle also helps build up solute concentration. Disorders can occur if there are issues with ADH signaling or the countercurrent system that prevent proper urine concentration.
This document summarizes different types of viscometers used to measure viscosity. It discusses capillary viscometers like Ostwald's viscometer which measures flow through a capillary tube. Falling and rising body viscometers like the Hoeppler ball viscometer measure the terminal velocity of a ball. Rotational viscometers like the cup and bob viscometer apply shear between two surfaces, one stationary and one rotating. Other viscometers described include cone and plate, vibrational, bubble, and oscillating viscometers. The document provides formulas, working principles, advantages and disadvantages of various viscometer types used to characterize fluids.
1. The document discusses comprehension, which is defined as a passage used to test students' ability to understand content and infer meanings.
2. It describes three levels of comprehension: literal, interpretive, and applied. Literal involves facts and details, interpretive involves inferences and reading between lines, and applied involves analysis and synthesis.
3. The document emphasizes the importance of comprehension for academic and professional success, as it allows students to construct meaning from text, master complex concepts, and accurately interpret written information.
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. There are several types of viscometers used to measure viscosity, including capillary viscometers, falling piston viscometers, rotational viscometers like cone and plate or coaxial cylindrical viscometers, falling ball viscometers, and vibrational viscometers. Rotational viscometers work by measuring the torque required to turn a spindle in the fluid, while other viscometers measure properties like the time for a fluid to pass through a capillary or for a ball to fall through the fluid.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
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and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
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Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
3. FUNCTIONAL GROUP
Definition:
the functional group is define as,
‘An atom or group of atoms joined in
specificmanner which gives the chemical
properties of the organic compounds and are
the center for
chemical reactivity.’
4. Compounds having a
similar functional group
have under gone
similar reactions
The presence of functional
groups enables the
systematization of organic
compound into different
classes
Examples
alkene, alcohols,
carboxylic group,
amines and amides etc
5. Amides
Definition
‘ An amide is a functional group in
which a carbonyl group
is linked to a nitrogen atom .’
Amide linkage is in a
biochemical context
is called peptide bond
7. CHARACTERISTICS
amides are derived from carboxylic acid
amides are amphoteric in nature
REASONS:
Lone pair present in nitrogen of amides is involving in
resonance and less available for donating. Hence ,behave
as weak base.
During resonance it forms positive charge on nitrogen
which has tendency to lose proton and behave as acid.
8. POINT TO PONDER
cyclic amide are called “lactams” ; they
are necessarily secondary or Tertiary amides .
Functional groups consisting PHOSPHOAMIDES
[P(O)NR2] and sulfonamides
[SO2NR2]
9. Nomenclature ;
In the usual nomenclature we
add the term “amide” to the stem of the parent acid’s
name .
EXAMPLE ;
the amide derived from acetic acid is named as
acetamide CHзCONH2
IUPAC ;
IuPAC recomand it as ethanamide
.Amide take the suffix “amide” to the alkane chain of the
carbons . If amides have additional substituents on the
nitrogen then name them “ Alphabetically “
10. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
THE amides generally have high melting and boiling
points.
Their polar nature in water result from the polar nature
of the amide group and hydrogen bonding.This hydrogen
bonding affect their chemical and physical properties to
great extent.
They are present in solids, liquids,and even crystalline
form.
Solid(stearamide), liquid(formamide),and
crystal(choroacetamide).
11. CONTINUED
Methanamide is a liquid at room
temperature,but other simple amines
are solids.
Ethanamide is said to have smell like of
mice.Infact,the smell is due to impurity
called N-
methylethanamide.(CHзCOHCHз)
15. PREPARATIONS
AMIDES undergo many chemical reactions,although they are less
reactive than esters.Amides are also versalite precursors to many
other functional group……
NUCLEOPHILIC ACYL SUBSTITUTION:
GENERIC MECHANISM:BASIC HYDROLYSIS
It represent a type of reactions in which nucleophile and acyl
compounds react to form amide.
R–CO–CL + R––NH2 →
R–CO–NH–R + HCL
16. PARTIAL HYDROLYSIS OF NITRILES
NITRILES can be converted to primary amines under
acidic or basic conditions.
General reaction:
R—C≡N + H2O +ACID → R—CO—NH2
EXAMPLE:
CHз—C≡N + H2O + HCL
→ CHз—CO—NH2
17. CARBOXLYIC ACID WITH AMMONIA
IN this reaction , carboxylic acid containing different alkyl
groups react with ammonia to form different alkyl amides.
General Reactions:
R—CO—OH + NH3 → R—CO–NH2
Example
CH3–CH2–CO–OH + NH3 →CH3–CH2–CO–NH2 +
H2O
18. AMINES WITH CARBOXLYIC ACID
The reaction of carboxylic acid with amines to form
different alkyl amide.
General Reaction:
R–CO—OH +H2N—R → R—CO—NH—R
Example:
CHз—CO–OH + H2N—CHз →
CHз–CO–NH–CHз
19. AMINE WITH ANHYDRIDE
Amides with aldehydes
It is much more common however to prepare amides by
treating an amine with aldehyde.
General reaction:
R—CO—O—CO—R + R—NH—R ↔ R—CO—NR2 +
HO—CO—R
Example:
CHз–CO–O––CO–CHз + CHз–NH—CHз
↔CHз–CO–NH2 +HO–CO––CHз
20. CARBOXYLIC ACID WITH THIONYL
CHLORIDE
During the reaction the carboxylic acid is converted
to a chlorosulfite intermediate making it a better
leaving group.The chloride anion produced during
the reaction acts a nucleophile to produce acid
chloride and then react with amine(RNHR) to form
AMIDE.
Chemical Reaction:
R–CO–OH + SOCL2 →R–CO–CL
+RNHR→R–CO–NR–R (TERTIARY AMINE)
22. NITRILE FROM AMIDES
Amide are dehydrated by heating a solid mixture of
the amide and phosphorus oxide P4O10. Water is
removed from the amide group to leave a nitrile
group CN-CN . The liquid nitrile is collected by
simple distillation .
FOR EXAMPLE:
Ethane nitrile is formed by
dehydrating ethane amide.
CH3CONH2+P4O10→CH3CN+H2O
23. HOFFMANN’S REARANGEMENT:
The Hoffmann Re-arrangement is the organic reaction of a
primary amide to a primary amine with one fewer carbon
atom.
CHEMICAL REACTION:
RCONH2+Br2+NaOH→R-N=C=O
R-N=C=O+H2O→R-NH2+CO2
24. AMIDE REDUCTION
RCONR2 AMIDES are converted to amines
(RCH2NR’2)by conversion of the C═O to –CH2–.
Chemical Reaction :
LiALH4 + R–CO–NH2 → H–CHR–NH2
25. VILSMEIER –HAACK REACTION
SUBSTITUTION REACTION
It is a chemical reaction of a substituted amide with
phosphorous oxychloride and an electron –rich arene
to produce an aryl aldehyde or ketone.
The reaction is named after ANTON VILSMEIER and
ALBRECT HAACK.
27. BISCHLER –NAPIERALSKI REACTION
The BISCHLER-NAPIERALSKI REACTION is an
electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction that
allows for the cyclizatin of β-arylethylamides.
30. THERAPEUTIC USES OF AMIDES
AMIDES ARE IMPORTANT CLASS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WHICH
HAVE MANY APPLICATIONS IN MEDICAL FIELD……
ACETAMIDE
It act as antidote when fluoroacetamide attacks on cardiac
muscles because this poison cause degeneration,necrosis of
cardiac muscles.Actamide is the only compound which reverse its
effects.
Actamalide tablet (250mg)is used to various serious disease;
EDEMEA
EPILEPSY
GLAUCOMA
31. BENZAMIDE
Its drugs are used to block DOPAMINE and SEROTONIN
receptors and stimulate acetylcholine receptors in smooth
muscles.
It is mainly used for vomiting and nausea.
Its derivative (procainamide) is used against life threatening
ventricular arrhythmias.
PROCAINAMIDE is used as anticancer drugs for the
treatmentof stage 3 and stage 4 hodgkin’s disease.
MOCLOBEMIDE is used for depression disorder and pipolar
disorder
SULPIRIDE is used to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA.
32. SULFONAMIDE (SULFA DRUGS)
They are used to treat bacterial infections.
They are prescribed for following disease;
Urinary tract infection
Bronchitis
Eye infections
Pneumonia
Ear infections
Severe burns
Traveller’s diarrhea
37. NOMENCLATURE
Amines are named in several ways ;
Typically , the compound is given the prefix
‘AMINO—’ or the suffix
‘AMINE’
LOWER AMINES ARE NAMED WITH SUFFIX ‘AMINE’.like methylamine
HIGHER AMINES HAVE PREFIX AMINO AS A FUNCTIONAL GROUP
IUPAC NAMING
Amines are written as “ALKANAMINE”
38. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Amines have characteristic ammonia smell ,liquid amines
have a distinctive fishy smell.
Aromatic amines such as aniline, have their lone pair
electrons conjugated into the benzene ring. Thus , their
tendency to engage in hydrogen bonding is diminished.
Aromatic boiling point are high but solubility in water is
low .
The water solubility of simple amines is enhanced by
hydrogen bonding involving these lone electron pairs.
39. The order of boiling point of amines is as follows :Primary > Secondary >
Tertiary.
The low aliphatic amines are gaseous in nature .
Primary amines with three or four carbon atoms are liquids at room
temperature whereas higher ones are solid.
Aniline and other arylamines are generally colorless . However , they get
colored when we stored them in open due to atmospheric oxidation.
Low aliphatic amines can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
Therefore , such amines are soluble in water.
Increase in the size of hydrophobic alkyl part increases the molar mass of
amines. This usually results in a decrease in its solubility in water.
40. Higher amines are insoluble in water. Organic solvents like alcohol ,
benzene and ether readily dissolves amines .
Alcohols have high polarity as compared to amines and hence , they form
stronger intermolecular bonds .
Primary and secondary amines are often engaged in the intermolecular
association as a result of hydrogen bonding between the nitrogen of one
and hydrogen of the other molecule .
The intermolecular associations is more prominent in case of primary
amines as compared to the secondary due to the availability of two
hydrogen atoms .
In tertiary amines , there is no intermolecular association due to the
absence of free hydrogen atom for bonding .
41. PREPERATION OF AMINES
PRIMARY AMINES
Hofmann's Degradation of Amides:
IN this reaction, primary amines are formed by this
method.so this reaction is used widely to that
purpose.
Chemical Reaction:
R—CO–NH2 + BR2 + 4NAOH → R–NH2 +2NABR
+NA2COз +2 H2O
42. GABRIEL PHTHALIMIDE METHOD
This r eaction is used to convert alkyl halides
into primary amines.
This reaction is named after German chemist
who first introduced it
43. SECONDARY AMINES PREPARATION
REDUCTION OF N –SUBSTITUTED AMIDES
Amides on reduction by lithium aluminium
hydride produce secondary amines
44. REDUCTION OF ISONITRILES
THIS REACTION IS VERY UNIQUE ONE.
Because in this reaction the secondary amine produced by it will always
have __CHз
CHEMICAL REACTION:
R___N+≡C- + PT. →
R___NH__CHз
45. TERTIARY AMINES
When an alcoholic ammonia solution is heated with an excess of alkyl
halide,a tri –alkyl ammonium halide is formed.This when heated
With sodium hydroxide solution gives free tertiary amine.
48. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Due to unshared paired electrons pair , amines can act both as bases and
as nucleophile
REACTION WITH ACIDS:
When react with acids,amine donate electrons
to form ammonium salts.
Chemical Reaction:
49. REACTION WITH ACID HALIDES
Acid halides reacts with amines to form
substituted amides.
Chemical Reaction:
55. DRUGS
Many drugs are designed to mimic or interfere with
natural amine neurotransmitter,exemplified by the
amine drugs;
Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine that help to
cure allergic reactions due to cold ,hay fever,itchy
skin,insect bites, and stings.
Chlorpromazine is a tranquilizer that sedates
without inducing sleep.
It is used to relieve anxiety,excitement,
restlessness,and even mental disorders.
Ephedrine and phenylephrine,as amide
hydrochloride are used as decongestants.
57. Amphetamine,methamphetamine,and
methcathinone , are used
As physhostimulant amines.
Amitriptyline,imipramine,lofepramine,and
clomipramine are used as anti depressants
and are tricyclic amines.
Opiate analgesics such as heroin,
morphine,and codeine are also tertiary
amines.