Definition of viscosity, viscometer and its types.. overview

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2. Presented to:
Dr.Misbah
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PHARMACEUTICS-1
(PHYSICAL PHARMACY)

3. 3
RHEOLOGY

4. Group Members:
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PRESENTATION GROUP
Name Roll No
Afza Mukhtar 18M012
Yumna Saeed 18M011
Fatima 18M101
Maleeha Anwar 18M085
Minza 18M082
Sidra Aslam 18M003
Sumaiya 18M004
Ayesha 18M025
Faiza 18M104
Sabooha 18M013
Yousra Akram 18M056

5. Viscosity
Definition
Formula and Units
Viscometer
Introduction
Importance
Types of Viscometer
5
CONTENTS

6.  A fluid flow property.
 Internal property of a fluid
that offers resistance to flow.
 It is a measure of how easily a
fluid can flow.
 It can also be viewed as a
resistance to shear force,
more viscous the fluid is,
higher the resistance.
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VISCOSITY

7.  Formula:
Viscosity = shear stress
shear rate
 SI unit:
The units of viscosity is:
pious
centi-pious
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FORMULA & UNITS

8. Definition:
“A viscometer is an instrument used to measure
the viscosity of a fluid.”
It is also known as “Viscosimeter.”
Viscometer only measures under one flow
condition
The measure of the resistance is taken by
measuring the drag resistance during relative
motion through the fluid.
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VISCOMETER

9. Measuring viscosity is important when
considering process conditions for materials
that need to be pumped or piped . It effects
dipping and coating performance , which is
particularly relevant to syrups and lotions.
Viscometer can be used to monitor batch
consistency and quality control.
They are also used to characterize plastics.
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IMPORTANCE

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TYPES OF VISCOMETER
Capillary viscometer
Falling and rising body
apparatus
Rotational viscometer

11.  Introduction:
These viscometers are suitable for only
Newtonian systems.
 Principle:
CAPILLARY VISCOMETER based on
Poiseuille’s law.
This method of measurement,
measures time taken for defined
quantity of fluid to flow through a
capillary with known diameter and
length.and is then compared with time
required to flow by a liquid of known
viscosity (usually water)
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CAPILLARY VISCOMETER

12.  If η1 and η2 are the viscosities of unknown and standard liquid
, ρ1 and ρ2 are densities and T1 and T2 are time required to
flow in sec then;
η1/η2= ρ1t1/ ρ2t2 .
η1/ η2= RELATIVE VISCOSITY OF LIQ.
 The above eq. is based on POISEUILLE’S LAW for liq. Flowing
through capillary tube .
η= π r⁴tΔP/ 8lV
Where ,
r = radius of inside capillary
t= time flow
ΔP=Pressure under which liq. Flow
L= length of capillary
V= Volume of fluid flowing
This e.q can also be written as
η= KtΔP k=constant
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FORMULA

13. Ostwald’s viscometer
Suspended level
viscometer
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TYPE OF CAPILLARY VISCOMETER

14.  Ostwald’s viscometer also
known as U-tube viscometer
 A device which is used to
measure the viscosity of the
liquid with a known density.
 This device is named after
“Wilhelm Ostwald”.
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OSTWALD’S VISCOMETER

15. The viscometer is filled with liq. Upto
bulk A through 1st arm.
Then suck the liq. Through 2nd arm to
upper point C of the bulk
B .
Now allow the liq. To pass from upper
marked C to lower marked D.
And note the time of flow from upper
marked C to lower marked D.
Now the viscosity of liq. Can be
calculated by using formula;
η1/η2= ρ1t1/ ρ2t2
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WORKING PRINCIPLE

16.  It is a modified form of
Ostwald’s viscometer.
 In it ,there is third vertical
arm attached to the bulb
below the capillary part of
the right arm.
 Liquid is introduced into the
viscometer through the left
arm In quantity sufficient to
fill the bulb in the left arm.
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UBBELOHDE SUSPENDED LEVEL
VISCOMETER

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OTHER TYPES OF CAPILLARY
VISCOMETERS

18. Advantages Disadvantages
No single tube is
suitable for all
viscosities
Basic models can only
be used for translucent
fluids
Difficult to clean the
capillary tubes
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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Measure precise
viscosities for many
diverse fluids
Small $ Portable
Inexpensive
Easy to use
Can use a wide verity of
capillary tubes on the
same viscometer

19. FALLING SPHERE
VISCOMETER
RISING SPHERE
VISCOMETER
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FALLING & RISING BODY APPARATUS

20.  INTRODUCTION:
Falling sphere viscometer is
suitable for Newtonian systems.
 PRINCIPLE:
Stoke’s law is the basis of the
falling sphere viscometer, in
which the fluid is stationary.
Stoke’s law:
“It states that when a
body falls in viscous media, it
experiences a resistance which
oppose the motion of the fluid.”
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FALLING SPHERE VISCOMETER

21.  The sample &ball are placed in
the inner glass tube & allowed to
reach temperature equilibrium
with the water in the surrounding
constant temperature jacket.
 The tube and jacket are then
inverted. Which effectively
placed the ball at the top of
inner glass tube.
 The time for the ball to fall
between two marks is accurately
measured and repeated several
time.
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WORKING

22.  Viscous drag on body = force responsible for the downward
movement, thus :
3пηdv = п/6d³g x Ps – P1
where,
D = diameter of the sphere
g = acceleration due to gravity
v = terminal velocity
Ps = density of sphere
P1= density of liquid
by rearranging formula :
η = d²g ( Ps – p1 ) / 18v
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FORMULA

23.  HOEPPLER BALL VISCOMETER:
It is a falling ball instrument which uses a short , nearly
vertical glass tube of large diameter and closely fitting ball
of either steel or glass.
The sample and the ball are loaded into the inner cylinder
and brought to the temperature of measurement by means
of a constant temperature outer jacket.
The loading pin is released and the apparatus is inverted to
place the ball in the initial stating position .
The time for the ball to transverse the distance between
two marks is measured
A minimum 30 sec time is used for best result.
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EXAMPLE

24.  Rising sphere viscometer is also
named as Rheometer.
 It is an important instrument to
study the yield value of Non –
Newtonian systems.
 In it 1.9 cm diameter stainless
steel sphere connected to a strain
gauze via a platinum-rhodium wire
is lifted through the material under
test at a very slow rate by a motor
driven arm.
 The shearing stress caused by
strain in the gel structure is
recorded continuously.
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RISING SPHERE VISCOMETER

25. ADVANTAGES
High shear devices,
This is incredibly
important when
dealing with non-
Newtonian fluids
which includes most
of the fluids used in
printing and coating
today.
DISADVANTAGES
Can be maintenance
intensive
Can be parts intensive
Replacement parts can
be costly
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FALLING & RISING BODY APPARATUS

26. INTRODUCTION:
These viscometers are suitable for both
Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems.
Amongst the most widely used meter
PRINCIPLE:
Based on the principle that the fluid
whose viscosity is being measured is
sheared between two surfaces .In these
viscometer one of the surface is stationary
and other is rotated by an external drive
and fluid fills the space in between .The
measurements are conducted by Appling
either a constant torque and measuring the
changes in the speed of rotation or applying
a constant speed and measuring the
changes in the torque .
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ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER

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TYPES
Cup and
bob
viscometer
Searle type
viscometer
Stormer
viscometer
Brookfield
viscometer
Couette
type
viscometer
MacMicheal
viscometer
Cone and
Plate
viscometer

28. It is consist of two coaxial
cylinders of different
diameters.
The outer cylinder forms
the cup into which the inner
cylinder or bob is fixed
centrally.
The torque set up in the bob
is measured in terms of
angular deflection Q of a
pointer that exhibit on the
scale.
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CUP AND BOB VISCOMETER

29. Two types of instrument exist depending on
whether the cup or the bob rotates.
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TYPES
Couette type
viscometer
Searle type
viscometer

30. In this the cup is rotated and
the viscous drag on the bob
produced by the liquid
results in a torque which is
proportional to the viscosity
of the liquid.
Example:
MacMichael viscometer
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COUETTE TYPE VISCOMETER

31. η=KM/w
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FORMULA

32. In searle type viscometer, the bob is rotated
while the cup is held stationary.
Examples:
Stormer viscometer
Brookfield viscometer
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SEARLE TYPE VISCOMETER

33. η=kv w/v
Where
Kv =instrument constant
W=weight in gram
V=rpm generated due to w
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FORMULA

34.  A cone-plate is precise torque meter which driven as discrete
rotational speed.
 The torque measuring system which consist of a calibrated
beryllium copper spring connecting the driven mechanism to
rotating cone, sense of resistance to rotation caused by
presence of sample fluid between the cone and stationary flat
plate.
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CONE AND PLATE VISCOMETER

35. Viscosity in pioses of a Newtonian liq. Is
calculated by eq.
h=CT/v
Where
C is an instrument constant
V=speed of cone in revolution/min
T=torqe reading 35
FORMULA

36. ADVANTAGES
Can measure viscosities
of opaque, settling, or
non-Newtonian fluids.
Useful for characterizing
shear- thinning and time-
dependent behavior.
Speed of the rotating part
easily adjusted.
Often linked to
computers for semi-
automated measurement.
DISADVANTAGES
Can be relatively
expensive.
Often large and not
portable.
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ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER

37. Vibrational viscometers
Bubble viscometers
Oscillating viscometers
Orifice viscometers.
Stabinger Viscometers
Electromagnetically spinning sphere
viscometer (EMSV)
Rectangular-slit viscometers
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OTHER TYPES OF VISCOMETERS

38. PHYSICAL PHARMACY BY AGARWAL
KHANNA
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REFERENCE

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