1. The document discusses comprehension, which is defined as a passage used to test students' ability to understand content and infer meanings.
2. It describes three levels of comprehension: literal, interpretive, and applied. Literal involves facts and details, interpretive involves inferences and reading between lines, and applied involves analysis and synthesis.
3. The document emphasizes the importance of comprehension for academic and professional success, as it allows students to construct meaning from text, master complex concepts, and accurately interpret written information.
The SQ3R method is an active reading strategy which helps you to: remember what you read; identify and summarise key themes; check your understanding of the content; and take effective notes.
Reading comprehension is the ability to process text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. The purpose of reading is comprehension — getting meaning from written text. ... A major goal of reading comprehension instruction, therefore, is to help students develop the knowledge, skills, and experiences they must have if they are to become competent and enthusiastic readers.
The SQ3R method is an active reading strategy which helps you to: remember what you read; identify and summarise key themes; check your understanding of the content; and take effective notes.
Reading comprehension is the ability to process text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. The purpose of reading is comprehension — getting meaning from written text. ... A major goal of reading comprehension instruction, therefore, is to help students develop the knowledge, skills, and experiences they must have if they are to become competent and enthusiastic readers.
Here you will find; What is Reading skill? What is the Purpose of reading? Obstacles (barriers) of effective reading. Techniques of effective reading. Strategies of reading. Methods of reading. Types of reading.
Speaking, Writing, and Listening skills, it is one among the four primary language learning skills. So, it is looking at a collection of written symbols and deriving meaning from them. When we read, our brains translate the written symbols/letters, punctuation, and spaces that our eyes see into words, sentences, and paragraphs that make sense to us. We can read aloud or silently (in our heads).
Basic reading skills include the ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds in language; to identify printed letters and their associated sounds; to decode written language. Phonics is a set of rules that specify the relationship between letters in the spelling of words and the sounds of spoken language
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Intro of insulin
Chemistry
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Action of insulin
Metabolic effect on insulin
Factors effect insulin secretion
Disorders related to insulin hormone
Treatment
Brand name of insulin in market
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
3. Introduction
• In our academic life , questions are
asked frequently whether they are in
the form of daily test or in exams’
paper. It seems that we “ STUDENTS”
are meant for answering the
questions.
4. • Papers are good agencies to check our ability of answering
the questions. Our paper includes one part which serves for
this purpose.
5. Definition
• In Oxford dictionary;
“It consists of a passage upon which
questions are set to test the students’
ability to understand the content of
the given text and to infer information
and meanings from it.”
6. • This part on one side is a yummy jelly for
some students but at the same time it
becomes a nightmare for others.
• So lets friends discuss the science of
Comprehension, which surely help all of
us in our academics;
7. History
• Here it is word ;
Comprehension , derived from
Latin word “Comprehensio”
that means “seizing or
capturing” .
8. 3 Levels of Comprehension
Literal
• Facts and details
• Rote Learning and Memorization
• Surface understanding
Interpretive
• Drawing inferences
• Tapping into knowledge/experience
• Reading between lines
• Making logic leaps and educated guesses
Applied
• Analyzing
• Synthesizing
• Applying
9. Importance of Comprehension
Increase effectiveness of reading and helps not only
academically but professionally also.
Comprehension construct meaning form the text.
Students cannot master complex scientific concepts without it.
Skilled readers don’t just read the text, they interact with the
text
10. Comprehension increase Reading Speed
Helps students to Ace the standardized state test
This ability help to accurately interpret and analyze written
information
It make us extract main idea and draw conclusion from text.
11. • As we know that an alphabet is a standard
set of letters that represent the phonemes
of any spoken language i.e. a
e
i
o
u
• Alphabets join in a specific way to form
meaningful words. It is single distinct
meaningful element of speech or writing.
12. The ‘word’ may have a meaning in one
context, and another meaning in other context
“ You should be fair in your studies.” “Her complex is fair .”
13. Sentence
• Whereas words join to form sentences.
Sentence contains
1. Subject
2. Predicate
• It conveys a statement, command, or question.
14. Paragraph
• Sentences join to form a Paragraph is most organized form of
writings i.e. essays paragraphs contain topic sentence
Paragraph
Para Beside
Graphein Write
15. Reading Skill is a Multipurpose Skill that deals
with other skills like
Listening
Speaking
Writing
Thinking
Communicating
16. Comparison between
Reading
1. It is multifaceted process
involving word, recognition,
comprehension, fluency and
motivation.
2. It takes long time.
3. Context may be understand or
not
Reading Skill
1. It is ability to understand
written text.
2. it takes less time.
3. Context is understood within
short time
17. 1. It consists of a passage upon which questions are asked to test the
abilities of the students .
2. To check how much they understand the text .
19. It is rapid reading assisted by key words to locate specific pieces of information
.
1- SCANNING
20. It is rapid reading focusing on TITLES , SUBTITLES AND HEADING .
2- SKIMMING
21. It aims to get a fairly accurate picture of whole presentation of ideas.
3- EXPLORATORY READING
22. Reader must get maximum understanding of main ideas and their relationship.
4- CLOSE READING
23. In it we Question , Analyze and Evaluate the text .
5- CRITICAL READING
24. In it we use Critical Thinking Skills. There is careful attention to each WORD and
its importance in relation to OTHER WORDS.
6- ANALYTICAL READING
25. It refers to comprehensive reading
program which consists of several
periods or stages.
7- DEVELOPMENTAL READING
27. These are some basic principles one must keep
in mind while attempting comprehension
passage :
• 1- Mark important points
• 2- Decide basic theme
• 3- Reread the passage and form basic ARGUMENT
PASSAGE
28. •4- Keep your brain activity
involved
•5- Make meaning out of data
•6- Approach paragraph with
confidence
<continued>
29.
30. Oxford Dictionary
Etymology Dictionary
Oakhill, J. and Chain, K.(2016) Supporting Reading Comprehension
development : From research to practice – Perspectives on language and
literacy 42 (2)
Snow, C.E, Burns, S.M, Griffin, P. Editors
Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics
Merriam-Webster
Skills by Andrew M.I ,LeeJ.D.
Tierney , R.J.(1982). Essential considerations for developing basic reading
Comprehension skills. School Physiology Review 11(3), pp. 299-305
REFERENCES
