Animal cells are the basic unit of life in animals. They are eukaryotic cells that lack a cell wall and contain a nucleus and other organelles that carry out specialized functions. Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not contain chloroplasts and must obtain nutrients from external sources. The organelles in animal cells include the mitochondria, which produce energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and other structures that help the cell carry out its functions. Animal cells are typically diploid and undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes during sexual reproduction.
Cells have several organelles that allow them to perform essential functions for life. The nucleus contains DNA and controls the cell. The mitochondria produces ATP for energy. Plant cells also contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, a cell wall, and a central vacuole. Other organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum for protein production, Golgi for packaging proteins, lysosomes for waste digestion, and ribosomes for protein synthesis. Together these organelles allow cells to obtain energy, make proteins, and reproduce themselves.
The mitochondria is a double membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that generates energy in the form of ATP through aerobic respiration. It has an outer and inner membrane that create compartments like the intermembrane space. The inner membrane folds inward forming cristae to increase surface area for oxidative phosphorylation. In addition to producing energy, mitochondria perform other functions like storing calcium, generating heat, and regulating cell growth and death. Mitochondrial diseases occur when the organelles fail to produce sufficient energy for normal cell functioning.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on cell structure and function. It begins by introducing the key points of cell theory: cells are the basic unit of life, cell structure and function are linked, and cells only arise from preexisting cells. It then discusses the diversity of cell types in the human body. The presentation goes on to describe the common features of the generalized cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It focuses on the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, emphasizing the roles of membrane lipids and proteins in transport, signaling, enzymatic reactions, and other cellular processes.
Here are the answers to the questions:
- Golgi apparatus serves as a primary packaging area for molecules that will be distributed throughout the cell.
- Ribosomes
- Spindle fibers
- Nerve cells
- Lysosomes
- Cell
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
This document describes the structure and function of organelles in animal cells. It discusses the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton including microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, centrosomes, peroxisomes, and plasma membrane. The key functions of these organelles include protein synthesis, aerobic respiration, intracellular digestion, lipid and protein transport and modification, cellular structure and movement, and cell division.
B.Sc. Biochemistry II Cellular Biochemistry Unit 2 Cellular componentsRai University
This document provides information on the ultrastructure of cells. It discusses the organelles found within eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, which contains DNA and RNA, and the nuclear envelope that surrounds it. It also describes mitochondria, which generate energy for the cell, and chloroplasts in plant cells, which use chlorophyll and photosynthesis to harness energy from sunlight. Finally, it mentions the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, which are involved in protein synthesis.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which contain organelles and a nucleus. Key components of cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on their function. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, and internal structures like the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus help transport materials within the cell.
The document provides an overview of cell biology, including the history and development of cell theory. It discusses key discoveries such as Hooke observing cells in 1665 and van Leuwenhoek observing single-celled organisms in 1673. The three main components of cell theory developed between 1838-1858 - that all organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells come from preexisting cells. The document also describes characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, examples of major cell structures like the nucleus and mitochondria, and differences between plant and animal cells.
Cells have several organelles that allow them to perform essential functions for life. The nucleus contains DNA and controls the cell. The mitochondria produces ATP for energy. Plant cells also contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, a cell wall, and a central vacuole. Other organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum for protein production, Golgi for packaging proteins, lysosomes for waste digestion, and ribosomes for protein synthesis. Together these organelles allow cells to obtain energy, make proteins, and reproduce themselves.
The mitochondria is a double membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that generates energy in the form of ATP through aerobic respiration. It has an outer and inner membrane that create compartments like the intermembrane space. The inner membrane folds inward forming cristae to increase surface area for oxidative phosphorylation. In addition to producing energy, mitochondria perform other functions like storing calcium, generating heat, and regulating cell growth and death. Mitochondrial diseases occur when the organelles fail to produce sufficient energy for normal cell functioning.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on cell structure and function. It begins by introducing the key points of cell theory: cells are the basic unit of life, cell structure and function are linked, and cells only arise from preexisting cells. It then discusses the diversity of cell types in the human body. The presentation goes on to describe the common features of the generalized cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It focuses on the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, emphasizing the roles of membrane lipids and proteins in transport, signaling, enzymatic reactions, and other cellular processes.
Here are the answers to the questions:
- Golgi apparatus serves as a primary packaging area for molecules that will be distributed throughout the cell.
- Ribosomes
- Spindle fibers
- Nerve cells
- Lysosomes
- Cell
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
This document describes the structure and function of organelles in animal cells. It discusses the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton including microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, centrosomes, peroxisomes, and plasma membrane. The key functions of these organelles include protein synthesis, aerobic respiration, intracellular digestion, lipid and protein transport and modification, cellular structure and movement, and cell division.
B.Sc. Biochemistry II Cellular Biochemistry Unit 2 Cellular componentsRai University
This document provides information on the ultrastructure of cells. It discusses the organelles found within eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, which contains DNA and RNA, and the nuclear envelope that surrounds it. It also describes mitochondria, which generate energy for the cell, and chloroplasts in plant cells, which use chlorophyll and photosynthesis to harness energy from sunlight. Finally, it mentions the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, which are involved in protein synthesis.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which contain organelles and a nucleus. Key components of cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on their function. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, and internal structures like the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus help transport materials within the cell.
The document provides an overview of cell biology, including the history and development of cell theory. It discusses key discoveries such as Hooke observing cells in 1665 and van Leuwenhoek observing single-celled organisms in 1673. The three main components of cell theory developed between 1838-1858 - that all organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells come from preexisting cells. The document also describes characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, examples of major cell structures like the nucleus and mitochondria, and differences between plant and animal cells.
At the end of this session, the student should be able to:
a. Describe the representative functional systems of the cell and discuss their potential roles.
b. Describe the types of locomotion in non-muscle cells and discuss their mechanisms.
med_students0
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the objectives of understanding cell organelles and their basic functions. It then describes the organization of the cell and various cellular components such as water, ions, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The key cellular organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes and plasma membrane are explained in terms of their structure and functions. The cell theory of biology is also mentioned.
Includes all the basic concepts about cell - morphology, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, cell organelles and its functions, methods of division and commonly encountered anomalies.
Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are essential for aerobic respiration. They have two membranes that create three distinct compartments - the outer membrane, inner membrane, and matrix. The inner membrane folds inward creating cristae where the electron transport chain is located. Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA and 37 genes. Their primary function is to produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation where nutrients are broken down and ATP is generated to power the cell.
The document summarizes cellular structures and functions. It identifies the five chief cellular functions as movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, and excretion. It then describes the structures and functions of key cellular organelles including the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and mitochondria. It also discusses plasma membrane structure and functions such as transport, protection, and cell communication.
Aim : to study cell and it's organelle with help of electron microscope.
Cells are the basic building blocks of living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells, all with their own specialised function.
Cells are the basic structures of all living organisms.
Cells provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food and carry out important functions.
Cells group together to form tissues?, which in turn group together to form organs?, such as the heart and brain.
Our cells contain a number of functional structures called organelles?.
These organelles carry out tasks such as making proteins?, processing chemicals and generating energy for the cell.
The nucleus? is based at the centre of the cell and is the ‘control room’ for the cell.
The genome? is found within the nucleus.
At the end of this session, the student should be able to:
a. Describe the organization of the cell.
b. List the membranous structures of the cell and describe briefly the structure of the cell membrane.
c. List the cellular organelles and describe briefly the functions of each.
med_students0
All cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions. Organelles common to both plant and animal cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, and vacuoles. Plant cells also contain a cell wall and chloroplasts. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. The mitochondria produces energy for the cell. Chloroplasts use sunlight to produce glucose through photosynthesis.
Cell membranes are semi-permeable bilayers that contain lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. They maintain cell shape, control movement of materials in and out of the cell, and are involved in cell signaling and communication. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and ribosomes are enclosed within the cell membrane and have specialized functions like DNA replication, ATP production, protein synthesis and modification, waste disposal, and lipid metabolism. Together, the cell membrane and organelles work cooperatively to carry out the functions necessary to sustain life.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that generate most of a cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as the source of chemical energy. Mitochondria contain a complex inner membrane system for oxidative phosphorylation that produces ATP molecules through electron transport chains. They also perform other functions such as signaling, cellular differentiation, controlling the cell cycle and growth, and regulating calcium ion concentrations. Mitochondrial disorders and dysfunction can impact human health and the aging process.
Cell structure and function can be summarized in 3 points:
1. All living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units. Cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
2. Cells can be either prokaryotic (lacking organelles) or eukaryotic (containing organelles). Eukaryotic cells, which include plants and animals, have internal structures like a nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.
3. A typical animal cell is enclosed by a cell membrane and contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes that allow the cell to carry out life functions like respiration, protein
The document provides information on various cell organelles:
1. Cell organelles include the nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and specialized structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids, and vacuoles.
2. The chloroplast is a double-membraned plastid that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis in plants.
3. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules connected to the nuclear membrane that helps synthesize lipids, modify proteins, and transport materials within the cell.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes cells as the smallest functional units of the body that are grouped together to form tissues and organs. The main parts of the cell are then outlined, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytosol, and various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Each organelle's structure and specific functions are briefly explained.
Mitochondria are organelles that produce ATP through aerobic respiration. They have an outer and inner membrane and contain DNA separate from the cell's nucleus. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis within plant cells. The endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins and lipids throughout the cell, while the Golgi body packages proteins into vesicles for transport. Lysosomes digest unwanted materials and debris, and vacuoles store waste and nutrients. Peroxisomes also contain membrane-bound enzymes and participate in metabolic processes.
This document summarizes a seminar on cell organelles presented by Dr. Simi M. The seminar covered the major cell organelles including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and ribosomes. It described the structure and functions of each organelle, highlighting their roles in processes like protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, cellular respiration, waste disposal, and more. The history of the discovery of each organelle was also briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of cell biology. It begins with an outline of topics covered, including cell structure and organelles, molecular components, properties of cells, and molecule transportation. Key points include: cells being the fundamental unit of life; the discovery of cells by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and nuclei by Robert Brown; and the cell theory developed by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. The document then discusses the structures and components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It provides details on various cell organelles and their functions, as well as biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. Finally, it covers topics such as metabolism, enzymes, and enzyme classification
The document describes the structure and functions of the major components of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It discusses how the plasma membrane regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell and links cells together. It explains that the cytoplasm contains cytosol and various organelles, such as mitochondria, which produce energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in protein synthesis and modification. The nucleus contains the genetic material and controls gene expression. Overall, the document provides an overview of the basic constituents of the cell and their roles in important cellular processes.
Biochemistry is the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level by applying principles of chemistry. It emerged in the early 20th century through combining chemistry, biology, and physiology to study living systems. Biochemistry examines the structure and behavior of complex molecules in biological material and how they interact to form cells, tissues, and whole organisms. It also studies the thousands of chemical reactions that occur in cells, how they are precisely regulated to maintain life, and the molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are common to all organisms.
cell organelles, nucleus, mitochondria, plasma memebrane,ribosomes, golgi bodies, lysosomes, chloroplast
(helpfull for B.Sc. students as well as competitions tests
This document discusses cell biology and provides information about different types of cells. It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as plant and animal cells. It outlines the key cellular components like the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and more. It also describes different cells found in the human body including stem cells, bone cells, red blood cells, muscle cells, and others; outlining their morphology and functions.
This document discusses the various cellular organelles found within plant and animal cells. It describes that cellular organelles include both membrane-bound and non-membrane bound structures that carry out specialized functions. Some key organelles and their functions mentioned include the nucleus that controls cellular activities, mitochondria that generates energy, chloroplasts and plastids involved in photosynthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum for transport, and ribosomes for protein synthesis. The document provides detailed information on the structure and role of these essential intracellular components.
At the end of this session, the student should be able to:
a. Describe the representative functional systems of the cell and discuss their potential roles.
b. Describe the types of locomotion in non-muscle cells and discuss their mechanisms.
med_students0
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the objectives of understanding cell organelles and their basic functions. It then describes the organization of the cell and various cellular components such as water, ions, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The key cellular organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes and plasma membrane are explained in terms of their structure and functions. The cell theory of biology is also mentioned.
Includes all the basic concepts about cell - morphology, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, cell organelles and its functions, methods of division and commonly encountered anomalies.
Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are essential for aerobic respiration. They have two membranes that create three distinct compartments - the outer membrane, inner membrane, and matrix. The inner membrane folds inward creating cristae where the electron transport chain is located. Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA and 37 genes. Their primary function is to produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation where nutrients are broken down and ATP is generated to power the cell.
The document summarizes cellular structures and functions. It identifies the five chief cellular functions as movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, and excretion. It then describes the structures and functions of key cellular organelles including the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and mitochondria. It also discusses plasma membrane structure and functions such as transport, protection, and cell communication.
Aim : to study cell and it's organelle with help of electron microscope.
Cells are the basic building blocks of living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells, all with their own specialised function.
Cells are the basic structures of all living organisms.
Cells provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food and carry out important functions.
Cells group together to form tissues?, which in turn group together to form organs?, such as the heart and brain.
Our cells contain a number of functional structures called organelles?.
These organelles carry out tasks such as making proteins?, processing chemicals and generating energy for the cell.
The nucleus? is based at the centre of the cell and is the ‘control room’ for the cell.
The genome? is found within the nucleus.
At the end of this session, the student should be able to:
a. Describe the organization of the cell.
b. List the membranous structures of the cell and describe briefly the structure of the cell membrane.
c. List the cellular organelles and describe briefly the functions of each.
med_students0
All cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions. Organelles common to both plant and animal cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, and vacuoles. Plant cells also contain a cell wall and chloroplasts. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell. The mitochondria produces energy for the cell. Chloroplasts use sunlight to produce glucose through photosynthesis.
Cell membranes are semi-permeable bilayers that contain lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. They maintain cell shape, control movement of materials in and out of the cell, and are involved in cell signaling and communication. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and ribosomes are enclosed within the cell membrane and have specialized functions like DNA replication, ATP production, protein synthesis and modification, waste disposal, and lipid metabolism. Together, the cell membrane and organelles work cooperatively to carry out the functions necessary to sustain life.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that generate most of a cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as the source of chemical energy. Mitochondria contain a complex inner membrane system for oxidative phosphorylation that produces ATP molecules through electron transport chains. They also perform other functions such as signaling, cellular differentiation, controlling the cell cycle and growth, and regulating calcium ion concentrations. Mitochondrial disorders and dysfunction can impact human health and the aging process.
Cell structure and function can be summarized in 3 points:
1. All living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units. Cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
2. Cells can be either prokaryotic (lacking organelles) or eukaryotic (containing organelles). Eukaryotic cells, which include plants and animals, have internal structures like a nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.
3. A typical animal cell is enclosed by a cell membrane and contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes that allow the cell to carry out life functions like respiration, protein
The document provides information on various cell organelles:
1. Cell organelles include the nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and specialized structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids, and vacuoles.
2. The chloroplast is a double-membraned plastid that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis in plants.
3. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules connected to the nuclear membrane that helps synthesize lipids, modify proteins, and transport materials within the cell.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes cells as the smallest functional units of the body that are grouped together to form tissues and organs. The main parts of the cell are then outlined, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytosol, and various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Each organelle's structure and specific functions are briefly explained.
Mitochondria are organelles that produce ATP through aerobic respiration. They have an outer and inner membrane and contain DNA separate from the cell's nucleus. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis within plant cells. The endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins and lipids throughout the cell, while the Golgi body packages proteins into vesicles for transport. Lysosomes digest unwanted materials and debris, and vacuoles store waste and nutrients. Peroxisomes also contain membrane-bound enzymes and participate in metabolic processes.
This document summarizes a seminar on cell organelles presented by Dr. Simi M. The seminar covered the major cell organelles including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and ribosomes. It described the structure and functions of each organelle, highlighting their roles in processes like protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, cellular respiration, waste disposal, and more. The history of the discovery of each organelle was also briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of cell biology. It begins with an outline of topics covered, including cell structure and organelles, molecular components, properties of cells, and molecule transportation. Key points include: cells being the fundamental unit of life; the discovery of cells by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and nuclei by Robert Brown; and the cell theory developed by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. The document then discusses the structures and components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It provides details on various cell organelles and their functions, as well as biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. Finally, it covers topics such as metabolism, enzymes, and enzyme classification
The document describes the structure and functions of the major components of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It discusses how the plasma membrane regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell and links cells together. It explains that the cytoplasm contains cytosol and various organelles, such as mitochondria, which produce energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in protein synthesis and modification. The nucleus contains the genetic material and controls gene expression. Overall, the document provides an overview of the basic constituents of the cell and their roles in important cellular processes.
Biochemistry is the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level by applying principles of chemistry. It emerged in the early 20th century through combining chemistry, biology, and physiology to study living systems. Biochemistry examines the structure and behavior of complex molecules in biological material and how they interact to form cells, tissues, and whole organisms. It also studies the thousands of chemical reactions that occur in cells, how they are precisely regulated to maintain life, and the molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are common to all organisms.
cell organelles, nucleus, mitochondria, plasma memebrane,ribosomes, golgi bodies, lysosomes, chloroplast
(helpfull for B.Sc. students as well as competitions tests
This document discusses cell biology and provides information about different types of cells. It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as plant and animal cells. It outlines the key cellular components like the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and more. It also describes different cells found in the human body including stem cells, bone cells, red blood cells, muscle cells, and others; outlining their morphology and functions.
This document discusses the various cellular organelles found within plant and animal cells. It describes that cellular organelles include both membrane-bound and non-membrane bound structures that carry out specialized functions. Some key organelles and their functions mentioned include the nucleus that controls cellular activities, mitochondria that generates energy, chloroplasts and plastids involved in photosynthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum for transport, and ribosomes for protein synthesis. The document provides detailed information on the structure and role of these essential intracellular components.
The document summarizes the ultrastructure of plant cells by describing several key organelles and their functions. It discusses the cell wall, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, plastids, mitochondria, and ribosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum is divided into rough and smooth types, with rough ER involved in protein synthesis and smooth ER producing lipids. Plastids include leucoplasts, chloroplasts, and chromoplasts. Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis while chromoplasts produce pigments. Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration. Ribosomes assemble amino acids to form proteins.
Cell: The cell is the ultimate structural and functional unit of the body.
The three principal constituents of the cell are:
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm and its organelles
3. Nucleus
This document summarizes the organelles found in eukaryotic cells and their functions. It describes the nucleus, which controls the cell and stores DNA; the cytoplasm, where most chemical reactions occur; the cell membrane, which regulates what enters and exits the cell; and other organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, centrioles, cytoskeleton, cilia, and flagella. Each organelle has a specific structure and role in the cell.
This document provides an overview of cellular structure and function. It begins with definitions of the cell and its components, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. It then discusses cellular transport mechanisms, both passive (diffusion, osmosis, filtration) and active. The functions of the cell are outlined, including structure, growth, transport, energy production and metabolism. Finally, it briefly describes the four main types of cell junctions - tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions.
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells or cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.
DNA in animal cells is housed within the nucleus.
In addition to having nucleus animal cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles.
Organelles have a wide range of responsibilities that include everything from producing hormones and enzymes to providing energy for animal cells.
All living things are made up of cells that make up their body structure. Some of these living things are single-celled and other organisms are made up of more than one cell.
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It defines the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. The modern cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, all cells come from preexisting cells, and all cells contain DNA. The document then describes key aspects of cell structure, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It also summarizes several important cell functions such as transport, digestion, synthesis of cellular structures, energy production, and movement.
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It discusses the characteristics and components of both cell types. Prokaryotic cells lack organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria, while eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles. The document compares the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and explains their differences.
This document provides information on the structure and functions of various cell organelles. It describes the key components of organelles like the cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, endosomes, Golgi apparatus, intermediate filaments, lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes and their roles in cellular processes.
- Cells are the basic functional units of the human body and come in many shapes and sizes.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
- Eukaryotic cells, like human cells, are more complex and contain membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalize functions. The main organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plasma membrane.
All organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic unit of life. Most cells are small, around 1-10 micrometers, and can only be seen under a microscope. Cells come in various shapes and sizes and perform specialized functions. They contain organelles that carry out different tasks to keep the cell functioning. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cellular activities, while other organelles like mitochondria produce energy and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus modify and transport cellular products.
The document summarizes key organelles and structures found within eukaryotic cells, including:
1) The cytosol is the jelly-like material within the cell cytoplasm with dissolved substances like amino acids.
2) The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and controls the cell. Inside is the nucleolus which makes ribosomes.
3) Mitochondria convert food into ATP for energy in most eukaryotic cells, with more in muscle cells. They have inner and outer membranes.
4) The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids, with ribosomes on the rough ER and no ribosomes on the smooth ER.
This provides a high-level overview of
This document provides information about the structure and components of an animal cell. It discusses that animal cells are eukaryotic cells that contain organelles enclosed within membranes. It then describes the main organelles of an animal cell including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and others. It explains the structure and functions of each organelle.
The cytoplasm contains organelles and particles suspended in cytosol. Five important organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids, and transports substances to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi processes and packages substances into vesicles. Lysosomes digest unwanted material. Mitochondria generate energy. Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and detoxify alcohol. A cell membrane and nucleus provide structure and control cell activities.
The document discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains that prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a membrane as well as various intracellular organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. The document also covers cell transport mechanisms, including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport which uses ATP.
Antibiotics are drugs that kill or disable bacteria. Most are naturally produced by microorganisms and work by binding to structures in bacterial cells. Light microscopes use visible light while electron microscopes use electron beams, allowing them to view cell structures at higher magnifications. Cells were first observed in 1665 and it is now known that all living things are composed of cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells found in plants and animals.
AS Biology, Unit 1 (Module 1) notes (OCR)Paige Cavey
This presentation features key notes and diagrams from the unit 1, module 1 of AS biology. These notes have been mad heavily using OCR text books, however other sources have been used.
Similar to All about cells !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (20)
The document discusses factors that influence health at both the personal and community level. It explains that personal health is influenced by genetics and environment, including hygiene, sanitation, and socioeconomic conditions, while community health also depends on access to healthcare services, health education, and disease prevention efforts. Both personal and community health factors can impact whether individuals fall ill or remain healthy. The document also provides definitions and comparisons of key health-related terms like disease, acute vs chronic conditions, communicable vs non-communicable diseases, and their typical causes.
Euclid was a Greek mathematician from Alexandria known as the "Father of Geometry". His influential work Elements laid out the principles of geometry and served as the main geometry textbook from its publication until the 19th century. Elements deduced geometric principles from a small set of axioms and also covered number theory. Euclid wrote extensively on geometry, including dimensions, angles, curves, and shapes in two and three dimensions. He also wrote works on optics, perspective, and conic sections that investigated the apparent sizes of objects at different distances and angles.
Euclid's Geometry is a foundational work in mathematics focused on geometry. It begins with definitions of basic terms like point, line, and plane. Euclid then states postulates and axioms which include that equals added to equals are equal and that the whole is greater than the part. Using these axioms and deductive reasoning, Euclid proves 465 theorems over 13 books, addressing topics like plane geometry, number theory, and solid geometry. The work had a major influence on mathematics for over 2000 years.
This document discusses exponents and their meanings. Some key points covered include:
- Exponents indicate the number of times a base is multiplied by itself. For example, 46 means 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4.
- As exponents get smaller, the answer gets smaller. For example, 24 = 16, 23 = 8, 22 = 4, 21 = 2, 20 = 1.
- Expressions with exponents can be evaluated by performing the multiplication indicated by the exponent. For example, 43 = 4 x 4 x 4 = 64.
- There is a difference between an expression and an equation - an expression is a mathematical phrase while an equation includes an equal sign and states that two expressions are
The document discusses how exponential growth and decay occur in many natural and man-made systems. It provides examples of exponential growth such as population growth, fuel consumption, smartphone usage, and viral spreading. Exponential decay is seen in sound intensity, light intensity, radioactive waste, and tennis tournament brackets. Exponential functions are used to model these rapidly increasing or decreasing phenomena characterized by growth/decay rates that compound over time.
This document defines integers and integer operations. It discusses:
- Integers are positive or negative whole numbers including 0.
- The four integer operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
- Rules for adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing integers determine whether the result is positive or negative based on the signs of the integers.
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All about human brain !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! bestarivuselvi3
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The document discusses various cell organelles and their functions. It describes that the cell nucleus contains the genetic material and controls the cell. The nucleus houses the nucleolus. Other organelles discussed include the endoplasmic reticulum, which transports proteins; ribosomes, which synthesize proteins; the Golgi apparatus, which processes and packages substances; lysosomes, which digest unwanted material; mitochondria, which produce energy; and their discoverers. Fun facts are provided about DNA, the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and mitochondria.
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
All about cells !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1. THE CELL
BASIC UNIT OF LIFE IN ORGANISMS
DR. HIMANI SINGH, M.Sc., Ph.D (BIOTECHNOLOGY)
2.
3. DEFINITION:- “An animal cell is a type of eukaryotic cell that lacks a cell wall and has
a true, membrane-bound nucleus along with other cellular organelles.”
ANIMAL CELL OVERVIEW:-
• Animals, fungi, and protists all have eukaryotic cells, Eukaryotic cells are
distinguished by the presence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound
organelles.
• Animal cells, do not have a cell wall. Instead, multicellular animals have
a skeleton which provides support for their tissues and organs. Likewise,
animal cells also lack the chloroplasts.
• Animal cells are considered heterotrophic, this means animal cells must
obtain nutrients from other sources, by eating plant cells or other animal
cells.
• All eukaryotic cells, animal cells have mitochondria. These organelles are
used to create ATP from various sources of energy including carbohydrates,
fats, and proteins.
• Besides mitochondria, many other organelles are found within animal cells
which help them carry out the many functions required for life (Nucleus ,
ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, lysosomes,
peroxisomes)
• Most animal cells are diploid, meaning that their chromosomes exist in
homologous pairs. In sexual reproduction, the cellular process
of meiosis is first necessary so that haploid daughter cells, or gametes, can
be produced. Two haploid cells then fuse to form a diploid zygote, which
develops into a new organism as its cells divide and multiply.
5. • Plant cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae.
They are eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus along with
specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions.
Plant cells have special organelles called chloroplasts which create sugars
via photosynthesis.
• Plant cells are differentiated from the cells of other organisms by their cell
walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuole. The chloroplasts within plant cells
can undergo photosynthesis, to produce glucose. In doing so, the cells
use carbon dioxide and they release oxygen.
• Plants are considered autotrophic because they produce their own food
and do not have to consume any other organisms. Specifically, plant cells
are photoautotrophic because they use light energy from the sun to
produce glucose.
• The other components of a plant cell, the cell wall and central vacuole,
work together to give the cell rigidity. The plant cell will store water in the
central vacuole, which expands the vacuole into the sides of the cell. The
cell wall then pushes against the walls of other cells, creating a force
known as turgor pressure.
• Turgor pressure between cells allows plants to grow tall and reach more
sunlight.
6. NUCLEUS
• The nucleus contains a cell’s deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA), its genetic material. DNA contains
instructions for making proteins, which controls all
of the body’s activities.
• In the nucleus, DNA is tightly winded around
histones, which are proteins, to form structures
called chromosomes. The nucleus regulates
which genes are expressed in the cell, which
controls the cell’s activity and functioning
and will be different depending on the type of
cell.
• DNA is located in the nucleolus region of the
nucleus, where ribosomes are made. The
nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope
(also called nuclear membrane), which separates
it from the rest of the cell.
• The nucleus also regulates the growth and
division of the cell. When the cell is preparing to
divide during mitosis, the chromosomes in the
nucleus duplicate and separate, and
two daughter cells are formed.
• Organelles called centrosomes help organize
DNA during cell division. Cells usually have one
nucleus each.
7. PLASMA MEMBRANE
• All living cells have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents. In prokaryotes, the membrane
is the inner layer of protection surrounded by a rigid cell wall. Eukaryotic animal cells have only the
membrane to contain and protect their contents. These membranes also regulate the passage of
molecules in and out of the cells.
• The plasma membrane separates the interior of the cell from the extracellular environment. Its
predominant components are proteins and lipids, the fundamental structure of the membrane is
the phospholipid bilayer, plasma membranes consist of approximately 50% lipid and 50% protein by
weight, with the carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins constituting 5 to 10% of the
membrane mass.
• The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, In bacterial and plant cells, a cell wall is
attached to the plasma membrane on its outside surface.
8. GOLGI APPARATUS
• The Golgi apparatus, also called the Golgi complex or Golgi body, is also made up of
cisternae, but the cisternae are not interconnected like those of the ER. The Golgi
apparatus receives proteins from the ER and folds, sorts, and packages these proteins
into vesicles.
• It resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. It is of
particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set
of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins
move through the apparatus.
• It was identified in 1897 by the Italian scientist Camillo Golgi and was named after him in
1898
Synthesis of golgi bodies
9. MITOCHONDRIA
• The process of cellular respiration occurs in
the mitochondria. During this process, sugars
and fats are broken down and energy is released
in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP
powers all cellular processes, and mitochondria
produce a cell’s ATP, so mitochondria
are commonly known as “the powerhouse of
the cell”.
• It has a double membrane, the inner part being
folded inwards to form layers (cristae).
• Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and
3 μm² in area but vary considerably in size and
structure
• In addition to supplying cellular energy,
mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such
as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell
death, as well as maintaining control of the cell
cycle and cell growth.
• The first observations of intracellular structures
that probably represented mitochondria were
published in the 1840s. Richard Altmann, in
1890, established them as cell organelles and
called them "bioblasts".The term "mitochondria"
was coined by Carl Benda in 1898.
10. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous sacs called cisternae that
branches off from the outer nuclear membrane. It modifies and transports proteins that are
made by ribosomes. There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum, smooth and
rough. Rough ER has ribosomes attached. Smooth ER does not have ribosomes attached
and has functions in making lipids and steroid hormones and removing toxic substances.
11. RIBOSOMES
• Ribosomes are where proteins are synthesized. They are found within all cells, including
animal cells. In the nucleus, a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein is copied
onto a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) chain. The mRNA chain travels to
the ribosome via transfer RNA (tRNA), and its sequence is used to determine the
correct placement of amino acids in a chain that makes up the protein. In animal cells,
ribosomes can be found freely in a cell’s cytoplasm, or attached to membranes of
the endoplasmic reticulum.
• FUNCTION: Ribosomes are a cell structure that makes protein. Protein is needed for
many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes. Ribosomes
can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
12. PEROXISOMES
• Peroxisome is a membrane-
bound organelle (formerly known as
a microbody), found in the cytoplasm of
virtually all eukaryotic cells. Peroxisomes are
oxidative organelles. Frequently, molecular
oxygen serves as a co-substrate, from
which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is then
formed. Peroxisomes owe their name to
hydrogen peroxide generating and
scavenging activities. They perform key roles
in lipid metabolism and the conversion
of reactive oxygen species.
LYSOSOMES
The main function of these microbodies is
digestion. Lysosomes break down cellular
waste products and debris from outside the
cell into simple compounds, which are
transferred to the cytoplasm as new cell-
building materials.
13. MICROFILAMENTS
•Microfilaments are solid rods made
of globular proteins called actin.
•Microfilaments, also called actin
filaments, are protein filaments in
the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
that form part of the cytoskeleton.
• Microfilaments are usually about
7 nm in diameter and made up of
two strands of actin.
•Microfilament functions include
cytokinesis, amoeboid movement,
cell motility, changes in cell shape,
endocytosis and exocytosis, cell
contractility, and mechanical
stability
MICROTUBULES
•Microtubules are major
components of the cytoskeleton.
They are found in all eukaryotic
cells, and they are involved in
mitosis, cell motility, intracellular
transport, and maintenance of cell
shape.
•Microtubules are composed of
alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits
assembled into linear protofilaments.
•Microtubules can grow as long as 50
micrometres and are highly dynamic.
The outer diameter of a microtubule
is between 23 and 27 nm while the
inner diameter is between 11 and 15
nm
14. CILIA AND FLAGELLA:- For single-celled eukaryotes, cilia and flagella are essential
for the locomotion of individual organisms. In multicellular organisms, cilia function
to move fluid or materials past an immobile cell as well as moving a cell or group of
cells.
ENDOSOMES AND ENDOCYTOSIS:- Endosomes are membrane-bound vesicles,
formed via a complex family of processes collectively known as endocytosis, and
found in the cytoplasm of virtually every animal cell. The basic mechanism of
endocytosis is the reverse of what occurs during exocytosis or cellular secretion. It
involves the invagination (folding inward) of a cell's plasma membrane to surround
macromolecules or other matter diffusing through the extracellular fluid.
15. CENTRIOLES
•Centrioles are cylindrical, self-replicating organelles composed mainly of a protein called
tubulin made up of microtubules and Centrioles are found in most eukaryotic cells. They
appear to help in organizing cell division.
•A bound pair of centrioles, surrounded by a shapeless mass of dense material, called the
pericentriolar material, makes up a structure called a centrosome
16. INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
•Intermediate filaments are one of three types of cytoskeletal elements. The other
two are thin filaments (actin) and microtubules. Frequently the three components
work together to enhance both structural integrity, cell shape, and cell and
organelle motility. Intermediate filaments are stable, durable.
•Ranging in size from 8 to 12 nanometers
17. VESICLES
Vesicles are small spheres of a lipid bilayer,
which also makes up the cell’s outer
membrane. They are used for transporting
molecules throughout the cell from one
organelle to another and are also involved
in metabolism. Specialized vesicles called
lysosomes contain enzymes that digest large
molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, and
proteins into smaller ones so that they can be
used by the cell.
CYTOSOL
The cytosol is the liquid contained within cells. Cytosol and all the organelles within
it, except for the nucleus, are collectively referred to as a cell’s
cytoplasm. This solution is mostly made of water, but also contains ions like
potassium, proteins, and small molecules. The pH is generally neutral, around 7.
CYTOSKELETON
The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and tubules found throughout the
cytoplasm of the cell. It has many functions: it gives the cell shape, provides
strength, stabilizes tissues, anchors organelles within the cell, and has a role in cell
signaling. There are three types of cytoskeletal filaments: microfilaments,
microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Microfilaments are the smallest, while
microtubules are the biggest.
18. ANIMAL CELLS FUNCTION
• Cells carry out all the processes of the body including producing and storing energy,
making proteins, replicating the DNA, and transportation of molecules through the
body. Cells are highly specialized to carry out specific tasks. For example,
the heart has cardiac muscle cells that beat in unison. Digestive tract cells have
cilia, which are finger-like projections that increase surface area for the absorption
of nutrients during digestion. Each cell type has the organelles suited to its
particular task.
• There are over 200 different types of cells in the human body. Red blood cells
contain hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen, and they have no nuclei; this
is a specialization that allows each red blood cell to carry as much oxygen within it
as possible.
• Multiple cells form tissues. These groups of cells carry out a specific function. In
turn, groups of similar tissues form the body’s organs, such as the brain,
lungs, and heart. Organs work together in organ systems, like the nervous
system, digestive system, and circulatory system. Organ systems vary depending
on the species.
• For example, insects have open circulatory systems, where blood is pumped
directly into body cavities and surrounds their tissues. Vertebrates such as fish,
mammals, and birds, on the other hand, have closed circulatory systems. Their
blood is enclosed within blood vessels where it travels to target tissues. In this way,
19. PLANT CELL
CHLOROPLASTS
• Chloroplasts are found only in plant
and algae cells. These organelles carry out the
process of photosynthesis, where the
photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures
the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in
the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADP while
freeing oxygen from water in plant and algal cells.
They then use the ATP and NADPH to make
organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process
known as the Calvin cycle.
• Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions,
including fatty acid synthesis, much amino
acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants.
• They are oval-shaped and have two membranes:
an outer membrane, which forms the external
surface of the chloroplast, and an inner membrane
that lies just beneath. Between the outer and inner
membrane is a thin intermembrane space about 10-
20 nanometers wide. Within the other membrane,
there is another space called the stroma, which is
where chloroplasts are contained.
• Chloroplasts themselves contain many flattened
disks called thylakoids, and these have a high
concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoids, which
capture light energy. The molecule chlorophyll also
gives plants their green color. Thylakoids are
stacked on top of one another in vascular plants in
20. CELL WALL
The cell wall is a tough layer found on the outside of the plant cell that gives it strength and also
maintains high turgidity. In plants, the cell wall contains mainly cellulose, along with other
molecules like hemicellulose, pectin, and lignins. The composition of the plant cell wall
differentiates it from the cell walls of other organisms.
For example, fungi cell walls contain chitin, and bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, and
these substances are not found in plants. The main difference between plant and animal
cells is that plant cells have a cell wall while animal cells do not. Plant cells have a primary
cell wall, which is a flexible layer formed on the outside of a growing plant cell, and a secondary
cell wall, a tough, thick layer formed inside the primary plant cell wall when the cell is mature.
21. VACUOLES
• Plant cells are unique in that they have a large central vacuole. A vacuole is a small sphere
of plasma membrane within the cell that can contain fluid, ions, and other
molecules. Vacuoles are basically large vesicles. They can be found in the cells of many
different organisms, but plant cells characteristically have a large vacuole that can take up
anywhere from 30-80 percent of the cell.
• The central vacuole of a plant cell helps maintain its turgor pressure, which is the pressure of
the contents of the cell pushing against the cell wall. A plant thrives best when its cells have
high turgidity, and this occurs when the central vacuole is full of water. If turgor pressure in
the plants decreases, the plants begin to wilt. Plant cells fare best in hypotonic solutions,
where there is more water in the environment than in the cell; under these conditions, water
rushes into the cell by osmosis , and turgidity is high.
• Animal cells, on the other hand, can lyse if too much water rushes in; they fare better
in isotonic solutions, where the concentration of solutes in the cell and in the environment is
equal and net movement of water in and out of the cell is the same.
22. PLANT CELL TYPES
There are five types of plant cells, each with
different functions:
Parenchyma cells are the majority of cells in a
plant. They are found in leaves and carry out
photosynthesis and cellular respiration, along with
other metabolic processes. They also store
substances like starches and proteins and have a
role in plant wound repair.
Collenchyma cells provide support to growing
parts of a plant. They are elongated, have thick
cell walls, and can grow and change shape as a
plant grows.
Sclerenchyma cells are hard cells that are the
main supporting cells in the areas of a plant that
have ceased growing. Sclerenchyma cells are
dead and have very thick cell walls.
Xylem cells transport mostly water and a few
nutrients throughout a plant, from the roots to the
stem and leaves.
Phloem cells transport nutrients made during
photosynthesis to all parts of a plant. They
transport sap, which is a watery solution high in
sugars.
23. PLANT CELL FUNCTIONS
Plant cells are the basic building block of plant life, and they carry out all of the functions
necessary for survival. Photosynthesis, the making of food from light energy, carbon dioxide,
and water, occurs in the chloroplasts of the cell. The energy molecule adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) is produced through cellular respiration in the mitochondria.
24. EMAIL ID : himanisinghbt@gmail.com
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