1. Cell Structure &
Organisation

2. Chapter Outline
(a) identify cell structures (including organelles) of typical
plant and animal cells from diagrams,
photomicrographs and as seen under the light
microscope using prepared slides and fresh material
treated with an appropriate temporary staining
technique:
• chloroplasts
• cell membrane
• cell wall
• cytoplasm
• cell vacuoles
• nucleus

3. Chapter Outline
(b) identify the following organelles from diagrams and
electronmicrographs:
• mitochondria
• ribosomes
(c) state the functions of the organelles identified
above
(d) compare the structure of typical animal and plant
cells

4. Chapter Outline
(e) state, in simple terms, the relationship between
cell function and cell structure for the following:
• absorption – root hair cells
• conduction and support – xylem vessels
• transport of oxygen – red blood cells
(f) differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system

5. What is a cell?
• Building blocks of life
• Simplest units of life
• Chemical reactions in the cell keeps us
alive

6. Cells
Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells

7. Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells

8. Other Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell

9. Cells
What does a cell consists of?
Each living cell consists of living material called
protoplasm.
Protoplasm:
• Water makes up 70% of protoplasm
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Fats

10. Protoplasm
1) Cell Surface Membrane
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleus

11. Cell Structures in Plant
and Animal Cells
• nucleus
• cytoplasm
• cell membrane
• cell wall
• cell vacuoles
• ribosomes
• mitochondria
• chloroplasts

12. Animal and Plant Cells
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Cell Structure and Function:
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

13. Animal Cell

14. Animal Cell

15. Cell Surface Membrane
• Surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell
• Partially permeable membrane
– Allows some substances but not all to move in
and out of the cell

16. Cytoplasm
• Between the cell surface membrane and the nucleus
• Contains enzymes and organelles

17. Nucleus
• Surrounded by a membrane
called the nuclear
envelope
• Contains one or more
nucleoli
• Contains chromatin
Functions of the nucleus:
1. Controls cell activities such as
cell growth and the repair of
worn-out parts
2. Essential for cell division
Nucleolus

18. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes
• Chloroplasts (only in plant cells)
• Cell vacuoles

19. Mitochondria
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria
• Energy production
• Energy used to perform cell activities such as
growth and reproduction

20. Ribosomes
• Required for protein synthesis in the cell

21. Vacuoles in Animal Cells
• A vacuole is a fluid-filled space
enclosed by a membrane
• Animal cells have many small
vacuoles that contain water and food
substances such as proteins and
carbohydrates

22. Pop Quiz!
Label and identify the diagram
D A
E B
F
C

23. Plant Cell
Plant Cells:
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

24. Plant Cell

25. Differences Between Animal
and Plant Cells
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Cell wall absent Cell wall present
Chloroplasts absent Chloroplasts present
Vacuoles are small, Vacuoles are large, sap-
temporary in animal cells filled in plant cells

26. Cell Wall
• Surrounds the cell surface
membrane
• Cell wall is made of
cellulose
• Protects the cell from injury
• Gives the plant cell a fixed
shape
• Cell wall is fully permeable

27. Chloroplasts
• Found only in plant
cells
• Chloroplasts contain a
green pigment called
chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll is essential
for photosynthesis, the
process by which plants
make food

28. Vacuoles in Plant Cells
• Plant cells usually have
a large central vacuole
which contains a liquid
called cell sap
• Cell sap contains
dissolved substances
such as sugars, mineral
salts and amino acids

29. Pop Quiz!
Label and identify the diagram
A
D B
E C
F

31. Specialised Cells
Red Blood Cell Sperm Cell
Nerve Cell
Root Hair Cell
Egg Cell

32. Cell Differentiation
The process by which cells develop special
structures or lose certain structures to
enable them to carry out specific functions.
Hence, cells become differentiated to form
specialised cells.
The structure of each cell is adapted to
perform the specific functions of the cell.

33. Cell Differentiation

34. How is cell structure
related to cell function?
1) Red Blood Cell
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Contains haemoglobin Haemoglobin transports
oxygen from the lungs to
all parts of the body.
No nucleus Carry more haemoglobin
which leads to increased
transport of oxygen.
Circular biconcave shape Increased surface area
to volume ratio of the
cell. Hence, increased
transport of oxygen.

35. How is cell structure
related to cell function?
2) Xylem Vessel
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Long hollow tubes (no Enables water to move
protoplasm) easily through the lumen.
Lignified walls Lignin strengthens the
walls and prevents the
xylem vessels from
collapsing.

36. How is cell structure
related to cell function?
3) Root Hair Cell
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Long and narrow Increased surface area
to volume ratio of the cell
which leads to increased
absorption of water and
mineral salts from the
soil.
Specialised Plant and Animal Cells:
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

37. How do cells
work together in
a multi-cellular
organism?
Organisation in Living Things:
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

38. Tissue
A tissue is a group of similar cells which work together
to perform a specific function.
Examples of tissues:
• Muscle, the lining of the intestine, the lining of the
lungs, phloem, root hair tissue
Connective
Tissue

39. Organ
Different tissues may be combined together to form
organs.
An organ is a structure made up of different tissues
working together to perform a specific function.
Examples of organs:
• Heart, lung, brain, leaf, root
Lungs

40. An organ is a structure made up of different
tissues working together to perform a
specific function.

41. Organ System
Organs work together to
form organ systems.
Various systems work
together to make up the
entire organism.
Examples of organ systems:
• Circulatory system,
respiratory system,
digestive system, nervous
system and reproductive
system
Circulatory System

42. Organ Systems

43. Organs work together to form organ
systems.
System Organs
Digestive Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Respiratory Trachea
Lungs

44. Pop Quiz!
Q1. Write out the order of cell
organisation within an organism.
Q2. Give an example of an animal
system with the order of cell
organisation stated above.

45. Pop Quiz!
Q1. Write out the order of cell
organisation within an organism.
Organism

46. Pop Quiz!
Q2. Give an example of an animal
system with the order of cell
organisation stated above.
• Intestinal cell  intestinal muscle 
small intestine  digestive system 
human
• Nerve cell  nerve tissue  eye 
sensory system  bird