The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which contain organelles and a nucleus. Key components of cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on their function. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, and internal structures like the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus help transport materials within the cell.
Cytoplasm is a gel like fluid present between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid substance of a cell that is present within the cellular membrane and surrounds the nuclear membrane
It is sometimes described as the nonnuclear content of the protoplasm
Cytoplasm is a gel like fluid present between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid substance of a cell that is present within the cellular membrane and surrounds the nuclear membrane
It is sometimes described as the nonnuclear content of the protoplasm
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2ICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology.
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit in the body of living
organism and micro-organism. Cell has a Cell membrane in its outer most
part in case of animals and cell wall for plant and for plants, cell membrane
is present under the cell wall. Cell membrane has a scientific structure. So,
many scientists gives description about the structure of cell membrane like
Sandwich Model, Unit Membrane model and Fluid Mosaic Model. But,
the Fluid Mosaic Model is widely acceptable.
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2ICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology.
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit in the body of living
organism and micro-organism. Cell has a Cell membrane in its outer most
part in case of animals and cell wall for plant and for plants, cell membrane
is present under the cell wall. Cell membrane has a scientific structure. So,
many scientists gives description about the structure of cell membrane like
Sandwich Model, Unit Membrane model and Fluid Mosaic Model. But,
the Fluid Mosaic Model is widely acceptable.
A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life.
The study of cells from their basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology.
Robert Hooke was the first Biologist who discovered cells.
All organisms are made up of cells. They may be made up of a single cell (unicellular), or many cells (multicellular).
Mycoplasmas are the smallest known cells.
Cells are the building blocks of all living beings. They provide structure to the body and convert the nutrients taken from the food into energy.
Cells are complex and their components perform various functions in an organism. They are of different shapes and sizes, pretty much like the bricks of the buildings. Our body is made up of cells of different shapes and sizes.
Cells are the lowest level of organisation in every life form. From organism to organism, the count of cells may vary. Humans have more cells compared to that bacteria.
Cells comprise several cell organelles that perform specialised functions to carry out life processes. Every organelle has a specific structure. The hereditary material of the organisms is also present in the cells.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. CELL
SUBMITTED TO: Dr.Imtiaz Ahmad
SUBMITTED BY: Waqas Nawaz
11-arid-975
DVM 3rd Semester
2. History Of Cell
1595 – Jansen credited with 1st compound microscope
1655 – Hooke described ‘cells’ in cork.
1674 – Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa. He saw bacteria some 9 years later.
1833 – Brown descibed the cell nucleus in cells of the orchid.
1838 – Schleiden and Schwann proposed cell theory.
1840 – Albrecht von Roelliker realized that sperm cells and egg cells are also
cells.
1856 – N. Pringsheim observed how a sperm cell penetrated an egg cell.
1858 – Rudolf Virchow (physician, pathologist and anthropologist) expounds his
famous conclusion: omniscellula e cellula, that is cells develop only from existing
cells [cells come from preexisting cells]
1857 – Kolliker described mitochondria.
1879 – Flemming described chromosome behavior during mitosis.
1883 – Germ cells are haploid, chromosome theory of heredity.
1898 – Golgi described the golgi apparatus.
1938 – Behrens used differential centrifugation to separate nuclei from
cytoplasm.
1939 – Siemens produced the first commercial transmission electron
microscope.
1952 – Gey and coworkers established a continuous human cell line.
1955 – Eagle systematically defined the nutritional needs of animal cells in
culture.
1957 – Meselson, Stahl and Vinograd developed density gradient centrifugation
in cesium chloride solutions for separating nucleic acids.
1965 – Ham introduced a defined serum-free medium. Cambridge Instruments
produced the first commercial scanning electron microscope.
1976 – Sato and colleagues publish papers showing that different cell lines
require different mixtures of hormones and growth factors in serum-free media.
1981 – Transgenic mice and fruit flies are produced. Mouse embryonic stem cell
line established.
1995 – Tsien identifies mutant of GFP with enhanced spectral properties
1998 – Mice are cloned from somatic cells.
1999 – Hamilton and Baulcombe discover siRNA as part of post-transcriptional
gene silencing (PTGS) in plant
3. CELL:
The cell is the smallest unit of matter that can carry on all the processes of life.
Both living and non-living things are composed of molecules made from
chemical elements such as Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. The
organization of these molecules into cells is one
feature that distinguishes living things from all other matter.
Cell Theoryconsists of three principles:
All living things are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism.
Cells come only from the replication of existing cells.
CELL DIVERSITY:
Not all cells are alike. Even cells within the same organism show enormous
diversity in size, shape, and internal organization. Your body contains around
1013 to 1014 cells of around 300 different cell types, which we broadly
classify into 4 groups.
CELL SIZE :
1. A few types of cells are large enough to be seen by the unaided eye. The human
egg (ovum) is the largest cell in the body
2. Most cells are small for two main reasons:
a). The cell’s nucleus can only control a certain volume of active cytoplasm.
b). Cells are limited in size by their surface area to volume ratio . A group of small
cells has a relatively larger surface area than a single large cell of the same volume.
(= Fick’s Law – something you need to learn well).
Rate of diffusion α Surface Area x Concentration Difference
Distance
CELL SHAPE:
Cells come in a variety of shapes – depending on their function:-
The neurones from your toes to your head are long and thin;
Blood cells are rounded disks, so that they can flow smoothly.
4. INTERNAL ORGANIZATION:
Cells contain a variety of internal structures called organelles.
An organelle is a cell component that performs a specific function in that
cell.
Just as the organs of a multicellular organism carry out the organism's life
functions, the
organelles of a cell maintain the life of the cell.
There are many different cells; however, there are certain features common
to all cells.
The entire cell is surrounded by a thin cell membrane. All membranes have the
same
thickness and basic structure.
Organelles often have their own too – once again, these membra
The nucleus, mitochondriaandchloroplasts all have double membranes, more
correctly calledenvelopes.
Because membranes are fluid mosaics , the molecules making them up –
phospholipids and proteins - move independently.
The proteins appear to ‘float’ in the phospholipids bilayer and thus membranes
can thus be used to transport molecules within the cell e.g. endoplasmic
reticulum
Proteins in the membrane can be used to transport substances across the
membrane – e.g. facilitated diffusion or by active transport.
The proteins on the outside of cell membranes identify us as unique.
5. ANIMAL CELL:
NUCLEUS:
This is the control centre of the cell. It contains chromosomes with DNA
instructions for all the cell’s activities, including instructions to make new
cells.
CYTOPLASM:
This is a jelly like substance, in which many of the cell’s activities, e.g.
respiration and protein synthesis occur.
CELL MEMBRANE:
This is a thin skin around the cell. It is selectivelt permeable,
controlling what goes in and out of the cell.
PLANT CELL (Nucleus)
Chloroplasts:
These are green discs, which allow the plant
to make food by photosynthesis.
They contain a chemical called chlorophyll.
Vacuole:
This is a large storage area filled with a liquid called “cell sap”. The plant cell
can store food and waste products here.
Cell wall:
This covers the cell membrane. It is permeable, supports the cell and is made
from a substance called cellulose.
6. FUNGAL CELLS:
Fungal cells are the compartments along the length of the
filamentous hypha, which are separated-off by the septa (cross-
walls).
HyphalTip:This is the characteristic growing point of the fungal
hypha (in the circle below). It secretes enzymes into its
surroundings and then absorbs nutrients those enzymes release.
7. Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
Organisms whose cells normally contain a nucleus are called Eukaryotes; those
(generally smaller) organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and have no membrane-
bound organelles are known as Prokaryotes.
CELL MEMBRANE
A cell cannot survive if it is totally isolated from its environment. The
cell membrane is a complex barrier separating every cell from its
8. external environment.
This "Selectively Permeable" membrane regulates what passes into and
out of the cell.
The cell membrane is a fluid mosaic of proteins floating in a
phospholipid bilayer.
CYTOPLASM
1. Everything within the cell membrane which is not
the nucleus is known
as the cytoplasm .
2. Cytosol is the jelly-like mixture in which the other
organelles are
suspended, so cytosol + organelles = cytoplasm .
3. Organelles carry out specific functions within the cell.
In Eukaryotic
cells, most organelles are surrounded by a membrane,
but in Prokaryotic
cells there are no membrane-bound organelles.
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL OF CELL MEMBRANES :
1. Membranes are fluid and are rather
viscous –
like vegetable oil.
2. The molecules of the cell
membrane are always in motion,
so the phospholipids are able to
drift across the membrane.
3. Proteins, both in and on the
9. membrane, form a mosaic, floating in
amongst the phospholipids.
MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria are found
scattered throughout the
cytosol, and are relatively
large organelles (second
only to the nucleus and chloroplasts).
Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, in
which energy from organic compounds is transferred
to ATP. For this reason they are sometimes referred
to as the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell.
ATP is the molecule that most cells use as their
main energy ‘currency’.
Mitochondria are more numerous in cells that have a high energy
requirement - our muscle cells contain a large number of
mitochondria, as do liver, heart and sperm cells.
RIBOSOMES:
They are the most common organelles in almost all cells.
Some are free in the cytoplasm (Prokaryotes);
others line the membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum
They exist in two sizes:
70s are found in all Prokaryotes, chloroplasts and mitochondria,
suggesting that they have evolved from ancestral
Prokaryotic organisms. They are free-floating.
80s found in all eukaryotic cells – attached to the rough ER (they are rather
larger).
Groups of 80s ribosomes, working together, are known as a polysome.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER):
The ER is a system of membranous tubules and sacs.
The primary function of the ER is to act as an internal transport
system, allowing molecules to move from one part of the cell to
another.
The quantity of ER inside a cell fluctuates, depending on the cell's
10. activity. Cells with a lot include secretory cells and liver cells.
The rough ER is studded with 80s ribosomes and is the site of
o proteinsynthesi. It is an extension of the outer
membrane of the nuclear envelope, so allowing
mRNA to be transported swiftly to the 80s
ribosomes, where they are translated in protein
synthesis.
The smooth ER is where polypeptides are converted into
o functional proteins and where proteins are
prepared for secretion. It is also the site of
lipid and steroid synthesis, and is associated
with the Golgi apparatus. SmoothER has no
80s ribosomes and is also involved in the
regulation of calcium levels in muscle cells,
and the breakdown of toxins by liver cells.
Both types of ER transport materials throughout the cell.
GOLGI APPARATUS:
The Golgi apparatus is the processing, packaging
and secreting organelle of the cell, so it is much
more common in glandular cells.
The Golgi apparatus is a system of membranes, made of flattened sac-
like structures called cisternae.
It works closely with the smooth er, to modify proteins for export by the
cell
CENTRIOLE :
This consists of two bundles of microtubules at
right-angles to each other.
Each bundle contains 9 tubes in a very
characteristic arrangement
At the start of mitosis and meiosis, the
centriole divides, and one half moves to each end of the cell,
forming the spindle.
The spindle fibres are later shortened to pull the chromosomes
apart.
CILIA AND FLAGELLAE :
Cilia and Flagellae are structures that project from the cell, where they
11. assist in movement.
Cilia (sing. cilium) are short, and numerous and hair-like.
Flagellae (sing. flagellum) are much longer, fewer, and are whip-like.
The cilia and flagellae of all Eukaryotes are always
in a ?9 + 2? arrangement that is characteristic
Protoctista commonly use cilia and flagellae to move
through water.
Sperm use flagellae (many, all fused together) to swim to the egg.
Cilia line our trachea and bronchi, moving dust particles and bacteria away
from the lungs.