Cell: The cell is the ultimate structural and functional unit of the body.
The three principal constituents of the cell are:
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm and its organelles
3. Nucleus
the presentation gives the structure, function, and electron microscopic image of the various cytoplasmic organelles. it also includes the clinical significance of various organelle damage.
the presentation gives the structure, function, and electron microscopic image of the various cytoplasmic organelles. it also includes the clinical significance of various organelle damage.
Cell physiology is the biological study of the activities that take place in a cell to keep it alive. The term physiology refers to normal functions in a living organism.
The Endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles.
In simple words Endomembrane System is network of single membrane bound cell organelles performing coordinated functions.
Most relevant information about the cell, its discovery, types and various kinds of organelles and their function. it also focus on how molecules are transported across the cell membrane.
2018/2019
This presentation explains the topic of CELL CYCLE and CELL DIVISION.
It includes cell mitosis of both Plant cell and Animal cell with labelled diagrams.
Animal cells are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Unlike the eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi, animal cells do not have a cell wall. This feature was lost in the distant past by the single-celled organisms that gave rise to the kingdom Animalia. Most cells, both animal and plant, range in size between 1 and 100 micrometers and are thus visible only with the aid of a microscope.
All living organisms are made of cells and cellular products. The cell is the smallest structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms. It can capable of biosynthesis, replication and energy transformation. All cellular organelles carry out specific functions that are necessary for the normal functioning of the cell. Animal cells work together and function interdependently. Human cells vary in size, shape, and function. Most animal cells are so small they can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. Based on function, there are more than 200 different kinds of animal cells that help each system contribute to the homeostasis of the entire body. Despite their many differences, human cells have several similar structural features: a cell membrane, a nucleus, and cytoplasm and cell organelles.
Cell physiology is the biological study of the activities that take place in a cell to keep it alive. The term physiology refers to normal functions in a living organism.
The Endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles.
In simple words Endomembrane System is network of single membrane bound cell organelles performing coordinated functions.
Most relevant information about the cell, its discovery, types and various kinds of organelles and their function. it also focus on how molecules are transported across the cell membrane.
2018/2019
This presentation explains the topic of CELL CYCLE and CELL DIVISION.
It includes cell mitosis of both Plant cell and Animal cell with labelled diagrams.
Animal cells are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Unlike the eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi, animal cells do not have a cell wall. This feature was lost in the distant past by the single-celled organisms that gave rise to the kingdom Animalia. Most cells, both animal and plant, range in size between 1 and 100 micrometers and are thus visible only with the aid of a microscope.
All living organisms are made of cells and cellular products. The cell is the smallest structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms. It can capable of biosynthesis, replication and energy transformation. All cellular organelles carry out specific functions that are necessary for the normal functioning of the cell. Animal cells work together and function interdependently. Human cells vary in size, shape, and function. Most animal cells are so small they can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. Based on function, there are more than 200 different kinds of animal cells that help each system contribute to the homeostasis of the entire body. Despite their many differences, human cells have several similar structural features: a cell membrane, a nucleus, and cytoplasm and cell organelles.
ERYTHROCYTES
- Major function - carry O2 , CO2, buffer
- Contain Haemoglobin (Fe atoms)
- 14 gms/100ml
- Biconcave disc
- High surface to volume ratio
Plasma membrane contain special polysaccharide & proteins - spectrin
- Differ from person to person - blood type/group
Normal count 4.5 - 5 million/cumm
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
cell organelles, nucleus, mitochondria, plasma memebrane,ribosomes, golgi bodies, lysosomes, chloroplast
(helpfull for B.Sc. students as well as competitions tests
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells or cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.
DNA in animal cells is housed within the nucleus.
In addition to having nucleus animal cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles.
Organelles have a wide range of responsibilities that include everything from producing hormones and enzymes to providing energy for animal cells.
All living things are made up of cells that make up their body structure. Some of these living things are single-celled and other organisms are made up of more than one cell.
Cells and its components(Anatomy) Easy explanationSwatilekha Das
Cells and its components,discussion on cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus with pictures....
easy explanation of anatomy topic for 1 st year GNM & B.Sc nursing students...
Comment to get explanation on your required topics.....
please like and share and follow.....
Introduction
Structure of Plasma Membranes
Functions of Plasma Membranes
Cytoplasm: Cytosol, Organelles
Functions of Cytoplasm
Ribosome, Functions of Ribosomes
2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and its Functions
b. Smooth ER and its Functions
3. Golgi complex and its Functions
4.Lysosomes and its Functions
5. Peroxisomes and its Functions
6. Proteasomes and its Functions
7.Mitochondria and its Functions
8. Cytoskeletal
a. Microfilaments and its Functions
b. Intermediate filaments and its Functions
c. Microtubules and its Functions
9. Centrosome and its Functions
10. Cilia and Flagella and its Functions
11. Nucleus and its Functions
a. Nuclear Membrane and its Functions
b. Nucleoplasm and its Functions
c. Chromosomes and its Functions
d. Nucleolus and its Functions
Diffusion is the process whereby gaseous atoms and molecules are transferred from regions of relatively high concentration to regions of relatively low concentration. Effusion is a similar process in which gaseous species pass from a container to a vacuum through very small orifices
Hemodynamics is how your blood flows through your arteries and veins and the forces that affect your blood flow. Normally, your blood flows in a laminar (streamlined) pattern. It flows fastest in the middle of a blood vessel, where there's no friction with blood vessel walls.
A natural decline in reproductive hormones when a woman reaches her 40s or 50s.
Menopause is signalled by 12 months since last menstruation.
Common symptoms include hot flashes and vaginal dryness. There may also be sleep disturbances. The combination of these symptoms can cause anxiety or depression.
Menopause is a natural process with treatments that focus on symptomatic relief. Vaginal dryness is treated with topical lubricants or oestrogen. Medications can reduce the severity and frequency of hot flushes. In special circumstances, oral hormone therapy may be used.
The optic nerve (CN II) is the second cranial nerve, responsible for transmitting the special sensory information for vision.
It is developed from the optic vesicle, an outpocketing of the forebrain. The optic nerve can therefore be considered part of the central nervous system, and examination of the nerve enables an assessment of intracranial health.
Due to its unique anatomical relation to the brain, the optic nerve is surrounded by the cranial meninges (not by epi-, peri- and endoneurium like most other nerves).
ACID & BASE
Acid is a molecule or an ion that can function as a proton donor. Base is the molecule or an ion that can function as a proton acceptor.
pH
pH is negative log of H+ ion concentration.
Normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4 and that of venous blood and
Blood groups. There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. Each group can be either RhD positive or RhD negative, which means in total there are 8 blood groups
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and
In Physiology, homeostasis is the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
4. INTRO- THE CELL
Cell: The cell is the ultimate structural and
functional unit of the body.
The three principal constituents of the cell
are:
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm and its organelles
3. Nucleus
8. Functions of cell
membrane
• It forms outermost boundary of cell organelles.
• It takes food and excretes waste products.
• The selective permeability helps in maintaining difference of
composition between ICF & ECF.
• It provides framework for the arrangement of all protein
molecules (Enzymes, pumps, receptors, ions, channels).
• It links adjacent cells together by juctional complexes to form
tissues.
10. Cytoplasm and its
organelles: Mitochondria
• Are sausage shaped structures covered by two protein lipid membranes an outer and an inner which
has many folding forming shelves.
• The mitochondria contain many enzymes and is the power house of the cell responsible for
the release of energy.
• The outer layer has enzymes concerned with biological oxidation and provide raw material for the
reactions that occur inside the mitochondria. The inside contains enzymes that oxidize the nutrients
glucose , amino acids, fatty acids via the citric acid cycle to form H2O and CO2. The energy is
utilized to synthesize the high energy phosphate compound ATP.
• Mitochondria also contain a special form of DNA and hence self replicative and when required can
form a second and third mitochondria. They are derived from the mother through ovum, as spem
makes no contribution in the zygote.
12. Cytoplasm and its
organelles- Endoplasmic reticulum
RER/ Granular
• Contains granules called ribosomes which are
attached to the cytoplasmic side of the
membrane, 3-5 ribosomes clump together to
from polyribosomes or polysomes.
• It is the site of protein synthesis e.g.,
hormones that are secreted by the cell; and
proteins that are found in enzymes.
• Free ribosomes are also found in the
cytoplasm, they synthesize cytoplasmic protein
e.g., Haemoglobin.
SER/ A Granular
• It is site of steroid (Adrenocortical
hormone) synthesis in steroid
secreting cells and the site of
detoxification processes in other
cells.
• As the sarcoplasmic reticulum, it
plays important role in skeletal and
cardiac muscle.
14. *4m (Sep,Oct – 2005)Cytoplasm and
its organelles- Functions of Ribosomes
They are tiny organelles are made up of RNA and
proteins.
It consists of 2 sub units one about half the size of the
other, both are made separately in the nucleolus
combine to form a single unit in cytoplasm.
The are present in free form in the cytoplasm or
attached to ER.
They synthesize different proteins, for hormones
and enzymes of lysosomes
16. Cytoplasm and its
organelles- Golgi Apparatus/ Golgi Bodies)
• These are membranous tubules and vesicles
prominent in actively secreting gland cells.
• Wrapping and packaging department of the
cell.
• Produces secretion granules, which store
hormones and enzymes in secreting cells.
• Site of formation of lysosomes.
18. Cytoplasm and its
organelles- Lysosomes
• Large irregular structures, filled with large number of small granules, contain variety of
enzymes, called lysozymes.
• The interior is kept acidic (near pH 5.0), they function best at acidic pH.
• Acts as a form of digestive (lytic) system for the cell mainly macromolecules, Engulf
worn out components of the cells in which they are located.
• Engulf exogenous substances e.g bacteria etc. and degrade them.
• When a cell dies, lysosmal enzymes cause autolysis of the remnant i.e why lysosomes are
called as suicidal bags.
19. Cytoplasm and its
organelles- Peroxisomes
• Is similar to that of lysosomes,
contain oxidases (enzymes that
produce H2O2) rather than
hydrolases.
• They destroy certain products
formed form oxygen, especially
hydrogen peroxide, that can
be toxic to the cells.
• The alcohol, a person drinks is
mainly detoxified by the
peroxisomes of the liver cells.
21. Cytoplasm and its
organelles- Centrioles or Centrosomes
• Two short cylinders called ‘centrioles’ visible only during
cell division.
• They are located at each pole near the nucleus and are so
arranged at right angles to each other.
• Tubules in group of three (triplets) run longitudinally in
the walls of the centrioles. There are nine of these triplets
spaced at regular intervals.
• They are concerned with the movement of the chromosomes
during cell division.
23. Cytoplasm and its
organelles- Microtubules and Microfilaments
Microtubules are long hollow structures, make up tracts of
chromosomes, mitochondria and secretion granules move from
one part of the cell to another.
Microfilaments are long solid fibers. They comprise the
contractile protein actin and are responsible for the cell motion.
They are involved in movements of the chromosomes; Cell
movement; move secretion granules and movement of proteins
within the cell membrane.
25. Cytoplasm and its
organelles- CYTOSKELETON
Cells have filaments in cytoplasm, which form the flexible network is cytoskeleton
They are:
1. Microfilaments made up of actin
2. Intermediate filaments,
3. Microtubules – tubulin protein
4. Molecular motors:
cause movement of organelles and movement of cell itself. The are of 3 types:
kinesin, Dynein and Myosin.
kinesin, Dynein: help in movement of vesicle along with cilia and flagella.
Myosin I along with actin filaments help in movement of villi, Myosin II help in contraction
of skeletal and cardiac muscles by causing sliding action.
They all give mechanical support to the cells, form imp. transport system in nerve
cells, some organelles move to different parts of the cell by them and
chromosomal movements occur during cell division by them.
27. THE NUCLEUS
• It is surrounded by membrane called nuclear membrane (or envelope) with the
pores.
• It is made up of chromosomes, which is made up of -DNA, on which genes are present.
Gene is a portion of DNA molecule which carries a complete blue print for all the
heritable characteristics of an animal.
• Between cell divisions the irregular clumps of dark material called chromatin are the
only evidence of their presence.
• It contains a nucleolus which is patch work of granules rich in Ribonucleic Acid (RNA).
They synthesize the RNA for the ribosomes. DNA in nucleus serves as a ‘template’
(block) for synthesis of RNA, which then moves to the cytoplasm where it regulates the
synthesis of proteins by the cells.
• The information coded into the DNA molecules is conveyed from the nucleus to the
cytoplasm by messenger RNA where actually the synthetic work of the cell takes place.
30. INTERCELLULAR CONNECTIONS-
Tight Junction:
Here membranes of two cells become opposed and
layers of the membranes fuse strongly, thus obliterating
the space between the cells.
This type of junction is characteristically seen in the
intestinal mucosa, the walls of the renal tubules,
and the choroid plexus.
Tight junction forms a barrier to the movement of ions
and other solutes from one side of the epithelium to the
other.
31. INTERCELLULAR CONNECTIONS-
Desmosomes or Adherens Junction
Here two membranes are separated
by a 15-20 nm space.
There is dense accumulation of
proteins on both the surfaces of the
membrane with fibers extending
from the cytoplasmic surface of each
membrane into the cell.
The holds, adjacent cells firmly
together in areas that are subjected
to stretching. Such as the skin
33. INTERCELLULAR CONNECTIONS-
Gap Junction/ Nexus
There is 2-20 nm space between the opposing membrane.
The gap is filled with densely packed particles through each of
which there appears to be a channel that connects the two cells.
The diameter of each channel is regulated by intracellular Ca, pH
and voltage.
It permits rapid propagation of electrical potential changes from
one cell to the another, e.g. cardiac and smooth muscle
cells.
The permits the direct transfer of ions and other small molecules
e.g. sugar, amino acids between the cell without traversing the
extra cellular space.