The document outlines key concepts about forces, pressure, and fluid pressure that a pupil will understand after a lesson. It defines force and describes different types of forces. It explains how pressure is calculated by dividing force by area. Several examples demonstrate calculating force and pressure. It also describes properties of fluid pressure, noting it acts equally in all directions and increases with depth. A few uses of fluid pressure are highlighted like in hydraulic systems.

1. BY JOACHIM AMOAH - 2017

2. By the end of the session, the pupil will
be able to:
1. (5.3.1)Explain what is meant by
the term force.
2. (5.3.2)Describe the different types
of forces.
3. (5.3.3)Describe the effects of
forces on objects.
4. (5.3.4) Describe the
measurement of forces.
5. (5.3.5)Outline the effects of
friction on objects.
6. (5.3.6) Explain the term pressure.
7. (5.3.7) Demonstrate that pressure
in fluids acts equally in all
directions.
8. (5.3.8) demonstrate that pressure
in fluids increases with depth.
9. (5.3.9) Outline some uses of fluid
pressure.

3. Meaning Of Force.
Force is the push or pull exerted on
an object.
OR
Force is that which changes the
velocity of an object.

4. Mathematically,
Force = mass X acceleration.
i.e.
Force is measured in newtons (N).
It is measured with the force
meter or spring balance.
F = ma

5. Calculated Examples.
1. A body of mass 25kg travels with an acceleration
of 8m/s2. Calculate the force it possesses.
2. A body of mass 28.3kg travels with an acceleration
of 4m/s2. Calculate the force it possesses.
3. A body of mass 155kg travels with an acceleration
of 3.2m/s2. Calculate the force it possesses.

6. Solutions.
1. Data
Mass (m) = 25kg.
Acceleration(a) = 8m/s2.
Force (F) = ?
F = m x a.
= 25 x 8.
= 200N

7. Solutions.
2. Data
Mass (m) = 28.3kg.
Acceleration(a) = 4m/s2.
Force (F) = ?
F = m x a.
= 28.3 x 4.
= 113.2N

8. Solutions.
3. Data
Mass (m) = 25kg.
Acceleration(a) = 8m/s2.
Force (F) = ?
F = m x a.
= 155 x 3.2
= 496N

9. Mass. Acceleration. Force.
3.5kg. 6m/s2.
9.8kg. 4.6m/s2.
36kg. 144N.
12kg. 960N.
9m/s2. 108N.
1.5m/s2. 22.5N.

10. Mass. Acceleration. Force.
3.5kg. 6m/s2. 21N
9.8kg. 4.6m/s2. 45.08N
36kg. 4m/s2. 144N.
12kg. 80m/s2. 960N.
12kg. 9m/s2. 108N.
15kg. 1.5m/s2. 22.5N.

11. 1. Gravity.
2. Gravitational Force.
3. Magnetic Force.
4. Tensional Force.
5. Frictional force.
6. Viscosity.
7. Adhesive Force.
8. Cohesive Force.
9. Electromotive
Force.
10. Electrostatic
Force.
11. Centripetal
Force.
12. Centrifugal
Force.
13. Surface Tension.
14. Capillarity.

12. Gravity is the force that
attracts a body towards
the centre of the earth.

13. Gravitational force is the
force of attraction that a body
exerts towards another.

14. Magnetic force is the force
that attracts a body
towards or repels a body
away from a magnet.

15. Tensional force is the force
that exists in springs and
elastic materials.

16. This is the force of
attraction that exists
between molecules of
different kinds.

17. This is the force of
attraction that exists
between molecules of the
same kind.

18. This is the force that
drives electrons through a
circuit.

19. This is the force possessed
by stationary electric
charges.

20. This is the force which acts on
a body moving in a circular
path and is directed towards
the centre around which the
body is moving.

21. This is the force which acts on
a body moving in a circular
path and is directed away
from the centre around which
the body is moving.

22. This is the force that
opposes motion between
two surfaces that are in
contact.

23. 1. Friction helps us to walk without slipping.
2. It helps moving vehicles to brake.
3. It helps stationary vehicles to move.
4. It helps vehicles to negotiate curves.
5. It helps to sharpen the blades of cutting
tools.
6. It helps to light safety matches.
7. It helps to lean ladders against walls.

24. 1. Friction wears away the soles of
shoes and tyres.
2. It causes wear and tear of machine
parts and breaks them down.
3. It produces unwanted heat and
sound.
4. It reduces the efficiency of
machines.

25. 1. By oiling.
2. By greasing.
3. By using ball bearings.
4. By using wheels.
5. By using rollers.
6. By smoothening the surfaces in contact.
7. By powdering the surfaces in contact.
8. By streamlining the body.(Helps minimise drag)
Lubrication

26. This is the force that opposes
motion in fluids. It is also called
(viscous) drag.
It can be referred to as friction in
fluids.

27. This is the force that makes
the surface of a liquid
behave like a stretched
elastic skin or material.

29. Applications Of Surface Tension.
1. Helps insects to walk on water.
2. Helps mosquito eggs to float on water.
3. Helps mosquito larvae to breathe under water
surfaces.
4. Helps to prevent water droplets from passing
through umbrellas, raincoats and tapaulins.
5. Helps light objects like razor blades and paper
clips to float on water.

30. 1.By pouring kerosene onto the
surface of the water.
2.By adding oil to the surface of
water.
3.By adding soap or detergents
to the water.

31. NB
Substances that are added to
water to break its surface
tension are called surfactants.

32. This is the force which
enables liquids to either
rise or fall in capillary
tubes.

33. Capillarity in Water
Capillarity in Mercury
Capillarity in Water

35. 1. Helps kerosene to rise up in wicks
of lanterns.
2. Helps to dry wet skin using towels.
3. Helps to dry the floor using the
mop.
4. Helps water to rise up in soils.
5. It helps to dye artificial flowers.

37. Pressure is the force per unit area of a
surface.
Mathematically, Pressure = Force
Area
It is measured in pascal(Pa) or Nm-2.
P = F
A

38. Some Solved Examples.
1. A force of 35N is applied to a surface of area 7m2. Calculate
the pressure.
2. A force of 85N is applied to a surface of area 5m2. Calculate
the pressure.
3. A force of 125N is applied to a surface of area 25m2.
Calculate the pressure.
4. A force of 144N is applied to a surface of area 6m2. Calculate
the pressure.
5. A force of 45N is applied to a surface of area 5m2. Calculate
the pressure.

39. Pressure = Force
Area
= 35
7
= 5Pa.

40. Pressure = Force
Area
= 85
5
= 17Pa.

41. Pressure = Force
Area
= 125
25
= 5Pa.

42. Pressure = Force
Area
= 144
6
= 24Pa.

43. Pressure = Force
Area
= 45
5
= 9Pa.

44. Force Area Pressure.
1 60N 15m2
2 30N 10Pa.
3 6m2 7Pa
4 18m2 5Pa
5 36N 12Pa
6 270N 90m2

45. Force Area Pressure.
1 60N 15m2 4Pa.
2 30N 3m2. 10Pa.
3 42N 6m2 7Pa
4 90N 18m2 5Pa
5 36N 3m2 12Pa
6 270N 90m2 3Pa

46. This is the pressure
exerted at a point in a fluid.
It can also be defined as
the pressure that a fluid
exerts on objects that are
submerged in it.

47. Fluid pressure
1.Is equal in all
directions.
2.Increases with depth.

51. 1. Used in hydraulic brakes of vehicles.
2. Used in hydraulic presses.
3. Used in the hydraulic jacks.
4. Used in the hydraulic pumps.
5. Used in the syphon.
6. Used in water pumps.
7. Used in straws for drinking.
8. Used in syringes.

55. ONLINE REFERENCES
https://www.britannica.com/science/surfactant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure
https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/3490-
8th-standard-science-force-pressure/view