Aldehydes-1 (carbonyl compound)
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this involves general description of aldehydes, their formation and their characteristic reactions and physical properties
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Darzen glycidic
The document summarizes the Darzen condensation reaction, which involves the formation of α,β-epoxy esters (glycidic esters) from aldehydes/ketones and α-halo esters under basic conditions. It provides background on the reaction's history and development. The reaction mechanism proceeds through an initial aldol reaction followed by epoxide ring formation. Examples and applications in multi-step syntheses are described. Limitations include the reaction failing for some aldehydes due to self-condensation and difficultly obtaining high, sole product yields needed for kinetic studies.
Aldol reaction
Aldol condensation is a reaction where aldehydes or ketones undergo self-condensation in the presence of a base to form β-hydroxyaldehydes or β-hydroxyketones (aldols). It requires the carbonyl compound to have at least one α-hydrogen. The reaction involves the enolate of one carbonyl compound attacking the carbonyl carbon of another molecule. This can occur between two identical or different aldehydes/ketones. Formaldehyde cannot undergo aldol condensation because it lacks α-hydrogens. The products are usually β-hydroxyaldehydes or aldol compounds.
Aldol condensation
The aldol condensation reaction allows carbonyl compounds containing an α-hydrogen atom to undergo condensation. It is a reversible reaction that proceeds through an enolate intermediate formed when hydroxide deprotonates the α-hydrogen. The enolate then acts as a nucleophile that attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone. Protonation of the resulting alkoxide forms the β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone product. The reaction can join two different aldehydes or ketones in a crossed-aldol condensation that expands the synthetic possibilities.
Stobbe condensation
Stobbe Condensation
reaction of esters of succinic acids and carbonyl compounds in presence of Base to yield unsaturated half esters and half acids
Knoevenagel reaction
The Knoevenagel condensation reaction involves the nucleophilic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a carbonyl group, followed by a dehydration reaction to form an α,β-unsaturated enone. It is a modification of the aldol condensation and uses an active methylene compound and an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a weak base such as pyridine. With malonic acid derivatives, the reaction product can undergo decarboxylation to form trans-2,4-pentadienoic acid. The Knoevenagel reaction is widely used in the synthesis of conjugated enones for various reactions.
Applications of Mukaiyama aldol reaction
The document summarizes various applications of the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. It describes how esters can be used in place of aldehydes in the reaction. It also discusses the use of the reaction in the synthesis of functionalized diazoacetoacetates, the enantioselective catalytic version of the reaction in aqueous media, and its application in the vinylogous form to synthesize natural products like Khafrefungin. Finally, it mentions the asymmetric synthesis of anti-β-hydroxy-α-amino acid derivatives and a new approach to steroid skeleton synthesis using Mukaiyama reactions.
Aldol Condensation || with Mechanism || Aldehyde Chemical Rxn| ALDOL Reactio...
Aldol Condensation reaction in Aldehydes
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Recommended
Aldol reaction & condensation project work for Presentation by EducationBhask...
Aldol reaction & condensation project work for Presentation by EducationBhaskar.com
For Seminars, Science, chemistry Project, Conferences
Darzen glycidic
The document summarizes the Darzen condensation reaction, which involves the formation of α,β-epoxy esters (glycidic esters) from aldehydes/ketones and α-halo esters under basic conditions. It provides background on the reaction's history and development. The reaction mechanism proceeds through an initial aldol reaction followed by epoxide ring formation. Examples and applications in multi-step syntheses are described. Limitations include the reaction failing for some aldehydes due to self-condensation and difficultly obtaining high, sole product yields needed for kinetic studies.
Aldol reaction
Aldol condensation is a reaction where aldehydes or ketones undergo self-condensation in the presence of a base to form β-hydroxyaldehydes or β-hydroxyketones (aldols). It requires the carbonyl compound to have at least one α-hydrogen. The reaction involves the enolate of one carbonyl compound attacking the carbonyl carbon of another molecule. This can occur between two identical or different aldehydes/ketones. Formaldehyde cannot undergo aldol condensation because it lacks α-hydrogens. The products are usually β-hydroxyaldehydes or aldol compounds.
Aldol condensation
The aldol condensation reaction allows carbonyl compounds containing an α-hydrogen atom to undergo condensation. It is a reversible reaction that proceeds through an enolate intermediate formed when hydroxide deprotonates the α-hydrogen. The enolate then acts as a nucleophile that attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone. Protonation of the resulting alkoxide forms the β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone product. The reaction can join two different aldehydes or ketones in a crossed-aldol condensation that expands the synthetic possibilities.
Stobbe condensation
Stobbe Condensation
reaction of esters of succinic acids and carbonyl compounds in presence of Base to yield unsaturated half esters and half acids
Knoevenagel reaction
The Knoevenagel condensation reaction involves the nucleophilic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a carbonyl group, followed by a dehydration reaction to form an α,β-unsaturated enone. It is a modification of the aldol condensation and uses an active methylene compound and an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a weak base such as pyridine. With malonic acid derivatives, the reaction product can undergo decarboxylation to form trans-2,4-pentadienoic acid. The Knoevenagel reaction is widely used in the synthesis of conjugated enones for various reactions.
Applications of Mukaiyama aldol reaction
The document summarizes various applications of the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. It describes how esters can be used in place of aldehydes in the reaction. It also discusses the use of the reaction in the synthesis of functionalized diazoacetoacetates, the enantioselective catalytic version of the reaction in aqueous media, and its application in the vinylogous form to synthesize natural products like Khafrefungin. Finally, it mentions the asymmetric synthesis of anti-β-hydroxy-α-amino acid derivatives and a new approach to steroid skeleton synthesis using Mukaiyama reactions.
Aldol Condensation || with Mechanism || Aldehyde Chemical Rxn| ALDOL Reactio...
Aldol Condensation reaction in Aldehydes
You can watch this lecture video on youtube
https://youtu.be/bnQn7LunefE
Subscribe the channel
Follow at twitter:@LifeHobbies
Follow at Instagram:anlifehobbies
Och 300 aldehyde and ketones
1) The document discusses various reactions of carbonyl compounds including aldehydes and ketones.
2) It describes reactions with nucleophiles like hydride ions, amines, alcohols and Grignard reagents that add to the carbonyl group.
3) It also discusses reactions where the alpha-hydrogen of carbonyl compounds is removed, making the alpha-carbon nucleophilic and able to react with electrophiles via substitutions and additions. Important reactions covered include halogenation, alkylation and aldol additions.
Reactions of enolates with carbonyl compounds
Reactions of Enolates with Carbonyl Compounds
Aldol and Claisen condensation reactions
enolates or enols
nucleophillic attack by enols and enolates on carbonyl group
212labexp09 aldol condensation_r
This experiment involves a crossed aldol condensation reaction between benzaldehyde and acetone to form dibenzalacetone. The reaction follows an enolate mechanism under basic conditions using sodium hydroxide as the base. The product is recrystallized from ethanol and its melting point, IR spectrum, and predicted 13C-NMR spectrum are analyzed to identify and characterize dibenzalacetone.
Production of hydrocarbons
The document summarizes key methods for producing hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It describes hydrogenation and the Wurth reaction as two methods for preparing alkanes, where hydrogenation involves adding hydrogen across a double bond and the Wurth reaction involves reacting two alkyl halides with sodium. It also explains that alkenes can be prepared through dehydration of alcohols using heat or catalysts, which removes a water molecule. Finally, it states that alkynes can be produced from calcium carbide and water or through pyrolysis of methane at high temperatures.
Aldehydes and ketones
1. Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group. Their general formulas are RCHO and RCOR' respectively.
2. They undergo several characteristic reactions including oxidation, reduction, addition reactions, condensation reactions, and substitution reactions. Common reactions include hydrate formation, addition of Grignard reagents, and cyanohydrin formation.
3. Due to the polarity of the carbonyl group, aldehydes and ketones exhibit properties between nonpolar alkanes and polar alcohols such as higher boiling points and solubility. They also undergo nucleophilic addition reactions at the carbonyl carbon.
Cannizaro rxn
The Cannizzaro reaction is a chemical reaction discovered by Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro in 1853. It involves the disproportionation of an aldehyde in the presence of a strong base. One aldehyde molecule is oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid, while another is reduced to the alcohol. The reaction allows the conversion of aldehydes lacking an alpha hydrogen to the corresponding acid and alcohol. It has various applications in organic synthesis and is an important reaction in chemistry.
Condensation reactions
Condensation reactions involve the combination of two molecules with the loss of a small molecule like water. Aldol condensation forms carbon-carbon bonds by reacting an enolate ion with a carbonyl compound. It plays a role in gluconeogenesis, photosynthesis, and producing perfumes. Other condensation reactions discussed include Claisen, Knoevenagel, Schiff base formation, and Dieckmann cyclization. Condensation polymers are formed through condensation reactions and examples include nylon and DNA. Condensation reactions are widely used in organic synthesis and producing pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and polymers.
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Diel's-Alder and Gattermann Koch Reactions
n organic chemistry, the Diels–Alder reaction is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile, to form a substituted cyclohexene derivative. It is the prototypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism
Important Name reaction
Name reactions:Clemmensen reduction, Darzens condensation, Diels Alder, Eschweiler-Clarke, Friedel-Crafts, Grinard, HofmanMannich, Michael, Meerwin- Pondorf- Verley, Perkin, Reformatsky, Reimer-Tiemann,, Witting and Wolf-Kishner reduction, Aldol condensation.
Aldol condensation 2
The document describes the objective of synthesizing α,β-unsaturated ketones from aldehydes and ketones using aldol condensation. Specifically, it aims to purify the product through recrystallization and identify purity using TLC and melting point analysis. The document then discusses dibenzalacetone and its various biological activities. It provides details on the experimental procedure for aldol condensation including reagents, reaction conditions, product isolation and purification techniques like recrystallization, TLC analysis and melting point determination. Results of the reaction with different substrates are presented in tables listing product characteristics and yields. IR spectroscopy is used to analyze functional groups in the purified products.
Topic 20 4 condensation reactions
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Oxidation
This document discusses the Baeyer-Villiger and Dakin oxidation reactions. The Baeyer-Villiger reaction involves using peroxy acids to oxidize ketones, forming esters and lactones. It is believed to proceed through initial protonation followed by addition and migration of the R group. The Dakin reaction oxidizes aromatic aldehydes and ketones to phenols using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide. It is thought to proceed through a mechanism analogous to the Baeyer-Villiger reaction involving migration of the aryl group. Both reactions have synthetic applications, with the Baeyer-Villiger used to transform ketones and the Dakin employed to synthesize benzenediols, catechol, and other compounds.
Ch18
The document summarizes carboxylic acids and their derivatives. It discusses the nomenclature, physical properties, and acidity of carboxylic acids. It also describes the preparation, reactions, and synthesis of various carboxylic acid derivatives including acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters, amides, and nitriles. The reactivity of these derivatives decreases in the order of acid chlorides > anhydrides > esters > amides > carboxylic acids. Acid chlorides are the most reactive as chloride is the best leaving group.
Aldehydes and ketones
Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group with a carbon bonded to an oxygen. They are polar molecules with higher boiling points than hydrocarbons of comparable size. Low molecular weight aldehydes and ketones are soluble in both organic solvents and water, while higher molecular weight ones are soluble in organic solvents. Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids due to the hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon, while ketones cannot undergo this reaction. In addition, aldehydes and ketones undergo addition reactions where new groups add to the carbonyl group.
Crossed Aldol Condensation
The aldol condensation reaction involves the reaction of two carbonyl compounds in the presence of a strong base to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone. The reaction proceeds through the formation of an enolate ion intermediate that acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon of the other molecule. This forms a carbon-carbon bond between the α-carbon of the donor molecule and the carbonyl carbon of the acceptor molecule. The reaction allows for the facile synthesis of larger molecules from simple starting materials.
Chemistry lectures : Condensation
The document summarizes key aspects of aldol condensation reactions. It describes how an enolate acts as a nucleophile in the reaction with the carbonyl carbon of a second carbonyl compound, forming a new carbon-carbon bond. The position of equilibrium depends on reaction conditions and substrates. The aldol product can undergo base-catalyzed dehydration to an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl. Aldol reactions favor alpha-monosubstituted aldehydes and disfavor alpha,alpha-disubstituted aldehydes and ketones. Mixed aldol reactions between two different carbonyl compounds are also discussed, as well as the benzoin condensation reaction between two aromatic aldehydes
Perkin ppt
The document summarizes the Perkin reaction, which involves converting an aromatic aldehyde and an anhydride to an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid using a base catalyst such as sodium acetate. The reaction proceeds via an E1cb mechanism, which is a two-step process where a base abstracts a proton to form a stabilized anion, whose lone pair of electrons then moves to the neighboring atom to expel a leaving group and form a double bond. Some applications of the Perkin reaction include synthesizing coumarin and the anticoagulant drug warfarin.
Gilman Reagent
Gilman reagent, also known as organocopper reagents, are prepared by reacting organomagnesium, organolithium, or organozinc reagents with copper(I) salts. Gilman reagents react with a variety of electrophiles including acid chlorides, aldehydes, ketones, epoxides, and alkyl halides. Some common reactions of Gilman reagents are: 1) reactions with acid chlorides to form ketones, 2) coupling reactions between two different alkyl halides to form C-C bonds, and 3) conjugate addition reactions of the organocopper reagent to unsaturated carbonyl compounds like enones. Gilman reagents offer advantages over Grignard reagents for
Cannizzaro reaction
The document discusses the Cannizzaro reaction, which is the disproportionation of aldehydes in basic conditions to produce an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. It was discovered by Stanislao Cannizzaro in 1853. The reaction requires an aromatic or aliphatic aldehyde without alpha hydrogens and a strong base like potassium hydroxide. The mechanism involves deprotonation of the aldehyde followed by hydride transfer to another aldehyde molecule. Examples and limitations of the reaction are provided. Variations like the crossed and intramolecular Cannizzaro reactions are also described.
fy name reactions sem ii poc i
Aldol condensation,
Crossed Aldol condensation,
Cannizzaro reaction,
Crossed Cannizzaro reaction,
Benzoin condensation,
and Perkin condensation.
Organic 3
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 3
CARBONYL COMPOUND
These are organ compounds with Carbonyl group as functional group
If the carbonyl compound is directly bonded to two alkyl groups two aryl groups or one group and one aryl group, the resulting carbonyl compound known as KETONE.
I.e. General structure of kenton can be represented as ( )where R and R' can be alkyl or aryl group
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Och 300 aldehyde and ketones
1) The document discusses various reactions of carbonyl compounds including aldehydes and ketones.
2) It describes reactions with nucleophiles like hydride ions, amines, alcohols and Grignard reagents that add to the carbonyl group.
3) It also discusses reactions where the alpha-hydrogen of carbonyl compounds is removed, making the alpha-carbon nucleophilic and able to react with electrophiles via substitutions and additions. Important reactions covered include halogenation, alkylation and aldol additions.
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This experiment involves a crossed aldol condensation reaction between benzaldehyde and acetone to form dibenzalacetone. The reaction follows an enolate mechanism under basic conditions using sodium hydroxide as the base. The product is recrystallized from ethanol and its melting point, IR spectrum, and predicted 13C-NMR spectrum are analyzed to identify and characterize dibenzalacetone.
Production of hydrocarbons
The document summarizes key methods for producing hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It describes hydrogenation and the Wurth reaction as two methods for preparing alkanes, where hydrogenation involves adding hydrogen across a double bond and the Wurth reaction involves reacting two alkyl halides with sodium. It also explains that alkenes can be prepared through dehydration of alcohols using heat or catalysts, which removes a water molecule. Finally, it states that alkynes can be produced from calcium carbide and water or through pyrolysis of methane at high temperatures.
Aldehydes and ketones
1. Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group. Their general formulas are RCHO and RCOR' respectively.
2. They undergo several characteristic reactions including oxidation, reduction, addition reactions, condensation reactions, and substitution reactions. Common reactions include hydrate formation, addition of Grignard reagents, and cyanohydrin formation.
3. Due to the polarity of the carbonyl group, aldehydes and ketones exhibit properties between nonpolar alkanes and polar alcohols such as higher boiling points and solubility. They also undergo nucleophilic addition reactions at the carbonyl carbon.
Cannizaro rxn
The Cannizzaro reaction is a chemical reaction discovered by Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro in 1853. It involves the disproportionation of an aldehyde in the presence of a strong base. One aldehyde molecule is oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid, while another is reduced to the alcohol. The reaction allows the conversion of aldehydes lacking an alpha hydrogen to the corresponding acid and alcohol. It has various applications in organic synthesis and is an important reaction in chemistry.
Condensation reactions
Condensation reactions involve the combination of two molecules with the loss of a small molecule like water. Aldol condensation forms carbon-carbon bonds by reacting an enolate ion with a carbonyl compound. It plays a role in gluconeogenesis, photosynthesis, and producing perfumes. Other condensation reactions discussed include Claisen, Knoevenagel, Schiff base formation, and Dieckmann cyclization. Condensation polymers are formed through condensation reactions and examples include nylon and DNA. Condensation reactions are widely used in organic synthesis and producing pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and polymers.
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n organic chemistry, the Diels–Alder reaction is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile, to form a substituted cyclohexene derivative. It is the prototypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism
Important Name reaction
Name reactions:Clemmensen reduction, Darzens condensation, Diels Alder, Eschweiler-Clarke, Friedel-Crafts, Grinard, HofmanMannich, Michael, Meerwin- Pondorf- Verley, Perkin, Reformatsky, Reimer-Tiemann,, Witting and Wolf-Kishner reduction, Aldol condensation.
Aldol condensation 2
The document describes the objective of synthesizing α,β-unsaturated ketones from aldehydes and ketones using aldol condensation. Specifically, it aims to purify the product through recrystallization and identify purity using TLC and melting point analysis. The document then discusses dibenzalacetone and its various biological activities. It provides details on the experimental procedure for aldol condensation including reagents, reaction conditions, product isolation and purification techniques like recrystallization, TLC analysis and melting point determination. Results of the reaction with different substrates are presented in tables listing product characteristics and yields. IR spectroscopy is used to analyze functional groups in the purified products.
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This document discusses organic chemistry topics including condensation reactions which combine two smaller molecules to form one larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule like water. It provides examples of esterification reactions forming esters and amide formation, as well as condensation polymerization reactions that form polymers from monomers with functional groups undergoing condensation. Specific examples discussed include the formation of terylene, nylon 6,6, and polypeptides from amino acid monomers.
Oxidation
This document discusses the Baeyer-Villiger and Dakin oxidation reactions. The Baeyer-Villiger reaction involves using peroxy acids to oxidize ketones, forming esters and lactones. It is believed to proceed through initial protonation followed by addition and migration of the R group. The Dakin reaction oxidizes aromatic aldehydes and ketones to phenols using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide. It is thought to proceed through a mechanism analogous to the Baeyer-Villiger reaction involving migration of the aryl group. Both reactions have synthetic applications, with the Baeyer-Villiger used to transform ketones and the Dakin employed to synthesize benzenediols, catechol, and other compounds.
Ch18
The document summarizes carboxylic acids and their derivatives. It discusses the nomenclature, physical properties, and acidity of carboxylic acids. It also describes the preparation, reactions, and synthesis of various carboxylic acid derivatives including acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters, amides, and nitriles. The reactivity of these derivatives decreases in the order of acid chlorides > anhydrides > esters > amides > carboxylic acids. Acid chlorides are the most reactive as chloride is the best leaving group.
Aldehydes and ketones
Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group with a carbon bonded to an oxygen. They are polar molecules with higher boiling points than hydrocarbons of comparable size. Low molecular weight aldehydes and ketones are soluble in both organic solvents and water, while higher molecular weight ones are soluble in organic solvents. Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids due to the hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon, while ketones cannot undergo this reaction. In addition, aldehydes and ketones undergo addition reactions where new groups add to the carbonyl group.
Crossed Aldol Condensation
The aldol condensation reaction involves the reaction of two carbonyl compounds in the presence of a strong base to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone. The reaction proceeds through the formation of an enolate ion intermediate that acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl carbon of the other molecule. This forms a carbon-carbon bond between the α-carbon of the donor molecule and the carbonyl carbon of the acceptor molecule. The reaction allows for the facile synthesis of larger molecules from simple starting materials.
Chemistry lectures : Condensation
The document summarizes key aspects of aldol condensation reactions. It describes how an enolate acts as a nucleophile in the reaction with the carbonyl carbon of a second carbonyl compound, forming a new carbon-carbon bond. The position of equilibrium depends on reaction conditions and substrates. The aldol product can undergo base-catalyzed dehydration to an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl. Aldol reactions favor alpha-monosubstituted aldehydes and disfavor alpha,alpha-disubstituted aldehydes and ketones. Mixed aldol reactions between two different carbonyl compounds are also discussed, as well as the benzoin condensation reaction between two aromatic aldehydes
Perkin ppt
The document summarizes the Perkin reaction, which involves converting an aromatic aldehyde and an anhydride to an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid using a base catalyst such as sodium acetate. The reaction proceeds via an E1cb mechanism, which is a two-step process where a base abstracts a proton to form a stabilized anion, whose lone pair of electrons then moves to the neighboring atom to expel a leaving group and form a double bond. Some applications of the Perkin reaction include synthesizing coumarin and the anticoagulant drug warfarin.
Gilman Reagent
Gilman reagent, also known as organocopper reagents, are prepared by reacting organomagnesium, organolithium, or organozinc reagents with copper(I) salts. Gilman reagents react with a variety of electrophiles including acid chlorides, aldehydes, ketones, epoxides, and alkyl halides. Some common reactions of Gilman reagents are: 1) reactions with acid chlorides to form ketones, 2) coupling reactions between two different alkyl halides to form C-C bonds, and 3) conjugate addition reactions of the organocopper reagent to unsaturated carbonyl compounds like enones. Gilman reagents offer advantages over Grignard reagents for
Cannizzaro reaction
The document discusses the Cannizzaro reaction, which is the disproportionation of aldehydes in basic conditions to produce an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. It was discovered by Stanislao Cannizzaro in 1853. The reaction requires an aromatic or aliphatic aldehyde without alpha hydrogens and a strong base like potassium hydroxide. The mechanism involves deprotonation of the aldehyde followed by hydride transfer to another aldehyde molecule. Examples and limitations of the reaction are provided. Variations like the crossed and intramolecular Cannizzaro reactions are also described.
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fy name reactions sem ii poc i
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Crossed Aldol condensation,
Cannizzaro reaction,
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Benzoin condensation,
and Perkin condensation.
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I.e. General structure of kenton can be represented as ( )where R and R' can be alkyl or aryl group
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1) Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids contain a carbonyl group (>C=O) and are known as carbonyl compounds.
2) Aldehydes have the carbonyl group attached to one alkyl/aryl group and one hydrogen. Ketones have the carbonyl group attached to two alkyl/aryl groups.
3) Carboxylic acids have the carbonyl group attached to an hydroxyl group (-COOH). Their acidity increases with more electron-withdrawing substituents which stabilize the conjugate base.
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Nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions convert carboxylic acids to their derivatives such as acid halides, anhydrides, esters, amides, and thioesters. Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group bonded to another group containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus. Common reactions include the reduction of derivatives to alcohols using lithium aluminum hydride or diborane. Nucleophilic acyl substitution is the most important reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives.
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- Nomenclature of aldehydes using IUPAC and common names.
- Physical properties such as boiling points and solubility due to the polar carbonyl group.
- Preparation methods including oxidation of primary alcohols and reduction of acid chlorides.
- Reactions including oxidation to carboxylic acids, reduction to alcohols, nucleophilic addition with HCN or Grignard reagents, and condensation reactions with ammonia derivatives.
- Specific reactions are discussed in more detail such as cyanohydrin formation, aldol condensation, and Cannizzaro disproportionation.
Alcohols
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2) Alcohols are prepared through Grignard reactions with carbonyl compounds, hydrolysis of alkyl halides, and reduction of carbonyls with lithium aluminum hydride or sodium borohydride.
3) Alcohols undergo oxidation, esterification, halogenation, dehydration, and ether formation reactions. Primary alcohols react faster than secondary or tertiary alcohols in substitution and elimination reactions.
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Aldehydes and ketones are the carbonyl compounds with general formula CnH2nO. Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl group and other group is either hydrogen or an alkyl or aryl group (i.e. Aldehyde has one alkyl or aryl group and one of the hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon) with characteristics functional group -CHO.
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This document discusses various aldol condensation reactions and their mechanisms. It introduces crossed aldol condensation which produces up to four products from two different carbonyl compounds. Self-aldol condensation uses a single aldehyde or ketone. Intramolecular aldol condensation occurs when a molecule contains two carbonyl groups. Several industrial reactions are also summarized, including the Aldox process, Perkin reaction, and Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reaction. In conclusion, these reactions are reversible and complete conversion can be achieved through excess alcohol or acetone removal.
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1. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a saturated carbon atom. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on if the -OH group is attached to a primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon.
2. Common physical properties of alcohols include being colorless liquids with characteristic smells, and higher boiling points than alkanes due to hydrogen bonding between -OH groups.
3. Alcohols can be prepared through hydrolysis of alkyl halides, alkenes,
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This document provides information on oxidation-reduction reactions and biomolecules. It discusses the reduction and oxidation of organic compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. Common reagents used in these reactions include chromic acid, pyridinium chlorochromate, and sodium borohydride. The document also covers the oxidation of alkenes through epoxidation and hydroxylation reactions. Biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids are described. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Glucose is highlighted as an important monosaccharide.
Crossed aldol condensation
The document discusses the crossed aldol condensation reaction. It describes the 5 step mechanism where the hydroxide ion deprotonates an aldehyde to form an enolate ion, which then adds to the carbonyl carbon of a non-enolizable aldehyde. This forms an aldol product that can further react. The carbonyl group plays a role in providing a site for nucleophilic attack and making the alpha hydrogens acidic. Crossed aldol condensation allows control over donor and acceptor molecules. It is useful for synthesizing large molecules from small starting materials and occurs in biological synthesis of fructose from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Aldehydes and Ketones
This document is a chemistry project on aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. It includes a certificate verifying completion, acknowledgements, index, and 5 sections discussing topics like nomenclature, preparation methods, reactions, and inductive effects. The project was assigned by a teacher and completed by a 12th grade student to fulfill an academic requirement. It provides an overview of key concepts regarding these functional groups in an educational format.
Carboxylic acids and ester
Introduction, structure, physiochemical properties, pharmaceutical uses of carboxylic acids and ester.
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10 (Haloalkanes and Haloarenes) | Homi Institute
Haloalkanes and haloarenes are formed by the replacement of hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons by halogen atoms. Haloalkanes contain halogen atoms attached to sp3 hybridized carbon atoms of an alkyl group, while haloarenes contain halogen atoms attached to sp2 hybridized carbon atoms of an aryl group. These compounds find wide applications in industry and medicine as solvents, starting materials for synthesis, and components of drugs like chloroquine and halothane. They can be prepared from alcohols, hydrocarbons, and other precursors using various reactions.
aldolcondensation-140313091420-phpapp01.pdf
The aldol condensation reaction allows carbonyl compounds with an α-hydrogen atom to undergo condensation. It is a reversible reaction that proceeds through an enolate intermediate formed when hydroxide deprotonates the α-hydrogen. The enolate then acts as a nucleophile that attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone. Protonation of the resulting alkoxide forms the β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone product. The reaction can join two different aldehydes or ketones in a crossed-aldol condensation that expands the synthetic possibilities.
Similar to Aldehydes-1 (carbonyl compound) (20)
Aldehydes-and-Ketones-by-Group-6_20230920_072912_0000 (1).pdf
Aldehydes-and-Ketones-by-Group-6_20230920_072912_0000 (1).pdf
Oxidation+Reduction+and+Organometallic+Compounds.ppt
Oxidation+Reduction+and+Organometallic+Compounds.ppt
CARBOXYLIC-ACID-DERIVATIVES_20230925_091857_0000.pdf
CARBOXYLIC-ACID-DERIVATIVES_20230925_091857_0000.pdf
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10 (Haloalkanes and Haloarenes) | Homi Institute
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10 (Haloalkanes and Haloarenes) | Homi Institute
Recently uploaded
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Recently uploaded (20)
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Aldehydes-1 (carbonyl compound)
- 1. ALDEHYDE Presented by: Saleha Dastgir Pharm-D (1st semester) Government College University Fsd
- 2. ALDEHYDE Definition: Aldehyde is a carbonyl containing organic compound in which the Carbonyl carbon atom has at least one hydrogen atom directly attached to it. GENERAL FORMULA:
- 3. NOMENCLATURE FOR ALDEHYDES Aldehydes take their name from their parent alkane chains. The -e is removed from the end and is replaced with -al. The aldehyde functional group is given the #1 numbering location and this number is not included in the name. When the -CHO functional group is attached to a ring the suffix - carbaldehyde is added, and the carbon attached to that group is C1. For the common name of aldehydes start with the common parent chain name and add the suffix -aldehyde. Substituent positions are shown with Greek letter.
- 4. ISOMERISM FOR ALDEHYDE Constitutional isomerism exists for aldehydes. For example: Skeletal isomers
- 7. PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES Oxidation of primary alcohol DEHYDROGENATION OF ALCOHOL
- 8. PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES FROM ACYL CHLORIDE The hydrogenation of acid chlorides by passing over a catalyst such as palladium aldehydes are obtained. This reaction is called Rosenmund reduction.
- 9. PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES FROM NITRILES We get aldehydes when nitriles are reduced to corresponding imine in the presence of stannous chloride and hydrochloric acid and the resulting mixture is hydrolyzed. This reaction is called Stephen reaction.
- 10. PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES BY GATTTERMAN-KOCH REACTION The treatment of carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride with benzene or its derivative in the presence of aluminum chloride gives benzaldehyde or substituted benzaldehyde. This is called Gatterman –Koch reaction.
- 11. PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES Side chain halogenation Preparation of aldehydes is possible by side chain halogenation, more specifically side chain chlorination, followed by hydrolysis.
- 12. REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDE Nucleophilic addition reaction 1. base catalyzed 2. acid catalyzed Reduction reaction 1. reduction with sodium borohydride 2. catalytic reduction Oxidation reaction
- 13. NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTION On the attack of the nucleophile, the hybridization of the carbon atom changes from sp2 hybridization of sp3 hybridization thereby forming tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate complex. This intermediate complex will take a proton from reaction medium to produce an electrically neutral compound. Hence, the reaction results in the addition of nucleophile and hydrogen in the carbon- oxygen double bond.
- 14. BASE CATALYZED REACTION Addition of Hydrogen cyanide ADDITION OF SODIUM HYDROGEN SULPHITE
- 15. BASE CATALYZED REACTION ADDITION OF GRINARD REAGENT If Grignard Reagent reacts with formaldehyde (HCHO), the reaction will form primary alcohol as the product. If the reagent reacts with aldehydes other than HCHO, the reaction will produce secondary alcohols.
- 16. BASE CATALYZED REACTION ALDOL CONDENSATION Aldehydes possessing alpha-hydrogen atom reacts with a cold dilute solution of an alkali to form addition products known as aldol.
- 18. ACID CATALYZED REACTION REACTION WITH HYDROXYLAMINE Aldehyde react with hydroxylamine to form oximes in the presence of an acid. REACTION WITH PHENYLHYDRAZINE Aldehydes react with phenylhydrazine to form phenylhydrazone in presence of an acid.
- 19. ACID CATALYZED REACTION REACTION WITH 2,4-DNPH
- 20. REDUCTION REACTIONS REDUCTION WITH SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE
- 21. REDUCTION REACTIONS CATALYTIC REDUCTION Aldehydes on reduction with hydrogen in presence of a metal catalyst like Pd, Pt etc. to form primary alcohols.